JOY COSSICH LOBRANO, Judge.

This is a workers' compensation case, in which the plaintiff/appellant, Jeneta Baker ("Baker" or the "claimant"), appeals the September 16, 2014 judgment of the Office of Workers' Compensation ("OWC"), which denied Baker's claims for permanent total disability benefits and supplemental earnings benefits. The defendant/appellee, Jazz Casino Company, LLC a/k/a Harrah's New Orleans Casino ("Harrah's" or the "employer"), filed an answer to the appeal, contending that the OWC erred in denying the employer's fraud defense pursuant to La. R.S. 23:1208.

On July 20, 2006, Baker sustained an accident while in the course and scope of her employment as a waitress with Harrah's, when she injured her back while carrying a heavy tray. Due to her injuries, Baker was unable return to work as a waitress, and Harrah's accommodated Baker by having her work various modified duty jobs for Harrah's during the next several months. On June 25 and 27, 2007, Baker underwent a functional capacity evaluation, after which her then treating orthopedist, Dr. Lance Estrada, and pain management physician, Dr. Patrick Waring, opined that Baker was capable of sedentary duty work.

On December 14, 2007, while working as a cashier at Harrah's, Baker again injured her back by bending over. Thereafter, Baker began orthopedic treatment with Dr. Warren Bourgeois, who released Baker to return to work on a part time basis.

On September 11, 2009, Dr. Bourgeois recommended surgical decompression at the L5-S1 level. On December 16, 2009, Baker attended a second medical opinion ("SMO") appointment with the employer's choice of choice of orthopedic surgeon, Dr. Gordon Nutik, who opined that Baker would be permanently restricted to sedentary duty work but disagreed with the recommendation for surgery. On June 16, 2010, Baker underwent a court-ordered independent medical examination ("IME") with Dr. Ralph Katz, who recommended a selective nerve block at the S1 level and opined that surgery would be appropriate if the nerve block was successful. However, the nerve block did not provide the claimant any relief.

Dr. Bourgeois continued to see Baker every three months to refill pain medication and confirm her medical condition. Dr. Bourgeois placed Baker completely off work on July 9, 2010. On October 19, 2010, Dr. Bourgeois opined that Baker was at maximum medical improvement without surgery and that she was permanently and totally disabled. On February 14, 2011, Dr. Katz opined that the claimant was capable of sedentary work.

Ultimately, Baker did not undergo surgery.1 The issue of Baker's entitlement to have the surgery approved and paid for by Harrah's was not litigated at trial.

In January 2012, Harrah's retained the services of Rusty Pleune ("Pleune"), a vocational rehabilitation counselor. Following an initial meeting with Baker, Pleune identified jobs he believed suitable for Baker, which he forwarded to Drs. Bourgeois and Nutik for review and consideration. Dr. Nutik responded that he wished to re-evaluate Baker before commenting on Baker's ability to perform the jobs. On July 19, 2012, Baker underwent a second SMO evaluation by Dr. Nutik, who opined that surgery may be appropriate, though he expressed concerns that neurological examination was normal and clinical findings were inconsistent. Nevertheless, Dr. Nutik opined that the claimant could return to work in a "very sedentary" job where she would have the opportunity to change positions frequently from sitting to standing. Thereafter, Dr. Nutik approved two positions as a parking lot attendant cashier. However, when Pleune contacted these employers for the two approved jobs, the positions were no longer available.

Pleune then located two similar cashier positions on September 13, 2012, with prospective employers Ace Parking and Standard Parking, which he sent to Baker through her attorney on the same date via certified mail. Dr. Nutik approved both positions on September 25, 2012. On October 2, 2012, Pleune confirmed that one of the cashier jobs with Standard Parking was still available, and Pleune forwarded the position to Baker on October 2, 2012 via certified mail. According to Pleune, the salary of cashier positions varied. He opined that a cashier's hourly wage base rate in New Orleans should be estimated at $8.05 per hour based on data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, and as an experienced cashier, Baker would earn in excess of the median wage rate. However, Baker did not return to work in any capacity.

On October 9, 2012, Harrah's terminated Baker's indemnity benefits. The parties stipulated that from the time of the 2006 accident until to October 9, 2012, Baker was paid all indemnity benefits to which she was entitled, and that Baker's average weekly wage was $352.75.

In response to the termination of indemnity benefits, Baker filed a disputed claim for compensation, Form LDOL-WC-1008 (the "disputed claim" or "1008"), alleging that she was permanently and totally disabled as a result of her workplace injury, and that she was entitled to penalties, attorney's fees, interest, and costs for Harrah's discontinuance of indemnity benefits.

Prior to trial, Baker was seen on March 19, 2014, for a follow up OWCordered IME by Dr. Katz, who reiterated his prior opinion that Baker had reached maximum medical improvement and was capable of returning to sedentary work.

This matter was set for trial on the merits on August 12, 2014. Following post-trial briefing, the OWC rendered judgment on September 16, 2014, holding, in pertinent part, as follows:

IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that

Baker appeals the judgment of the OWC and argues that the workers' compensation judge ("WCJ") erred as follows: (1) in striking Roberts' vocational report based on Daubert; (2) in not striking Pleune's testimony; (3) in determining that Baker was not entitled to permanent and total disability benefits; (4) alternatively, in determining that Baker was not entitled to any indemnity benefits including temporary total disability benefits or supplemental earnings benefits; and (5) in determining that the claimant was not entitled to costs, interest, penalties, and attorney's fees.

In its answer to the appeal, Harrah's argues that the OWC erred in failing to grant the employer's fraud defense based on untruthful statements to Roberts and Dr. Bourgeois regarding her health, injuries, and abilities.

In workers' compensation cases, the appropriate standard of review to be applied by the appellate court to the OWC's findings of fact is the manifest error-clearly wrong standard. Dean v. Southmark Constr., 2003-1051, p. 7 (La.7/6/04), 879 So.2d 112, 117. In applying the manifest error-clearly wrong standard, the appellate court must determine not whether the trier of fact was right or wrong, but whether the factfinder's conclusion was a reasonable one. Roberts v. State/Office of Family Support, 2011-1614, p. 7 (La.App. 4 Cir. 7/5/12), 97 So.3d 570, 574. If the factfinder's findings are reasonable in light of the record reviewed in its entirety, the court of appeal may not reverse, even if convinced that had it been sitting as the trier of fact, it would have weighed the evidence differently. Id., 2011-1614 at p. 7, 97 So.3d at 574-75; Chaisson v. Cajun Bag & Supply Co., 97-1225, p. 9 (La.3/4/98), 708 So.2d 375, 381.

When legal error interdicts the fact-finding process in a workers' compensation proceeding, the de novo, rather than the manifest error, standard of review applies. MacFarlane v. Schneider Nat'l Bulk Carriers, Inc., 2007-1386, p. 3 (La. App. 4 Cir. 4/30/08), 984 So.2d 185, 188.

When dealing with pretrial discovery matters, the standard of appellate review is whether the trial court abused its discretion. Indus. Pipe, Inc. v. Plaquemines Par. Council, 2012-1348, pp. 7-8 (La.App. 4 Cir. 9/14/12), 100 So.3d 896, 900.

"The decision to admit evidence into the record rests within the sound discretion of the workers' compensation judge and will not be reversed in the absence of manifest error." Reinhardt v. City of New Orleans (NOPD), 2009-1116, p. 16 (La. App. 4 Cir. 1/13/10), 30 So.3d 229, 239-40 (citations omitted). Likewise, the trial judge has wide discretion in determining whether to allow a witness to testify as an expert, and his judgment will not be disturbed by an appellate court unless clearly erroneous. Versluis v. Gulf Coast Transit Co., 2008-0729, p. 5 (La.App. 4 Cir. 7/29/09), 17 So.3d 459, 463.

We first address the evidentiary and discovery matters.

Baker contends that the WCJ abused his discretion by striking Roberts' vocational report based on Daubert. According to Baker's argument, "it is not fair for the court to essentially convince counsel... that he need not call his expert live when the said expert was available to testify and would allow his expert's report in to be given appropriate weight." Harrah's argues that the OWC correctly found Roberts was not qualified as an expert because Roberts' curriculum vitae does not reflect that he holds any license as a vocational rehabilitation counselor in Louisiana, and because Harrah's was not afforded the opportunity to cross-examine Roberts about his qualifications or testing methods when Roberts did not testify. According to Harrah's, Baker was not misled by the court's decision to admit Roberts' report and give it "what weight it deserves," and that Baker made a "calculated decision" to introduce the report into evidence while avoiding the potential pitfalls of cross examination.

This Court explained the lower court's "gatekeeping" function regarding expert opinion evidence in Versluis v. Gulf Coast Transit Co.:

2008-0729 at pp. 5-6, 17 So.3d at 463.

Daubert concerns the admissibility of an expert's opinion, but not his or her qualifications as an expert in the area tendered. Comeaux v. C.F. Bean Corp., 990924, p. 6 n. 3 (La.App. 4 Cir. 12/15/99), 750 So.2d 291, 296.

The determination of whether to qualify a witness as an expert after evaluating his knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education2 is within the sound discretion of the trial judge. Id., 99-0924 at p. 6, 750 So.2d at 297, citing Clement v. Griffin, 91-1664, p. 10 (La.App. 4 Cir. 3/3/94), 634 So.2d 412, 424. Trial judges are afforded great latitude in deciding whether the witness has qualifications to testify as an expert on a particular subject. Comeaux, 99-0924 at p. 6, 750 So.2d at 297. Although such discretion is not absolute, the decision to accept a witness as an expert as qualified to render an opinion on a particular matter may not be reversed in the absence of manifest error. Id.

This Court has found no manifest error in excluding the testimony of a vocational rehabilitation counselor who lacked a Louisiana license. James v. State Through Dep't of Health & Human Res., Office of Mental Health & Substances Abuse, New Orleans Adolescent Children's Hosp., 572 So.2d 701, 703 (La.App. 4 Cir.1990) ("A trier of fact may reject the opinion of a medical expert depending upon the impression that the expert's qualifications, credibility, and testimony make.").

Generally, a report prepared by an expert is not admissible because it is hearsay. See La. C.E. art. 801(c). The Louisiana Supreme Court has held that the OWC has discretion to admit hearsay evidence3 and that the inability to cross-examine the declarant affects the weight that the evidence carries. Chaisson, 97-1225 at pp. 11-12, 708 So.2d at 382.

Here, Roberts' report was not stricken from evidence, as Baker argues. On the contrary, according to the trial transcript, Roberts' report and curriculum vitae were admitted into evidence over Harrah's objection. Even though the OWC deemed these documents admissible, the OWC did not afford Roberts' report any significant weight because Roberts did not appear at trial and submit to cross examination, and the OWC declined to accept Roberts as an expert on the basis of his report.

No party subpoenaed Roberts to testify at trial. Roberts did not appear in court. At the start of trial, counsel for Baker stated on the record that he had not planned to call Roberts as a live witness, as he intended only to introduce Roberts' vocational file as a trial exhibit. At the conclusion of Baker's presentation of evidence at trial, Baker's attorney indicated to the OWC that Roberts would be available to testify at 2:30 p.m., but the WCJ commented that he did not expect trial to last until 2:30 p.m. Neither party requested to continue trial or hold the record open to take Roberts' testimony.

Considering the foregoing, we cannot conclude that the OWC abused its discretion in admitting Roberts' vocational file into evidence while declining to qualify Roberts as a vocational rehabilitation expert. Assuming arguendo that the OWC erred in citing to Daubert as its basis for disqualifying Roberts as an expert — as opposed to excluding such evidence as part of the lower court's gatekeeping function pursuant to Daubert — this was harmless error at most, as the OWC acted within its broad discretion to determine that Roberts' vocational file did not set forth the necessary qualifications for Roberts to testify as an expert. As such, this assignment of error is without merit.

Baker next argues that the OWC abused its discretion in not striking Pleune's testimony. Baker's argument is two-fold: (1) that the OWC erred by denying her motion to compel Pleune's complete vocational counseling file, and (2) that the OWC erred by allowing Pleune to testify despite a conflict of interest and appearance of sham rehabilitation.

First, Baker seeks reversal of the OWC's denial of her motion to compel Pleune's complete vocational counseling file.

In particular, Baker seeks a document identified in Harrah's privilege log, which was redacted from the copy of Pleune's file produced to Baker in response to subpoena.4 According to Harrah's, the disputed document is a letter, which was sent by counsel for Harrah's to Pleune in preparation for trial after Pleune's file was closed after completion of vocational services. This document was not introduced into evidence and is not a part of the record on appeal.

With respect to pretrial discovery, a trial judge has vast discretion in determining whether a refusal to produce documents was substantially justified. Bryant v. Justiss Oil Co., 2001-832, p. 3 (La.App. 3 Cir. 12/12/01), 801 So.2d 659, 662, citing Duplechien v. McNabb, 260 So.2d 789, 792 (La.App. 4 Cir.1972).

Generally, the articles governing discovery in Louisiana's Code of Civil Procedure evidence an intent to allow broad discovery of information possessed by adverse parties. The scope of discovery is defined by La. C.C.P. art. 1422 as follows:

Despite that broad general provision, some things are excepted from discovery. La. C.C.P. art. 1424, which establishes the "attorney work-product rule," provides, in relevant part:

La. C.C.P. art. 1424(A).

Pursuant to article 1424, prior to allowing discovery, the lower court was required to determine whether the information contained in the redacted portion of Pleune's file was "obtained or prepared by the adverse party, his attorney, ... [or] expert, ... in anticipation of litigation or in preparation for trial," and if so, whether the denial of production would unfairly prejudice Baker. The party seeking to avoid discovery of documents on the grounds that they were prepared or obtained in anticipation of litigation or in preparation for trial bears the burden of proving that the exception applies. Johnson v. Mike Anderson's Seafood, Inc., 2013-0379, pp. 6-7 (La.App. 4 Cir. 6/11/14), 144 So.3d 125, 131, citing Simmons v. Transit Management of Southeast Louisiana, Inc., 2000-2530, p. 3 (La.App. 4 Cir. 2/7/01), 780 So.2d 1074, 1077. The trial court has the discretion to order the production of a writing prepared in anticipation of trial if it is convinced that the denial of production "will unfairly prejudice the party seeking the production or inspection in preparing his claim or defense or will cause him undue hardship or injustice." See id. See also Hodges v. Southern Farm Bureau Cas. Ins. Co., 433 So.2d 125, 131 (La.1983).

Baker argues that the withheld document is not privileged, because Pleune testified that Baker, and not Harrah's or its attorneys, was Pleune's client. In her motion to compel, Baker asserted that production of the disputed document would allow her to assess whether Pleune's vocational rehabilitation counseling services had been "appropriate" and whether there is good cause for a change in vocational counselor.

Harrah's contends that the letter is subject to the attorney work-product rule and is irrelevant to any dispute in this case, as the letter was sent after all vocational services were complete and Pleune's file was closed. According to Harrah's, Baker has not shown how she was prejudiced by the OWC's denial of her motion to compel.

The record before us reflects that a pretrial hearing took place on July 24, 2014. Harrah's represented to the OWC that the only document withheld from Pleune's file was a single letter drafted by Harrah's counsel and sent to Pleune, who was retained by Harrah's as a vocational rehabilitation consultant.5 Harrah's maintained that the letter was sent after vocational services to Baker had been completed and once Harrah's was preparing for trial. Harrah's ultimately tendered Pleune as an expert witness at trial. Harrah's offered to produce the letter to the OWC for in camera inspection. The WCJ declined to inspect the document in camera.

The record reveals no facts supporting the application of any attorney-client privilege between Harrah's and Pleune. While the withheld document is not a part of the record, Baker does not dispute that the document is a writing by the attorney for the adverse party in preparation for trial. Accordingly, Baker may only be entitled to production of Harrah's attorney's letter to Pleune if denial of production will unfairly prejudice Baker in preparing her claim or defense or will cause her undue hardship or injustice. See La. C.C.P. art. 1424. There is no dispute that the letter was prepared only after the completion of all vocational services to Baker, while the remainder of Pleune's file, documenting vocational services at the time of those services, was produced to Baker. Baker merely argued that, without the letter, she could not determine whether the work performed by Pleune was appropriate or whether there was good cause for a change in counselor. However, Baker fails to explain why she cannot develop such a claim through the remainder of Pleune's file, which was produced to Baker. We find no showing of unfair prejudice, undue hardship or injustice to Baker, and accordingly, we find no abuse of discretion by the OWC in denying production of the letter to Baker. Moreover, Baker cites to no case, and we find none, supporting striking this expert witness on the basis of this discovery dispute.

Second, Baker claims on appeal that Pleune's testimony should be stricken because Pleune demonstrated a "clear conflict of interest" and engaged in "sham rehabilitation." The record reveals that Baker did not file any motion to strike or exclude Pleune's testimony. While cross-examining Pleune on his qualifications as an expert, Baker's attorney indicated that Baker intended to object to Pleune's testimony by building a record of prejudice insofar as Pleune had communicated with Harrah's adjuster and attorneys outside of Baker's presence. At trial, Baker sought to exclude Pleune's testimony only on the basis of these communications. No other disputes involving conflict of interest, sham rehabilitation, or quality of vocational services were litigated at trial or in any pre-trial hearing.6 There was no objection to Pleune's qualifications as an expert.

"It is well established as a general matter, appellate courts will not consider issues raised for the first time, which were not pleaded in the trial court below and which the trial court has not addressed." Lowe, Stein, Hoffman, Allweiss & Hauver, L.L.P. v. Cheramie, 2010-0588, p. 3 (La. App. 4 Cir. 9/29/10), 49 So.3d 457, 459, citing Billieson v. City of New Orleans, 2009-0410, p. 8 (La.App. 4 Cir. 11/12/09), 26 So.3d 796, 801-802. We therefore limit our review to whether the OWC erred by not striking Pleune's testimony on the basis of Pleune's communication with the employer's representatives outside of Baker's presence.

The propriety of meetings and conversations between the vocational counselor and representatives of the employer, without the employee or his representative present, has long been the subject of litigation in Louisiana courts. Many employees and their attorneys have sought to temper this concern through the imposition of so-called Crain Brothers conditions on the vocational counselor, demanding the counselor's agreement to various conditions in order for the employee to submit to vocational rehabilitation. See Crain Bros., Inc. v. Richard, 2002-1342, pp. 1-3 (La.App. 3 Cir. 4/9/03), 842 So.2d 523, 524-26 (upholding conditions placed by an employee's attorney on a vocational rehabilitation counselor, including "[t]hat I will be a party to all oral conversations between you [the counselor] and the employer, insurer or their representative or attorney. (There will be no secret conversations between yourself and the employer or insurer or their representatives) ...").

This Court has found it unreasonable to require a vocational counselor to agree to include the employee and her attorney in all oral conversations with the employer.7 Mendoza v. Leon's Plumbing Co., 2004-0189, pp. 8-9 (La.App. 4 Cir. 12/22/04), 892 So.2d 600, 606.

The Louisiana Supreme Court, addressing the Crain Brothers conditions, held in Hargrave v. State, 2012-0341, p. 13 (La.10/16/12), 100 So.3d 786, 793:

Pleune was called by Harrah's to testify at trial as the employer's witness. Pleune testified that he met with Harrah's attorney prior to trial to discuss Pleune's vocational rehabilitation "work on the file" after all of Pleune's work relative to Baker's case had been completed and after Pleune's file was closed. Baker was not present at this meeting between Pleune and Harrah's attorney. Pleune did not recall meeting with anyone else in preparing for his testimony at trial. Harrah's adjuster, Nicole Traina, testified that she had spoken with Pleune on many occasions but she did not recall whether those conversations were related to Baker or to other injured workers for whom Pleune provided vocational counseling. No evidence was introduced at trial that any meetings between Pleune and representatives of Harrah's took place outside of Baker's presence while vocational services were ongoing.

To the extent that any dispute may have arisen concerning the work of the vocational counselor, Baker had the right to file a claim with the OWC to review the need for vocational services or the quality of services being provided pursuant to La. R.S. 23:1226(B)(3)(a). However, the record does not reflect that any dispute regarding the quality of Pleune's vocational services was raised or litigated at trial or in a pretrial proceeding. On the facts before us, we do not find that the OWC erred by not striking Pleune's testimony.

We now turn to the merits of the underlying claim for workers' compensation benefits and associated claims for penalties, attorney's fees, costs, and interest.

Baker claims that the OWC erred as a matter of law in determining that Baker was not entitled to permanent and total disability or "PTD" benefits. An employee's entitlement to PTD benefits is governed by La. R.S. 23:1221(2)(c), which provides:

However, "a disability due to chronic pain does not meet the requirements of `physical' disability under La. R.S. 23:1221(2)(c)." Hand v. City of New Orleans, 2004-0845, p. 7 (La.App. 4 Cir. 12/22/04), 892 So.2d 609, 613.

This Court explained the employee's burden of clear and convincing evidence in Duplessis v. Tulane Univ. Med. Ctr., 2010-0267, p. 3 (La.App. 4 Cir. 8/25/10), 47 So.3d 992, 995 as follows:

Baker contends that an employee capable of sedentary work should still be classified as permanently and totally disabled if any or all of the following factors are present: the lack of necessary medical treatment to enable the claimant to return to work; the claimant's treating physician deems the employee unable to work; the employee is limited by age and work experience; and the claimant has not been the subject of meaningful rehabilitation or retraining. According to Baker's argument, all of these facts were established at trial, and the OWC erred as a matter of law in failing to award PTD benefits. We do not agree that the standard fashioned by Baker above supplants the requirements set forth in La. R.S. 23:1221(2) that Baker must meet in order to establish her entitlement to PTD benefits. We recognize also that the Supreme Court and this Circuit have rejected a "totality of the circumstances" test in assessing permanent total disability. Phillips v. City of New Orleans (NOPD), 2012-1684, p. 12 (La.App. 4 Cir. 5/1/13), 116 So.3d 823, 828, citing Comeaux v. City of Crowley, 2001-0032, p. 11 (La.7/3/01), 793 So.2d 1215, 1221.

Finding no legal error by the OWC, we consider the OWC's finding denying PTD benefits subject to a manifest error-clearly wrong standard of review. See Duplessis, 2010-0267 at p. 2, 47 So.3d at 994 ("the appropriate standard of review applied to the OWC's factual findings is the manifest error-clearly wrong standard.").

This Circuit follows the general jurisprudential rule that the testimony of a treating physician should be accorded greater weight than that of a physician who examines a patient only once or twice. Williams v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 2000-0863, p. 6 (La.App. 4 Cir. 5/16/01), 787 So.2d 1134, 1137. However, it is also well-established that the treating physician's testimony is not irrebuttable, and the trier of fact is required to weigh the testimony of all medical witnesses. Id.

The WCJ is afforded considerable discretion in evaluating expert testimony, and the decision to accept the testimony of one witness over the conflicting testimony of another can virtually never be manifestly erroneous. Irving v. Transit Mgmt. of Se. Louisiana, Inc., 2010-0360, p. 4 (La.App.4 Cir. 7/20/10), 44 So.3d 796, 799.

With respect to evaluating the opinions of a court-appointed IME, this Court has stated:

Bell v. Mid City Printers, Inc., 2010-0818, p. 11 (La.App. 4 Cir. 12/22/10), 54 So.3d 1226, 1234.

At trial, the parties introduced medical evidence from three different orthopedic surgeons. Baker introduced the medical records and deposition of Dr. Bourgeois. It is clear from Dr. Bourgeois' records and testimony that he was Baker's treating physician since 2007, that he saw her approximately once every three months, that he has recommended surgery since 2009, and that he has opined since 2010 that Baker is permanently, totally disabled.

Harrah's introduced the records of its choice of physician, Dr. Nutik, who deemed Baker capable of sedentary work in 2009. At that time, Dr. Nutik felt surgery was unnecessary. However, when Dr. Nutik re-evaluated Baker in 2012, he equivocated regarding the necessary of surgery, believing it may have been appropriate at that point. Nevertheless, Dr. Nutik still believed Baker capable of sedentary work and approved several sedentary positions which were identified by Pleune in the course of vocational rehabilitation.

Harrah's also came forward with the records and deposition testimony of Dr. Katz who, in his capacity at a court-appointed IME, evaluated Baker both in 2010 and 2014. Dr. Katz opined that, while there was a possibility that Baker could improve with surgery, he did not believe this was likely as Baker obtained no relief with selective nerve root blocks. However, the physician noted that Baker had elected not to have surgery. In both evaluations, Dr. Katz found Baker capable of returning to sedentary work with the ability to sit and stand as needed.

Considering the above, we decline to disturb the factual finding made by the WCJ in giving greater weight to Dr. Katz's independent conclusion and to the opinion of Dr. Nutik. The WCJ was not clearly wrong in denying PTD benefits. Accordingly, we find no merit in this assignment of error.

In the alternative, Baker argues that the OWC erred as a matter of law in denying claims for temporary total disability benefits and/or supplemental earnings benefits. Baker has not identified any specific legal error by the OWC or explained how any legal error has disrupted the fact-finding process. As discussed herein, in the absence of a legal error by the OWC which interdicted the fact-finding process, we consider the OWC's finding denying benefits subject to a manifest error-clearly wrong standard of review. See Duplessis, 2010-0267 at p. 2, 47 So.3d at 994.

First addressing temporary total disability, we note that the OWC trial judgment reflects no ruling specifically addressing Baker's entitlement to temporary total disability or "TTD" benefits. An employee is entitled to receive TTD benefits only if he proves by clear and convincing evidence, without any presumption of disability, that he is physically unable to engage in any employment or self-employment. Carambat v. City of New Orleans Police Dep't, 2014-0810, p. 4 (La.App. 4 Cir. 2/4/15), 160 So.3d 1031, 1034, citing Hall v. MacPapers, Inc., 2011-1548, p. 6 (La.App. 4 Cir. 5/30/12), 95 So.3d 1131, 1135. An injured employee who is able to return to work, even if in pain, is no longer eligible for TTD benefits. Carambat, 2014-0810 at p. 4, 160 So.3d at 1034.

"An award of benefits based on temporary total disability shall cease when the physical condition of the employee has resolved itself to the point that a reasonably reliable determination of the extent of disability of the employee may be made and the employee's physical condition has improved to the point that continued, regular treatment by a physician is not required." La. R.S. 23:1221(1)(d). Thus, when a satisfactory degree of healing is reached and the claimant is no longer in a period of recovery his condition will be deemed "permanent" and he will no longer be entitled to TTD benefits. Holmes v. Int'l Properties, 611 So.2d 773, 776 (La.App. 4 Cir.1992) (citations omitted).

It is apparent from the medical evidence that no physician characterized Baker's condition as "temporary" at the time of trial. Instead, Drs. Bourgeois, Nutik, and Katz all found Baker to have attained maximum medical improvement, all agreeing on the permanency of her condition, though offering differing opinions on her ability to return to work. We do not find any error by the OWC in declining to award TTD benefits.

Next, we turn to the question of Baker's entitlement to supplemental earnings benefits or "SEBs." The purpose of SEBs is to compensate the injured employee for the wage earning capacity he has lost as a result of his accident. Poissenot v. St. Bernard Parish Sheriff's Office, 09-2793, p. 4 (La.1/9/11), 56 So.3d 170, 174. La. R.S. 23:1221(3)(a) provides that an employee is entitled to receive SEBs if he sustains a work-related injury that results in his inability to earn ninety percent (90%) or more of his average pre-injury wage. Initially, the employee bears the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that the injury resulted in his inability to earn that amount under the facts and circumstances of the individual case. Poissenot, 09-2793 at p. 5, 56 So.3d at 174. Once the employee's burden is met, the burden shifts to the employer who, in order to defeat the employee's claim for SEBs, must prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the employee is physically able to perform a certain job and that the job was offered to the employee or that the job was available to the employee in her or the employer's community or reasonable geographic region. Id.; La. R.S. 23:1221(3)(c)(i).

In Banks v. Industrial Roofing & Sheet Metal Works, Inc., 96-2840, pp. 10-11 (La.7/1/97), 696 So.2d 551, 557, the Louisiana Supreme Court, discussing the meaning of "job availability," held that an employer may discharge its burden of proving "job availability" under La. R.S. 23:1221(3)(c)(i) by establishing, at a minimum, by competent evidence:

The Supreme Court defined a "suitable job" as "a job that claimant is not only physically capable of performing, but one that also falls within the limits of claimant's age, experience, and education, unless, of course, the employer or potential employer is willing to provide any additional necessary training or education." Id. (Footnote omitted).

At trial, the OWC found that Baker did not meet her initial burden to show, by a preponderance of the evidence, her inability to earn at least 90% of her pre-injury wages. The OWC also found that Harrah's established by a preponderance of the evidence that Baker is physically able to perform a job available to her in her geographic region that paid in excess of 90% of her average weekly wage.

The parties stipulated that Baker's pre-injury average weekly wage was $352.75. Accordingly, in order to be entitled to SEBs, Baker had the initial burden to show that, due to injuries sustained in the accident, she was unable to earn 90% of her pre-injury wages, which equates to $317.48 per week, or $7.94 per hour for a 40-hour work week.

On appeal, Baker argues that she did not have the back surgery that was necessary for her to return to work. She also argues that, through Dr. Bourgeois' medical records and Roberts' expert report, she established a prima facie case of entitlement to SEBs, and that once the burden shifted to the employer, Harrah's could not overcome that claim.

With respect to Baker's initial burden to prove her inability to earn 90% of her pre-injury wages, she introduced the medical records and deposition of Dr. Bourgeois, who found Baker unable to return to work in any capacity from July 2010 forward and opined as of October 2010 that Baker was permanently and totally disabled without undergoing back surgery. Baker testified at trial that she declined to have surgery, and that she had neither worked nor applied for work since July 2010. She also introduced the vocational rehabilitation report of Roberts, who opined that Baker would not be able to return to work. The OWC declined to qualify Roberts as an expert.

Harrah's argues that Baker failed to put forth evidence in support of her initial burden to show by a preponderance of the evidence that her injury resulted in her inability to earn at least 90% of her pre-injury wages. According to Harrah's argument, mere refusal to return to work, or to look for work, is insufficient to prove entitlement to SEBs. Harrah's contends that because Baker did not meet her initial burden of proof, the claim for SEBs was defeated at that point, and the burden did not shift back to Harrah's to prove Baker's ability to perform a certain job or availability of that job. See e.g. Rapp v. City of New Orleans, 95-1638 (La.App. 4 Cir. 9/18/96), 681 So.2d 433; Smith v. Hamp Enterprises, Inc., 95-2343 (La.App. 4 Cir. 4/17/96), 673 So.2d 267; Schmitt v. City of New Orleans, 632 So.2d 367, 374 (La.App. 4 Cir.1993); Duhon v. Holi Temp. Servs., Inc., 97-0604 (La.App. 4 Cir. 10/1/97), 700 So.2d 1152. Nevertheless, Harrah's argues that it proved, through Pleune's expert testimony, that Baker was physically able to perform a job available in her geographic region paying in excess of 90% of her pre-injury average weekly wage, by identifying multiple jobs approved by Dr. Nutik, which paid $8.00 or more per hour.

Harrah's introduced the medical records of the employer's choice of orthopedic surgeon, Dr. Nutik, who opined in December 2009 that Baker would be permanently restricted to sedentary work. Baker was working for Harrah's as a cashier at the time of the 2009 examination and Dr. Nutik characterized the work as "sedentary duty." In July 2012, Dr. Nutik performed a follow-up examination, and again gave the opinion that Baker was capable of sedentary work. Harrah's also put forth the medical records and deposition of the court-appointed IME, Dr. Katz, who agreed based on his evaluations in June 2010 and March 2014 that Baker was capable of sedentary work. The employer also introduced surveillance of Baker, which documented more than ten days of video and showed Baker catching beads at a Mardi Gras parade, walking at times without her cane, picking up and carrying a grandchild, driving or remaining seated in a car for more than one hour at a time, bending and twisting while seated in a car, running errands for more than six hours, and standing on the balls of her feet and reaching overhead to place decorations in a tree. Additionally, Harrah's points to Baker's trial testimony that she did not take pain medication during the day.

The OWC also noted in its findings that it observed Baker's actions and behavior in court, in support of its finding that Baker failed to meet her burden of proving her entitlement to SEBs. As discussed in this opinion, the OWC found credible the opinions of Dr. Katz and Dr. Nutik that Baker was capable of sedentary work.

In applying the manifest error-clearly wrong standard, the appellate court must determine not whether the trier of fact was right or wrong, but whether the fact finder's conclusion was a reasonable one. Seal v. Gaylord Container Corp., 97-0688, p. 4 (La.12/2/97), 704 So.2d 1161, 1164. Where two permissible views of the evidence exist, a fact finder's choice between them can never be manifestly erroneous or clearly wrong. Id. If the fact finder's findings are reasonable in light of the record reviewed in its entirety, the court of appeal may not reverse, even if convinced that had it been sitting as the trier of fact, it would have weighed the evidence differently. Banks, 96-2840 at p. 8, 696 So.2d at 556.

Considering the above, we cannot find that the OWC's finding, that Baker failed to establish by a preponderance of the evidence that she was and is unable to work and earn 90% of her pre-accident wages, was manifestly erroneous or clearly wrong.

"Only after the claimant has discharged this initial burden does the burden shift to the employer to show that the claimant is able to perform a job available in his or his employer's community or reasonable geographic region." Duhon, 970604 at p. 4, 700 So.2d at 1154, citing Banks, 96-2840 at p. 9, 696 So.2d at 556. Accordingly, we do not find that it is necessary to reach the question of whether the employer proved Baker's ability to perform a job available in her geographic reason, earning 90% or more of pre-injury wages. Therefore, we find no manifest error in the OWC's denial of SEBs.

Finally, Baker contends that the OWC manifestly erred in determining that Baker was not entitled to costs, interest, penalties, and attorney's fees. The decision to impose penalties and fees is essentially a factual issue subject to the manifest error-clearly wrong standard of review. Authement v. Shappert Engineering, 2002-1631, p. 12 (La.2/25/03), 840 So.2d 1181, 1188-89. Awards of penalties and attorneys' fees in compensation cases are essentially penal, and are intended to deter indifference and undesirable conduct by employers and their insurers toward injured workers. Trahan v. Coca Cola Bottling Co., 2004-0100, p. 17 (La.3/2/05), 894 So.2d 1096, 1108. Although the benefits in workers' compensation cases are to be liberally construed, penal statutes are to be strictly construed. Smith v. Quarles Drilling Co., 2004-0179, p. 7 (La. 10/29/04), 885 So.2d 562, 566. Penalties should not be imposed in doubtful cases, where a bona fide dispute exists as to the claimant's entitlement to benefits. J.E. Merit Constructors Inc. v. Hickman, 2000-0943, p. 5 (La.1/17/01), 776 So.2d 435, 438.

Here, the lower court judge found that Baker failed to meet her burden of proof regarding her entitlement to benefits. No benefits were awarded and there was no finding that Baker was entitled to penalties, attorney's fees, costs, or interest based on any sanctionable action or inaction by the employer. As established by the jurisprudence, the finding of the WJC in favor of the employer, as in the present case, is "virtually conclusive that its actions were reasonable and were not arbitrary and capricious." Bell, 2010-0818 at p. 16, 54 So.3d at 1237, citing Royals v. Town of Richwood, 42,585, p. 12 (La.App. 2 Cir. 10/24/07), 968 So.2d 833, 840. See also J.E. Merit Constructors, Inc., 2000-0943 at p. 6, 776 So.2d at 438. Accordingly, we find no merit in this assignment of error.

Finally, in the answer to appeal, Harrah's argues that the OWC erred in denying Harrah's misrepresentation claim brought under La. R.S. 23:1208. Harrah's contends that Baker lied to Roberts about applying to every job that Pleune had located for her and that Baker lied to Dr. Bourgeois about her physical inabilities which were contradicted by surveillance video. According to Harrah's argument, this is fraud for the purposes of obtaining workers' compensation benefits.

La. R.S. 23:1208 makes it unlawful for any claimant to willfully make false statements for the purpose of obtaining workers' compensation benefits. The only requirements for disqualification under Section 1208 are: 1) a false statement or representation, 2) which is willfully made, and 3) which is made for the purpose of obtaining workers' compensation benefits. Resweber v. Haroil Const. Co., 94-2708, 94-3138, p. 7 (La.9/5/95), 660 So.2d 7, 12.

As this Court explained in Bell v. Mid City Printers, Inc.:

2010-0818 at p. 17, 54 So.3d at 1237-38.

Roberts did not testify at trial. In his vocational rehabilitation report, Roberts recounts that Baker "applied to all of the jobs reporting that the businesses to which she applied told her that they were not hiring." At trial, Baker testified that she has not filled out a job application since she stopped working for Harrah's in 2010, but that she made "made phone calls" to businesses identified by Pleune and learned that the positions were not available. There was no trial testimony regarding what Baker told Roberts about any post-accident job applications.

With respect to Baker's statements to Dr. Bourgeois, the physician's deposition was introduced into evidence, in which Dr. Bourgeois was questioned regarding Baker's activities depicted in the surveillance video. Dr. Bourgeois testified that Baker can "do anything she wants. It depends on what she is willing to put up with pain-wise." He opined that he would not be surprised if Baker could walk without a cane, sit through a movie, jump up and down, or gamble in a casino. Dr. Bourgeois testified none of these activities would change his opinion about Baker's ability to work.

While Harrah's provided speculation as to why Baker made erroneous statements, nothing was presented to show that Baker made any intentional or willful misrepresentation for the purpose of obtaining compensation benefits. It would not be unreasonable for the OWC to conclude that these accounts to Roberts and Dr. Bourgeois, while inaccurate, were inconsequential and insufficient to rise to the level of willful misstatements. We find no manifest error in the OWC's conclusion that Harrah's failed to carry its burden on this issue.

For all of these reasons, we affirm the judgment of the OWC, which denied Baker's claims for PTD benefits and SEBs and which denied Harrah's fraud claims brought under La. R.S. 23:1208.

AFFIRMED.

LANDRIEU, J., concurs in the result.