Defendant Reid appeals from a conviction on three counts of mail fraud1 after a nonjury trial before Judge Richey of the United States District Court. Originally charged in an eleven-count indictment, appellant was acquitted on six mail fraud counts by the trial judge, and the two embezzlement counts2 were ordered dismissed by the court during trial.3 Principally pressed on this appeal is the argument that the evidence was insufficient to sustain the charge that defendant Reid devised a scheme and artifice to defraud by knowingly approving false and inflated billings.

From April 1972 until June 1973 Reid was employed as Credit Director of Woodward & Lothrop in Washington, D.C. During the period he was so employed, Reid was associated in some capacity, never fully defined by the evidence, with a collection agency known as Credit Shield in New York City.4 What is more important and more clear is that the uncontradicted evidence, much of it stipulated, showed that during the period of the fraudulent scheme Reid received certain payments totalling $11,939.79 deposited in his own personal account and that of "Craig Roberts Associates" in the National Bank of Washington. "Craig Roberts Associates" was stipulated to be wholly owned, operated, and controlled by Reid.5 These payments deposited were checks from Credit Shield and Harrington & Worth Services, Inc.,6 a business entity in New York City which was used as a conduit to pass money originally paid out by Woodward & Lothrop back to Reid. Several corresponded in amount and time sequence with Woodward & Lothrop payments to Credit Shield. It is not necessary to detail the various transfers among Credit Shield, Harrington & Worth Services, Inc., Craig Roberts Associates, and appellant's own accounts, which originated from and can be tracked to the payments from Woodward & Lothrop, as these were not made the basis of any mailing count.7

What is important in understanding the scheme to defraud is the manner in which delinquent accounts for collection were referred by Woodward & Lothrop to Credit Shield, what Credit Shield did about them, how it invoiced Woodward & Lothrop, and what role appellant Reid and other employees played in the referrals and in making payment by Woodward & Lothrop to Credit Shield, for it was the mailing of three checks by Woodward & Lothrop from Washington to Credit Shield in New York on which Reid was convicted of three counts of mail fraud.

In autumn 1972 Woodward & Lothrop made arrangements with several collection agencies for the collection of delinquent accounts at a cost of $2.50 for each account serviced. This project was handled by appellant as Credit Director. The two principal agencies were Credit Shield and National Credit Records of America, both located in New York. On 27 November 1972 a memorandum from Mr. Cozzi, Credit Sales Manager, directed Mr. Saunders, Supervisor of the Collection Department, to send approximately half of the accounts to Credit Shield and half to NCRA. Cozzi's testimony was that, beginning in November 1972 through the period into June 1973, approximately every other account was sent to Credit Shield and the remainder to NCRA.8

The mechanism of account selection was this: The individual collection cards kept by Woodward & Lothrop would be reviewed monthly, in nine cycles, each covering several letters of the alphabet. A list of accounts which were 90 days in arrears would be prepared by Saunders for each cycle, and sent, on alternate cycles, to Credit Shield and NCRA. Saunders retained a carbon copy of the list for updating purposes. Credit Shield then prepared the first of a series of three dunning letters to the delinquent customers, and sent back to Woodward & Lothrop individual account tickets and a computer printout stating the accounts thus serviced.9 Saunders, Supervisor of the Collection Department, kept his copy of the original list updated as overdue payments were received, and sent notification of such "activity" to Credit Shield, on the individual account tickets. If no change in the status of the account had occurred, the account tickets were retained by Saunders.

One fact about which legal controversy swirled at the trial, and which assumes some importance on this appeal, is that the carbon copy of the lists prepared by Saunders for November 1972 through part of February 1973, were not retained after the third and final dunning letter had presumably been sent out. Saunders retained the computer printouts received from Credit Shield as the only record of the accounts sent. For the months of March (and the latter part of February) through June 1973, apparently no computer printouts were received and the original lists were retained.

While the original Saunders list and the Credit Shield computer printout contained the account number, name, address and amount due of each account, the information which Cozzi gave to defendant Reid was simply a notation on a small piece of paper as to the alphabetical cycle of the list sent, the number of accounts, and the total dollar amount.10 It was Reid's responsibility to check the invoices received from Credit Shield for services allegedly rendered, and this information was sufficient to enable him to do this.

Reid's secretary gave all incoming invoices to him, which he approved for payment by a brief handwritten notation with date and signature.11 Approved invoices were sent to the Accounts Payable Department. Two or three days after receipt of each invoice from Reid's office a person in the Accounts Payable Department typed a check, had it approved by the Accounts Payable supervisor, and after it was machine signed sent the check to the correspondence room for mailing.12 Regularly at 4:00 p. m. each day the Accounts Payable Department took all checks addressed to out-of-state accounts to the correspondence room where the checks were placed in envelopes, run through a machine, and placed in a United States mailbag in which they were taken to the United States Post Office.13

During the period of the mail fraud scheme November 1972 to June 197314 nine Woodward & Lothrop checks were processed and sent to Credit Shield in this fashion.15 The three checks involved in the three counts on which Reid was found guilty of mail fraud were dated 5 March 1973 in the amount of $2,495, 3 April 1973 for $2,722.50, and 8 June 1973 for $1,166. The checks were deposited in one of several interrelated accounts at Bankers Trust Company in New York City.

The scheme to defraud was basically simple. Saunders at Woodward & Lothrop sent a list of delinquent accounts to Credit Shield for collection. Credit Shield presumably wrote the requisite one to three dunning letters in regard to those accounts referred. However, the invoices sent to Woodward & Lothrop, billing at $2.50 per account, over the months of the scheme could be found by the trier to total more than twice the number of accounts originally referred by the store. Reid, as Credit Director of Woodward & Lothrop, nonetheless approved payment of the invoices and sent them directly to the Accounts Payable Department for payment. These checks were typed and mailed in the normal course of business to Credit Shield in New York. Three such mailings were the mail fraud counts on which Reid was convicted. Credit Shield in turn remitted to Reid a substantial part of the money thus received, by checks drawn upon itself or upon its affiliate, Harrington & Worth Services.

Under the system used in the credit department of Woodward & Lothrop, Reid provided the only direct check on the correctness of the invoices sent by Credit Shield and the payments made by Woodward & Lothrop. He was to perform this function by comparing the invoices against the slips of paper provided to him by Cozzi, which set forth the number of accounts which had been referred for each cycle.16 This Reid signally failed to do, as he was concurrently receiving back from Credit Shield part of the inflated payments he caused Woodward & Lothrop to make to Credit Shield.

The issue on this appeal is appellant Reid's contention that the evidence adduced by the Government, a large part by stipulation and otherwise by uncontradicted evidence, was insufficient to show either that any single invoice (and the check issued pursuant thereto) was inflated or that the total paid by Woodward & Lothrop during the period of the conspiracy, or any given portion thereof, was greater than the rightful amount which Woodward & Lothrop should have paid on the basis of the number of accounts referred by Woodward & Lothrop to Credit Shield.17III. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE AND THE APPLICABLE LAW

We think the evidence clearly sufficient to show a scheme to defraud and that the scheme was intended to cause Woodward & Lothrop to pay during the period of the scheme far more to Credit Shield than the number of accounts referred by Woodward & Lothrop to Credit Shield would justify. There was ample evidence of such a scheme lasting for the entire period from November 1972 to June 1973.18 Even more clearly, the fraudulent scheme is established for the limited period from late February 1973 through June 1973, for which original account lists were retained by Woodward & Lothrop. The mailings made the subject of the three counts on which defendant was found guilty were indubitably pursuant to or in furtherance of the scheme, and indeed there is no contention that such mailings were not in furtherance of the scheme, if the scheme itself was established.19

The alleged weakness of the Government's case, the purported insufficiency of the evidence, arises from the operational system of the Woodward & Lothrop Credit Department and the rulings on evidence of the trial judge. As described above, Saunders prepared a typewritten list of delinquent customers' accounts, which was destroyed when there were no more dunning letters to be sent out. The computer printout furnished by Credit Shield, represented to be prepared from this list, was retained. Saunders testified that he had no personal recollection of the number of accounts which he referred to Credit Shield and to NCRA beginning 27 November 1972, although he said that, pursuant to his instructions from Cozzi, an approximately equal number were sent to each bill collecting agency. Furthermore, Cozzi made a handwritten notation of the total number of accounts and the amounts involved, dated and initialed it, and furnished this to defendant Reid for Reid's use in checking the validity of the invoices subsequently sent by Credit Shield. Reid's secretary testified that although Reid put these invoices in the Credit Shield file kept in a cabinet behind his desk, as he did similar invoices regarding NCRA, after Reid's departure following a requested resignation in June 1973, all of the Credit Shield files previously kept in that cabinet by Reid were missing.

For the period from the beginning of the referrals in November 1972 through February 1973, only one type of real evidence was actually admitted to establish the number of delinquent accounts referred to Credit Shield.20 The absence of the Credit Shield slips from the file cabinet in Reid's office after he left Woodward & Lothrop allowed the trier of fact a permissible inference that Reid himself removed these files containing evidence of his knowledge of the actual number of accounts sent to Credit Shield. The trial judge therefore permitted the introduction into evidence of the similar notations furnished Reid reflecting the monthly total of accounts sent to NCRA, together with the actual invoices of NCRA, for the period November 1972 to February 1973.21 This evidence showed that NCRA received 787, 376, 425, and 402 accounts during the four months.22 The total of 1,990 accounts referred to NCRA, coupled with Cozzi's and Saunders' testimony as to the equal distribution of the accounts between Credit Shield and NCRA, provided the evidence to show that Credit Shield received approximately 1,990 accounts during the four months of November, December, January, and February.23

It is this period of four months for which the appellant asserts that the evidence was insufficient to provide any kind of a factual foundation establishing a scheme to defraud by causing payments to be made by Woodward & Lothrop in excess of the number of accounts actually referred to Credit Shield. Given the circumstance of the evidence of the slips re Credit Shield missing from appellant's custody, the NCRA slips were admissible and, coupled with other evidence, were sufficient to establish the scheme to defraud as in operation for that four-month period.

Appellant has argued in brief and orally as if it were necessary in a mail fraud case for the Government to prove by mathematical accounting exactitude the amount by which the victim was defrauded by the action of the accused. It is only necessary to establish a scheme to defraud, and a mailing in furtherance thereof; it is not necessary even to show that a loss took place.24 Here we think the evidence established a scheme to defraud, a scheme to cause Woodward & Lothrop to pay a substantial amount in excess of what could have been rightfully charged the store on the basis of the number of delinquent accounts referred to Credit Shield. While all of the evidence indicates that Woodward & Lothrop paid approximately double the amount actually due, the exact amount of loss is legally immaterial.

The Government, however, was successful in establishing more precisely the exact amount of loss for the months of March, April, May, and June. For this period the list of accounts sent to Credit Shield had not been destroyed.25 Saunders testified that accounts in the number of 175 in March, 307 in April, 218 in May, and 310 in June26 were sent to Credit Shield for collection. The total of 1030 accounts referred was thus firmly established.

If the total of approximately 1,990 accounts referred to Credit Shield in November-February inclusive, is added to the 1,030 accounts established precisely as referred to Credit Shield in the period March-June, inclusive, the total of 3,020 represents the approximate number of accounts referred for collection by Woodward & Lothrop to Credit Shield from late November to early June when business with Credit Shield halted. Beginning 29 November 1972 through 5 June 1973 Credit Shield sent Woodward & Lothrop invoices representing a total of 6,271 accounts at $2.50 per account.27 In response to these invoices Woodward & Lothrop mailed seven checks for a total of $15,784 to Credit Shield.28

It is readily apparent that considering the scheme overall from November through June the number of 6,271 accounts is more than double the 3,020 accounts shown to have been referred by Woodward & Lothrop to Credit Shield. Similarly, the payment of $15,784 is substantially in excess of the $7,550 which Credit Shield would have been justified in billing for the 3,020 accounts.

Alternatively, even if it be considered that the Government proof failed for the period November-February, inclusive, in regard to the exact number of accounts referred, the trier could have found that at least 1,515 accounts29 were invoiced by Credit Shield from 28 March 1973 through 5 June 1973, that this number greatly exceeded the 1,030 accounts referred by Woodward & Lothrop during the March-June period, and that there should have been a correlation between the two numbers thus compared.

It is objected by the appellant that it is impossible to tie in any given Credit Shield invoice and the check made in payment thereof with any specific number of referrals by Woodward & Lothrop, and this is generally true. But if we look at the state of the account between the store and the collection agency beginning with the first invoice of 29 November 1972 and concluding with the fourth invoice on 5 February 1973,30 it surely was open to the trier to find that Credit Shield was invoicing on a monthly basis beginning very promptly after the first referral around 27 November and that each and every invoice was paid in the exact amount by Woodward & Lothrop, the fourth invoice of 5 February 1973 being paid by check of 6 February 1973. After payment of the 1 March 1973 invoice, Woodward & Lothrop was current through February, and perhaps part of March, and the remaining period of March, April, May, and June 1973 can be considered as a separate period in which 1,030 accounts precisely were referred and at least 1,515 were invoiced for payment.

As stated above, the appellant argued not only that the evidence was insufficient to establish the scheme for the entire period November 1972 to June 1973 but also that no particular invoice or check forming the basis of a mailing count was shown to be in itself an excess billing or an excess payment. Under the mail fraud statute it is not necessary that the individual mailing relied upon by the prosecution be shown to be in any way false or inaccurate, if the matter mailed is utilized in furtherance of or pursuant to the scheme to defraud.31 Certainly these three checks made the basis of the three mailing counts on which defendant Reid was convicted meet this test.

As a matter of practicality, in most schemes to defraud, it would be very difficult for the prosecution to show that any particular check or invoice was in itself false or inflated in amount, because in a course of dealing over a period of months the bills sent and the payments made are not necessarily tied in with ascertainable and accurate accounting data. In fact, it may be assumed that persons engaged in such a scheme to defraud would take some pains not to tie in the invoices and checks with other records which would be in the hands of the person or company being defrauded, in order to escape detection.

A good example is the case at bar. None of the Credit Shield invoices indicated by date and number which referrals were the subject of the invoices.32 If these invoices had happened to fall into the hands of either Saunders or Cozzi, aside from Reid the Woodward & Lothrop employees best informed about these collection matters, neither Saunders nor Cozzi would have been able to fault any given invoice as being excessive or falsified, as there was nothing on it to indicate what period or what account submission the invoice covered. The only way Saunders and Cozzi could have detected the scheme would have been if either had become suspicious, gone back to his Woodward & Lothrop records as to the total number of accounts which had been referred to Credit Shield since the beginning, and compared that with the total number of accounts to date invoiced for payment by Credit Shield, including the last invoice which may have aroused suspicion.

In other words, the only way Woodward & Lothrop could have detected the fraudulent scheme would have been to make an investigation to undercover the same proof which the Government offers here, i. e., the overall comparison of the total accounts referred with the total accounts invoiced by Credit Shield and paid by Woodward & Lothrop. It would never have been possible for Woodward & Lothrop to have compared an individual invoice or check with the number of accounts referred at any given time, as appellant Reid contends should have been the nature of the Government's proof here. The scheme was designed by Reid so that the overall totals were the only comparison which would reveal the fraud, and this is the proof the Government offered.

Actually, as we know from the description of the Woodward & Lothrop business procedures given by documents and witnesses at the trial, neither Saunders nor Cozzi was ever in a position to check the Credit Shield invoices, as these were always sent to appellant Reid for approval for payment. Reid himself was armed by Cozzi with the correct information on the number of delinquent accounts which had been referred to Credit Shield for collection, presumably for the purpose of checking the Credit Shield invoices by these correct totals when the invoices came in. But then the watchdog Reid was himself the perpetrator of the scheme to defraud. Reid approved the invoices and sent them directly to the Accounts Payable Department where a check was written, and the mailing took place without any knowledgeable employee of Woodward & Lothrop being in a position in the chain of the scheme to have interrupted it.

Applying the basic principles of mail fraud law to the case at bar, we take the Supreme Court's definition: "The elements of the offense of mail fraud under 18 U.S.C. (§ 1341) are (1) a scheme to defraud, and (2) the mailing of a letter, etc., for the purpose of executing the scheme. It is not necessary that the scheme contemplate the use of the mails as an essential element."33 It is the scheme to defraud and not actual fraud that is required. Fraudulent intent may be inferred from the modus operandi of the scheme.34 "The law does not define fraud; it needs no definition; it is as old as falsehood and as versable as human ingenuity."35 The proof of the scheme, its detailed operation, and the excess payments by Woodward & Lothrop caused by the scheme from November 1972 to June 1973 were in evidence. The fraudulent intent and the nature of the scheme were undeniably apparent from the undisputed evidence.

The mailings of the Woodward & Lothrop checks, the lifeblood of the scheme from the defendant Reid's point of view, were clearly established and just as clearly pursuant to and in furtherance of the scheme to defraud. The courts have taken a broad view of the nature of the mailings that can be said to be in execution of the scheme to defraud. Of course, a material false statement contained in a document sent through the mails clearly constitutes a fraudulent misrepresentation and violation of the statute. But the matter mailed need not be fraudulent in itself; it is enough that it somehow aids in the execution of the fraudulent scheme.

For example, in Pereira v. United States36 two con-men successfully induced a middle-aged widow to put in their possession substantial sums of money, by misrepresenting themselves and their intentions. Defendants did not directly utilize the mails in their scheme to defraud the only mailing involved was the forwarding of checks for collection from the Texas bank where they were cashed to the California bank on which they were drawn. Since the fraud involved was in procuring the checks from the widow, there was nothing fraudulent or false about the checks themselves. There was nothing false about them, but, like the three checks here, they contained the proceeds of the fraud. The Supreme Court nevertheless upheld convictions for mail fraud on the basis that the collection of the checks was a necessary and foreseeable event if the scheme to defraud was to succeed, so that the two essential elements of (1) a scheme to defraud and (2) a mailing in furtherance were satisfied.

And so in appellant Reid's case, it is totally immaterial that not one of the invoices from Credit Shield to Woodward & Lothrop was shown to be in excess of any particular referrals of delinquent accounts by Woodward & Lothrop. It is similarly immaterial that it was not shown that any particular check sent by Woodward & Lothrop to Credit Shield was in excess of any rightful charge that Credit Shield might have made at that time for its services. It was sufficient, and it was amply shown, that there was a fraudulent scheme operated by appellant Reid to enrich himself, and that the mailings of the checks by Woodward & Lothrop were in furtherance of that scheme.

Affirmed.