CONERY, Judge.
Pauline Moss Rodock
This litigation involves a long running dispute between the parents of their minor son, J.P., born October 31, 2001. Pauline and Brad were divorced in 2005, and initially shared joint custody, with Pauline serving as the domiciliary parent. Brad's visitation was sporadic. In 2007, Pauline remarried a member of the United States Army, who was then stationed at Fort Polk in Leesville, in Vernon Parish, Louisiana, and J.P. resided there with her and her new husband. In 2011, Pauline's husband was transferred to Leavenworth, Kansas, and Pauline sought and was granted permission to relocate J.P. to the State of Kansas in connection with the transfer of her military husband in a stipulated judgment dated May 12, 2011. J.P. was relocated to the State of Kansas for approximately one year. Pauline's husband was transferred back to Fort Polk and Pauline, J.P., and her children with her new husband returned to Pickering, a small community near Fort Polk in Vernon Parish. J.P. attended school in Pickering for almost three years while residing with Pauline and her new husband and their children.
In Spring 2015, Pauline's husband was once again transferred to Leavenworth, Kansas, and Pauline voiced her intention to Brad to once again relocate J.P., now thirteen years old, to Leavenworth to be with her husband and their children. It is undisputed that Pauline did not send a formal notice of relocation of her intended move to Kansas as required by La.R.S. 9:355.5. She claimed that she believed the earlier May 12, 2011 judgment granting her permission to relocate the minor child
On May 19, 2015, the trial court set a hearing date for Brad's motions and signed a preliminary injunction, which stated: "It is ordered that a writ of injunction issue herein enjoining PAULINE MOSS RODOCK from relocating the minor child until a hearing can be determined to decide whether or not the said relocation is in the best interest of the said minor child." The order set the hearing for June 1, 2015.
At the beginning of the hearing on June 1, 2015, the trial court proposed, without objection, that he conduct an in camera interview with the child in chambers. The transcript of the June 1, 2015 hearing is entitled, "THE FIRST INTERVIEW WITH (J. P.)[,]" and was subsequently placed under seal and is made part of the record on appeal. This transcript contains a discussion with counsel held on the record prior to the trial court's questioning of the minor child in chambers. There is a discussion of the May 19, 2015 request by Brad for a preliminary injunction prohibiting Pauline from taking the minor child to the State of Kansas until a hearing and ruling can be made on the relocation and modification of custody motion filed by Brad:
After the discussion with counsel, the trial court interviewed the minor child in chambers without objection. Following that interview with J.P., Pauline's then attorney claimed that after interviewing J.P. in chambers the trial judge met with the attorneys off the record and indicated that he was not inclined to grant the relocation. Ostensibly, Pauline still wanted a full hearing on relocation of the minor child to the State of Kansas and both the relocation hearing and Brad's motion to modify custody were continued to June 19, 2015, with an additional date of June 22, 2015, if needed. The record indicates that at some point prior to the June 19, 2015 hearing, the trial court and counsel agreed to sever Brad's motion for modification of custody and only the issue of relocation
The parties were not able to present all the evidence needed on June 19, 2015, and the trial was recessed to June 22, 2015. When the parties appeared on June 22, 2015, after some evidence was taken, Pauline filed a motion to recuse the trial judge. After reviewing the motion, the trial judge determined that he would not recuse himself and requested that the clerk randomly allot the recusal motion to another judge for a hearing and ruling.
Prior to ordering the case to be submitted for allotment on the recusal motion, the trial court stated on the record his interpretation of the orders entered in the case prior to Pauline's filing of her motion to recuse.
The trial court then stated on the record, "All previous orders of the court are in effect, it's just we won't be doing anything the rest of the afternoon or until Division A or B says that I am to be recused or not to be recused in this matter."
Before the recusal motion could be heard by the Division C judge, to whom the recusal motion had been assigned, he unexpectedly passed away. The motion to recuse was then transferred to a pro tempore judge. On September 8, 2015, the parties stipulated and agreed that the recusal motion would be submitted on the one hundred and seventy page transcript of the hearing held on June 1, 2015, June 19, 2015, and June 22, 2015.
There were delays in submitting the transcript to the pro tempore judge due to cost issues, and the motion for recusal was ultimately transferred to the newly elected district judge in Division C, who issued his reasons for ruling denying Pauline's recusal motion on December 3, 2015, and on January 26, 2016, signed the judgment denying Pauline's motion for recusal, from which Pauline now timely appeals.
Once the recusal motion was denied, the original trial judge ruled on the merits of the relocation motion in oral reasons stated on the record on February 8, 2016. The trial court found that Pauline failed to provide proper statutory notice pursuant to La.R.S. 9:355.6 to Brad of the proposed relocation of the minor child. The trial court further found that La.R.S. 9:355.6(2) provided a basis to order that the minor child be returned to Louisiana from Kansas and awarded Brad $3,800 in expenses representing his attorney fees for opposing the relocation pursuant to La.R.S. 9:355.6(3).
Pauline's assignments of error on appeal translate into an assignment of error based on the ruling denying the motion for recusal, the ruling finding Pauline in contempt of court, the ruling awarding Brad's $3,800 in attorney fees and expenses against her, and the ruling denying the relocation of the minor child to the State of Kansas.
We will first address the denial of Pauline's motion to recuse the trial judge. Due to the delays explained earlier, the newly elected trial judge in Division C to whom the recusal motion had been allotted reviewed the transcript and issued reasons for ruling on the recusal motion on December 3, 2015. He signed a judgment on January 26, 2016, denying Pauline's motion to recuse. After a review of the record and the applicable law, we agree.
The grounds for recusal of a judge are set forth in La.Code Civ.P. art. 151. In this case, the allegation was that the trial judge exhibited bias favoring Brad and against Pauline. Louisiana Code of Civil Procedure Article 151(A)(4) provides, in pertinent part:
A panel of this circuit recently discussed the law applicable to the recusation of judges in the case of David v. David, 14-999 (La.App. 3 Cir. 2/4/15), 157 So.3d 1164, writ denied, 15-494 (La. 5/15/15), 170 So.3d 968. In making such a determination the court in David, 157 So.3d at 1168, stated:
Pauline claims the following assignments of error on appeal in connection with the review of her motion to recuse the trial judge:
(Emphasis added.)
The trial judge hearing the recusal motion rendered written reasons for ruling and stated:
This court finds after a review of this record and the trial transcript, the Motion to Recuse lacks merit. Specifically, the comment alleged in paragraph two (2) of the motion is a credibility determination that may or may not have been expressed by the trial judge depending on the interpretation of the reader. Although the trial court may have made a comment about his finding of credibility, that is certainly subject to change based upon the entire evidence before the court and does not indicate bias or prejudice.
Pauline also claims that the trial judge had prejudged the case. In paragraph three of the motion to recuse, Pauline claims:
In general, the law states that "A judge is presumed to be impartial." Earles v. Ahlstedt, 591 So.2d 741, 746 (La.App. 1 Cir. 1991). The trial court hearing the recusal motion found that Pauline's allegations contained in paragraph three of the motion to recuse lacked merit "in that the record is devoid of any in chambers communications. Counsel for the mover further admitted that the trial judge had said to both attorneys that he had not "prejudged the case."
Pre-trial conferences in chambers frequently are sought by counsel to foster and promote settlement discussions. While it may be the better practice for these discussions to be held with a court reporter present so that a transcript can be available, statements made by a trial judge that he or she is "leaning" one way or the other are not, generally, evidence of bias. To the contrary, "adverse rulings alone do not show bias or prejudice." Id.
The trial court's ruling on recusal is further supported by the record as the original judge hearing the relocation issue had urged that the parties agree to engage in mediation and, failing that agreement, ordered that both parties and the minor child be evaluated by Dr. John Simoneaux, a psychologist with extensive experience in relocation issues. Counsel was also appointed to represent the interests of the minor pursuant to La.R.S. 9:345. These orders reflect an attempt by the judge to foster and promote the best interest of the
Finally, Pauline argues that the trial judge, hearing the relocation issue, when conducting a colloquy with counsel to set an additional date for the completion of the hearing, did not ask her or her husband if they would be available on the potential trial date of July 9, 2015. The trial judge only asked counsel for both parties and Brad about their availability. The transcript of this exchange indicates that this was a preliminary discussion to set an additional date in case the hearing did not conclude on June 22, 2015. In any event, no date was set for an additional hearing date due to the filing of Pauline's motion to recuse on June 22, 2015. It would not have been unusual for the trial judge to ask Brad his schedule, as it was clearly known to all parties that he worked offshore on a fourteen-day hitch, and therefore there was a need to determine his work schedule. Pauline's attorney could easily have made the trial court aware of any conflicts Pauline may have had. We find no merit to this claim.
After reviewing the recusal motion, the trial judge to whom that motion had been allotted found "that the entire matter is based on allegations and that there lacks any factual basis showing that the court was biased or prejudiced toward any party or party's attorney." In addition, we find that all of the allegations made by Pauline emanate "from testimony and evidence set forth in the proceedings" and are not of an "extrajudicial nature," and are thus insufficient "to merit recusal." State v. Augman, 03-396 (La.App. 1 Cir. 12/31/03), 864 So.2d 248, 249 (quoting State v. Williams, 601 So.2d 1374, 1375 (La.1992)). After a review of the transcript and the record, we agree that the allegations made by Pauline are not of the "substantial nature" necessary to require recusal of the trial judge and affirm the ruling of the trial judge hearing the recusal motion denying Pauline's motion to recuse the original trial judge. See Covington v. McNeese State Univ., 10-250 (La. 4/5/10), 32 So.3d 223.
The trial judge hearing the relocation motion was finally able to issue oral reasons for denying the relocation on February 8, 2016, and subsequently issued a judgment dated February 23, 2016, from which Pauline has timely appealed.
The trial court also granted Brad's second rule for contempt on February 8, 2016, which is also memorialized in the February 23, 2016 judgment, from which Pauline has also timely appealed. Brad had alleged that Pauline moved the minor child to the State of Kansas in violation of the trial court's preliminary injunction heard June 1, 2015, and sought attorney fees, court costs, and other sanctions deemed appropriate by the trial court. Correspondence between counsel, attached as an exhibit to the rule, indicated that after Pauline filed her recusal motion, "Judge Eaves stayed further proceedings and mandated that all orders shall remain in effect."
As previously stated in the procedural history of this case, the preliminary injunction was heard on June 1, 2015. A reading of the entire transcript indicates that the
The hearing on relocation began on June 1, 2015, was recessed, and again heard on June 19, 2015, and again was recessed to June 22, 2015, during which Pauline filed her recusal motion. The record is clear that prior to the allotment of the case to Division C for the determination of the recusal motion, the trial court reiterated his prior order of June 1, 2015, that "the child is not allowed to leave Louisiana." Counsel for Brad responds, "Pending some other order being issued, that's correct, Your Honor." Counsel for Pauline did not object and did not challenge the trial court's interpretation of the status of the case on the record when Pauline's recusal motion was filed.
In the February 23, 2016 judgment, the trial court found Pauline in contempt of court for relocating the minor child to the State of Kansas in June 2015 in direct violation of the trial court's order of June 1, 2015. The trial court ordered her to "pay all costs of this Rule for Contempt," which have yet to be determined. In its reason's for ruling, the trial court reiterated the history of the injunction and the discussions between the court, counsel and the parties prior to the filing of the recusal motion and the stay of the case, reiterating his finding that it was clear that Pauline was not to relocate the minor child to the State of Kansas.
The trial court further found that Pauline's disregard of the trial court's order was willful. Given Pauline's educational level, the history of prior litigation between the parties, and her admission to her minor child that she could be held in contempt for the move, the trial judge's reasons were fully supported by the record.
The general rule is that "[t]he decision whether to grant relief against a recalcitrant party rests within the discretion of the trial court and will not be disturbed absent an abuse of that discretion." LeJeune v. Lafayette Tower Service, 94-1240, p. 4 (La.App. 3 Cir. 4/5/95), 653 So.2d 112, 114. After a thorough review of the record, we find no abuse of the trial court's discretion in finding Pauline in contempt of court, awarding court costs for Brad's filing of the rule for contempt, and denying Brad's request for attorney fees and sanctions. We affirm that ruling.
We find that any ruling on the issue of the relocation of the minor child to Kansas in June 2015 is rendered moot and would merely result in an advisory opinion. "A moot case is one which seeks a judgment or decree which, when rendered, can give no practical relief." Wood v. Fontenot, 04-1174, p. 3 (La.App. 3 Cir. 3/2/05), 896 So.2d 323, 326-27, writ denied, 05-0801 (La. 5/13/05), 902 So.2d 1023 (quoting United Cos. Lending Corp. v. Hall, 97-2525, p. 4 (La.App. 1 Cir. 11/6/98), 722 So.2d 48, 50). It is well settled that an appellate court will not render advisory opinions from which no practical results can follow. Suire v. Lafayette City-Parish Consol. Gov't, 04-1459, 04-1460, 04-1466 (La. 4/12/05), 907 So.2d 37. "As a result, courts have established the rule that moot questions will not be considered on appeal." Wood, 896 So.2d at 326.
The record establishes that after Pauline relocated J.P. to Kansas in July 2015 in violation of the court's order, the minor child was returned to Louisiana on March 11, 2016. Since his return, the record
Pauline sought and was granted leave to file an "emergency" writ to this court seeking a stay of the trial court's injunction dated August 5, 2016 preventing relocation of J.P. to South Carolina, and a reversal of the ruling by the trial court ordering Pauline to return the minor child to Louisiana.
The September 19, 2016 hearing was continued until September 29, 2016. The trial court heard all the evidence, and the case was submitted to the trial court for ruling. The court then sealed the psychological report of Dr. Simoneaux, which he had previously ordered. At this point in the proceedings,
The February 23, 2016 judgment ordered, "that as a result of the relocation of the minor child without the Court's permission, Pauline Moss Rodock is required to pay all expenses of Mr. Pommier in his opposition in the amount of $3,800 to be paid within thirty (30) days of today's date."
The trial court apparently based its award to Brad on the following testimony:
The record is clear that the award of $3,800 made to Brad was the amount he testified that he had paid his attorney, Mr. Fontenot, to oppose the relocation of the minor child to the State of Kansas. Louisiana Revised Statutes 9:355.6(3) states, "The court may consider a failure to provide notice of a proposed relocation of a child as: (3) Sufficient cause to order the person proposing relocation to pay reasonable expenses incurred by the person objecting to the relocation."
A panel of this court in Odell v. Odell, 14-250, p. 11 (La.App. 3 Cir. 6/4/14), 139 So.3d 1275, 1281 (footnote omitted), writ denied, 14-1436 (La. 7/15/14), 145 So.3d 1034, stated in regard to the award of attorney fees pursuant to La.R.S. 9:355.6 (3):
We find that La.R.S. 9:355.6(3) does not provide a basis for the award of attorney fees, and we therefore reverse the $3,800 award to Brad pursuant to the relocation statute. Further, although Brad testified he may have incurred expenses for gasoline to attend the hearings, there is nothing in the record to support a specific award. The nebulous statement by Brad that he had to pay "gas money" for travel to and from court is insufficient to support any award. The trial court was in error when it awarded Brad $3,800 for his attorney fees, as such an award is not allowed pursuant to La.R.S. 9:355.6(3). See Odell, 139 So.3d 1275. Therefore, we reverse the judgment of the trial court awarding Brad, $3,800, but affirm the allocation of all trial court costs in connection with these rules against Pauline.
For the foregoing reasons, the trial court's judgment signed on January 26, 2016, denying Pauline Moss Rodock's motion to recuse the trial judge is affirmed. The trial court's judgment signed on February 23, 2016, holding Pauline Moss Rodock in contempt of court and assessing all trial costs in connection with the motion is also affirmed. We reverse the $3800 award to Brad Allen Pommier for attorney fees. We further find that the issue of the relocation of the minor child to the State of Kansas has now been rendered moot. All costs of this appeal are assessed against Pauline Moss Rodock.
