In these consolidated cases, despite two decisions of this court to the contrary, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC or Commission) has allowed two radio stations to locate their transmitters away from their community of license at a site overlooking a larger and more lucrative market without holding a hearing to investigate substantial and material questions of fact regarding the motives for and effects of the moves. The FCC is now apparently willing to approve such moves without a hearing even when material questions of fact remain unanswered, provided the station desiring to relocate is willing to keep up certain appearances the Commission deems of symbolic importance in displaying a station's intent to remain "located" in its smaller neighboring community of license.

Unfortunately, when critical questions of fact are unresolved on the paper record before the FCC, the public interest may get short shrift if a hearing is not held. That is why the Communications Act, the FCC's own rules, and previous FCC decisions all require the Commission to hold hearings when substantial and material facts remain to be determined. Accordingly, years ago this court twice instructed the Commission to hold the hearings plainly required by Commission rules and the Communications Act. But a pattern of summary approval for transmitter relocations on the basis of an inadequate paper record may now once again be emerging, bringing these consolidated cases before us for review. We reverse.

An understanding of what has happened in the cases before us requires some background. The signal broadcast by an FM radio station can be characterized by three factors: the station's frequency, which determines where it can be found on the dial; the station's signal strength, which is determined by the power of its transmitter and the elevation and configuration of its antenna; and the station's antenna location, which determines its area of coverage. The FCC is responsible for regulating all three.1 In fulfilling its responsibility, the FCC has divided the portion of the radio spectrum allocated to FM broadcast stations, the band between 88 and 108 Megahertz (MHz), into 100 channels, which the FCC somewhat confusingly refers to as channels 201 through 300.2 From this list of possibilities, communities throughout the nation have been assigned specific channels to serve them. These assignments, which specify not only frequency but also limits on authorized combinations of transmitter power and antenna elevation, are compiled in a "table of assignments" adopted as an FCC rule in 1963 after extensive rulemaking proceedings.3 Changes to the table can be made only by rulemaking.4

The cases we consider today involve the assignment of stations to two neighboring cities. The first, Salt Lake City, Utah, estimated to have a population of 176,000,5 has been allocated seven FM channels,6 all in the same signal strength class, "Class C."7 All seven channels are currently occupied, and the FCC has refused proposals to increase their number.8 The second, Ogden, Utah, has only about 72,000 people,9 and is located 33 miles almost due north of Salt Lake City.10 Before the events which concern us, Ogden was assigned four Class C FM channels,11 of which only three were occupied.12

The controversy here involves two Ogden stations, KDAB-FM, broadcasting at 101.1 MHz,13 and KZAN-FM, broadcasting at 97.0 MHz,14 which have succeeded in obtaining approval from the FCC to locate their antennas on Farnsworth Peak,15 a site used by Salt Lake City stations only 18 miles west of Salt Lake City, but 41 miles, over 2.2 times as far, south southwest of Ogden.16 The appellants in these consolidated cases are two radio stations assigned to Salt Lake City, KALL-FM and KISN-FM.17 They challenge what they regard as an intrusion into their market.

Before we turn to the legal arguments supporting this challenge, we recount how two Ogden stations came to have their antennas at a site used by Salt Lake City stations.

The KDAB story begins in April 1973, when Star Broadcasting Co. (Star), the corporate predecessor of KDAB, Inc., filed an application with the FCC for a construction permit for a new Ogden FM station the station that would become KDAB. Star first asked for a transmitter site at Farnsworth Peak, near Salt Lake City. Within a month, in May 1973, Communications Investment Corp. (CIC), the licensee of Salt Lake City station KALL, filed petitions with the FCC opposing Star's application. CIC argued that locating KDAB at Farnsworth Peak would reallocate de facto an Ogden FM channel to Salt Lake City, in violation of section 307(b) of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended.18 Star then modified its proposal to ask for a site at Coon Peak, several miles closer to Ogden.

Star filed an Opposition to CIC's petitions;19 in response, CIC then filed a Reply.20 Then, realizing that there would be a hearing on the question which would be costly and risky, and, at best, would delay approval of its application, Star amended its proposal for the second time, now specifying a transmitter site on Little Mountain, a location twelve miles west of Ogden used by Ogden FM stations.21 CIC withdrew its petition opposing Star's application, the FCC granted approval, and KDAB-FM began operations from Little Mountain in July 1975.

Only eleven months later, KDAB, by now licensed to D & B Broadcasting Co. (D & B), filed an application with the FCC to move its newly operational transmitter to the site it had originally proposed: Farnsworth Peak. The reason for the move, according to KDAB, was that it was experiencing multipath problems at its Little Mountain site.22 A portion of its signal, it said, was traveling east to Ogden, passing over Ogden and on to a range of mountains east of Ogden called the Wasatch Front, reflecting off the peaks and then returning to the city. FM receivers in Ogden were thus receiving KDAB signals both directly from the transmitter and also from the mountains by reflection. But the reflected signals, traveling a greater distance, were arriving a short instant later than the direct signals, blurring the combined signal and degrading reception. KDAB's proposed solution: move to Farnsworth Peak. Because the path from Farnsworth Peak to Ogden runs parallel to the Wasatch Front, KDAB apparently believed that glancing reflections off the mountains on the northward path from a transmitter near Salt Lake City would be less of a problem than the head-on reflections off the mountains experienced by signals from its near-Ogden transmitter.

In its application, however, KDAB provided scant support for its claim it was experiencing multipath problems. It submitted to the Commission only a letter by a "field man" employed by the firm that had supplied the KDAB antenna, Jampro Antenna Co. of Sacramento, California.23 The "field man" reported in what he called a "field engineering statement" that he had checked the KDAB signal at eight locations. Three of the locations were in Ogden; the remaining five were in Salt Lake City and points intermediate. He concluded on the basis of these measurements that KDAB was facing a multipath problem. The weight to be accorded his conclusion is uncertain, however; the president of the antenna company was quick to assert in a cover letter to the report that "the antenna is very much OK," while admitting that "we are not consulting engineers."24 Furthermore, the "field mans' " qualifications were never determined.

Why the Commission was required in passing on KDAB's application to consider the possibility that the proposed move might have been motivated by more than just multipath problems appears evident. From the Ogden antenna farm at Little Mountain, KDAB could send Salt Lake City only a relatively low quality "primary service"25 signal. From Farnsworth Peak, however, KDAB could blanket Salt Lake City with a high quality "city grade" signal.26 Moreover, while moving to Farnsworth Peak would eliminate from KDAB's service area about 10,000 rural listeners located mostly in Box Elder County, Utah,27 the gain of listeners located around Salt Lake City would offset this loss more than twenty times over. About 232,000 people who did not receive service from KDAB before the proposed move would be added if KDAB relocated at Farnsworth Peak.28 And because most of those added would be in the urban Salt Lake City vicinity, the added listenership represented a more concentrated and perhaps more affluent market, and therefore consequently demographically more attractive to KDAB's potential advertisers, than the scattered rural residents of Box Elder County.

In any event, KALL-FM, now joined by another Salt Lake City station, KISN-FM, was concerned that from the new site KDAB would be a more formidable competitor in Salt Lake City. Both stations filed petitions with the FCC to deny KDAB's application,29 using many of the same arguments advanced at the time of KDAB's first attempt to locate at Farnsworth Peak, supplemented now by the additional argument that sites free of multipath interference were available for KDAB's use in the Ogden vicinity.30 This time around, however, the Salt Lake City opposition went unheeded; in February 1978 the FCC granted KDAB's application.31

The Commission held that KALL and KISN not only had failed to show that KDAB's proposed relocation would amount to a de facto reallocation of an Ogden FM channel to Salt Lake City32 but also had failed to refute KDAB's claim that a move to Farnsworth Peak would improve reception in Ogden by eliminating multipath interference.33 Noting that Ogden would get as strong a signal as required by Commission rules from Farnsworth Peak,34 the Commission refused to consider as material the fact that Salt Lake City would be getting an even stronger signal than Ogden.35 In truth, in the Commission's view KALL and KISN had fallen so far short of showing that KDAB's new transmitter site would de facto reallocate an Ogden channel to Salt Lake City that they had failed even to raise a sufficiently substantial and material question of fact to require an evidentiary hearing pursuant to section 309(d)(2) of the Communications Act.36

KALL and KISN were not satisfied. They petitioned for reconsideration,37 arguing that the FCC had failed to follow its own precedent in ruling on the de facto reallocation issue, and alleging that the FCC had violated its own rules and the Communications Act in relying on KDAB's unverified engineering statement by an antenna company "field man" of unknown qualifications. In addition, they submitted a supplemental engineering statement38 which concluded that even a portion of Ogden itself stood to lose the required "city grade" service from KDAB.

The Commission was unimpressed; in June 1978 it affirmed its previous order by denying the petition for reconsideration.39 The Commission found the alleged shortfall in signal strength over Ogden to be "de minimis," because 99% of the Ogden population would still receive the signal strength required by the FCC rules and the shortfall for the remaining 1% would be only 1 dbu out of 70 dbu.40 The FCC's attitude was permissive: "Once the channel has been assigned to a community by rulemaking, an applicant is generally free to choose any site so long as it provides the community of license with the degree of service prescribed by Section 73.315 of the Rules."41

The KZAN story is similar to KDAB's, with some wrinkles of its own. It begins in 1973, after KALL's petition for dismissal of KDAB's application already had been filed. At that time a second company, Group Communications, Inc. (Group), filed an application42 with the FCC to construct another new FM broadcast station (later to be designated KZAN) allocated to Ogden, Utah, but to broadcast from Farnsworth Peak. In view of its opposition to KDAB's proposed move, it is not surprising that KALL immediately also filed a petition for dismissal of the KZAN application,43 using the same arguments it had used in opposition to KDAB's proposal to locate on Farnsworth Peak: that operation of an Ogden channel from a site close to Salt Lake City used by Salt Lake City stations would be tantamount to reallocating the channel to Salt Lake City in violation of the Commission's rules and the Communications Act. KALL asked the Commission either to dismiss the KZAN application or alternatively to designate it for a hearing to determine whether the proposed operation of the new station from Farnsworth Peak would be consistent with the requirements of the table of assignments.

At about the same time yet another company, Ben Lomond Broadcasting Co., filed an application to build an Ogden FM station.44 Ben Lomond applied for the channel Group wanted, so its application was mutually exclusive with that of Group. Unlike Group, however, Ben Lomond Broadcasting proposed a transmitter site only a few miles west of Ogden on Little Mountain. Of course, in a comparative hearing to determine which applicant would better serve Ogden, Ben Lomond would have had a clearcut advantage over Group because it planned to put its transmitter near Ogden whereas Group was asking for a location close to Salt Lake City.

About five years passed with the mutually exclusive applications of Group and Ben Lomond Broadcasting languishing in the Commission's files. Then, in June of 1978, one day after the FCC issued its order affirming its approval of KDAB's move to Farnsworth Peak, Group and Ben Lomond Broadcasting asked the Commission to approve a settlement agreement they had reached between themselves.45 Under the agreement, Group dismissed its application in exchange for a 20% minority interest in Ben Lomond Broadcasting, and Ben Lomond amended its application to substitute Farnsworth Peak as the proposed site of its transmitter.

The record does not disclose the basis of this agreement. But it is easy to speculate that there was something in it for both parties. The original Ben Lomond Broadcasting Co. eliminated the cost, risk, and delay of a comparative hearing and obtained assurance that the Commission, if it approved a construction permit for a new Ogden station, would grant the license to Ben Lomond not a competitor. Group which had gambled by filing for a transmitter location at Farnsworth Peak (and had attracted the rival application of Ben Lomond), now had a sure thing a 20% share in a station broadcasting from the desired lucrative site at Farnsworth Peak. Once it became clear, after the FCC's decision on KDAB's proposal, that the Commission would permit Ogden stations to broadcast from Farnsworth Peak, both parties may have felt it to be to their advantage to share in the spoils rather than to continue to fight.

KALL, of course, opposed the joint application as much as it had opposed the original application of Group to broadcast at Farnsworth Peak. It filed a statement with the Commission46 suggesting that the amendment to change the transmitter location in the Ben Lomond application was a major amendment which, under FCC rules, would require the FCC to assign the application a new file number and return it to the beginning of the processing line. KALL was also quick to point out that neither Group nor Ben Lomond Broadcasting had at any time claimed that the Little Mountain transmitter site originally proposed by Ben Lomond would be subject to multipath interference, nor did the amended application of the new Ben Lomond Broadcasting provide a justification for a Farnsworth Peak site.

The Commission, however, having determined to permit Ogden stations to broadcast from Farnsworth Peak, held the new Ben Lomond application to be governed by the Commission's previous action on KDAB's application. It then granted47 Ben Lomond's application to build KZAN. At which point KALL and KISN appealed in separate actions to this court from the Commission's actions in permitting KDAB and KZAN to locate at Farnsworth Peak without a hearing on the public interest questions involved. KDAB and KZAN intervened to support the Commission's actions in their favor.

Underlying the issues in these cases is the question whether the Federal Communications Commission has properly discharged its responsibilities under section 307(b) of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended, to: "make such distribution of licenses, frequencies, hours of operation, and of power among the several States and communities as to provide a fair, efficient, and equitable distribution of radio service to each."48

The phrase "fair, efficient, and equitable" taken alone may seem too vague to determine policy, but its legislative history as interpreted by this court49 discloses the significance Congress attached to those words. The predecessor of the present section was first enacted in 1927 as part of the original Radio Act of 192750 and was designed to provide "an equitable distribution of stations over the entire country."51 Just one year after passage Congress amended the section with detailed instructions as to how an "equitable distribution" was to be accomplished. The nation was divided into five "zones"; the Commission was directed to allocate broadcasting service to each zone and the various states by a formula based on population.52 In practice, however, this mechanical approach proved unsatisfactory. What resulted was a "concentration of the use of frequencies in centers of population, and the restriction of facilities in sparsely populated states, even though interference consideration (sic) would permit the operation of one or more additional stations."53 The Commission therefore went to Congress and obtained a modification of section 307(b).54 One of the purposes of the revision was to allow the "sparsely populated" portions of the country, especially in the West, to "secur(e) the facilities we ought to have to meet the demands of that section of the country."55 The revised form of section 307(b), no longer requiring the application of a rigid formula, remains to this day substantially as enacted in 1936.

Our reading of this section must be informed by this history. The Commission's duty thus becomes clear. It must forestall excessive concentration of FM assignments in larger cities and ensure adequate service to smaller communities and "sparsely populated" regions.

In discharging this duty, the Commission has promulgated a "table of assignments" to distribute frequencies equitably among neighboring regions.56 In developing this table to carry out its section 307(b) mandate, the Commission discovered that smaller communities could not all be assigned FM frequencies without signals from nearby communities interfering with one another.57 To solve this problem, the Commission decided to assign a smaller number of high-powered stations to a limited number of central cities because a single high-powered station could cover not only a central city but provide wide-area service to the suburbs surrounding that city as well. High-powered stations of this type are classified as "Class C" stations by the Commission.58 They are assigned in such a way that each has surrounding it an interference zone at least 65 miles in radius.59 All stations party to these consolidated cases are Class C stations.

Thus, for example, in assigning a Class C FM channel to Salt Lake City, the Commission meant to provide coverage not only for Salt Lake City itself but for the surrounding suburbs as well. Similarly, in assigning a Class C channel to Ogden the Commission meant that not only Ogden but its suburban communities and outlying regions would receive coverage. Since Ogden is only 33 miles from Salt Lake City, of course, some overlap in these coverage areas is to be expected. A community lying midway between Ogden and Salt Lake City may be within the suburban broadcasting coverage of stations both in Ogden and in Salt Lake City. In fact, Ogden is within Salt Lake City's protected 65 mile radius, and vice versa. But many communities south of Salt Lake City and north of Ogden are within the guaranteed interference-free coverage area of only one of the two central cities.

Broadcasters, of course, would prefer to locate their transmitters near the largest available city in this case Salt Lake City because that is where the largest market exists. If left to their own devices broadcasters would congregate around the biggest city in the area. In fact, it was against just this concentration that the current version of section 307(b) was directed.60 It is to be expected that broadcasters will constantly apply whatever pressure they can bring to bear to get FCC approval for placement of their stations as close to the heart of a major population center as possible. Conversely, it is the FCC's substantive duty under section 307(b) to prevent such movement whenever it is not in the public interest.

The FCC's duties under the statute are not solely substantive, however. Congress has also explicitly specified a quite natural and prudent procedural requirement that the Commission, in carrying out its section 307(b) mandate, hold hearings whenever an application for a transmitter location raises a "substantial and material question of fact."61 Nonetheless over the years the Commission has occasionally succumbed to the temptation to take a shortcut around this procedural requirement by authorizing without the required hearings stations licensed to smaller communities to locate their transmitters near larger neighboring markets. The resulting controversies have twice ended in actions reaching this court.

For example, seventeen years ago this court considered a situation quite similar to the circumstances of the present case in Wometco Enterprises, Inc. v. FCC.62 In that case two West Palm Beach, Florida, television stations petitioned the FCC to move their transmitters from a site two miles north to a site twelve miles southwest of West Palm Beach, more or less on a line between West Palm Beach and Miami, Florida, 56 miles away. The new location would have permitted the West Palm Beach stations to put a higher quality signal over all of Miami for the first time, though it was not expected there would be any loss in coverage to West Palm Beach. A Miami television station petitioned the FCC to deny these applications as a de facto reallocation of West Palm Beach television channels to Miami in violation of section 307(b). The FCC refused to hold a hearing and granted the applications. The Miami television station then appealed to this court. We remanded the case to the FCC for a hearing on the de facto reallocation question, stating in a brief per curiam opinion that "the issues presented by Wometco were so substantial that the Commission erred in disposing of them in a summary manner."63

A similar situation arose once again in 1965 in Louisiana Television Broadcasting Corp. v. FCC.64 Louisiana Television involved two stations located in Houma and Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The Houma station had unsuccessfully sought redesignation as a Baton Rouge channel in a rulemaking proceeding before the FCC. Having failed in its efforts to become an official Baton Rouge channel, the Houma station then applied for a construction permit to move its transmitter to a location 47 miles from Houma but only 18 miles from Baton Rouge, more or less on a line between the two cities. The advantages were clear: the move would extend "principal city" coverage to an additional 333,000 people or so and "Grade A" or "Grade B" coverage to yet another 949,000 people.65 Unfortunately, however, 16% of the population of Houma, the station's designated "principal city," would have been left without the "principal city" coverage then required by FCC regulations.66 The Baton Rouge station challenged the proposed move, but the FCC approved the proposed transmitter relocation without a hearing.67 In attempting to justify its decision, the FCC pointed out that the new location would permit the channel to bring its service to many more people.

The Baton Rouge station then appealed to this court. And once again this court remanded the case to the FCC for a hearing.68 We pointed out five public interest questions involved, including whether the public interest warranted degradation in the signal strength at Houma and whether the move amounted to a de facto reallocation of a channel from Houma to Baton Rouge.69 In remanding the case for a hearing, we made our position clear: "to allow the Commission to determine without a hearing the issue of whether (the Houma channel) would be reallocated might be to allow the possibility of summary and sub silentio overruling of a policy (the table of assignments) established through the rulemaking process and might deprive others of anopportunity to compete for (the Houma channel). Both the Court and the Commission have recognized that the significance of such an issue requires a full hearing...."70

In the aftermath of Wometco Enterprises and Louisiana Television Broadcasting the FCC followed the directions of this court by holding hearings when stations proposed to move their transmitters to locations closer to larger nearby markets and substantial questions of fact regarding the true purposes and likely results of the moves remained open. In Santa Fe Television, Inc.,71 for example, the FCC ruled in 1969 that a hearing was required before it could determine whether to permit a Santa Fe, New Mexico, television station to locate its transmitter at a site used by Albuquerque stations only 14 miles from Albuquerque, New Mexico, but 43 miles from Santa Fe. The Santa Fe station had argued that the move to the proposed site was necessary because receiving antennas throughout New Mexico including those in Santa Fe were pointed at that site. Thus, the station argued, reception in Santa Fe would actually be improved if the station were located near Albuquerque at the same site used by Albuquerque stations.72 Nonetheless the Commission quite correctly ruled that a hearing was needed to determine if a de facto reallocation might result.

Also in 1969 the FCC issued its leading decision in Berwick Broadcasting Corp.73 In Berwick a broadcaster previously had filed a request with the Commission to assign an FM channel to Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, but the Commission had chosen to allocate the channel to a neighboring community because Wilkes-Barre was already well served by two FM and three AM stations. The broadcaster then applied for a license to operate on the same channel, but ostensibly from Pittston, Pennsylvania, a town with a population only about one-fifth that of Wilkes-Barre. The proposed transmitter location, however, was halfway between Pittston and Wilkes-Barre, so that Wilkes-Barre would be blanketed by a strong signal. In addition, the broadcaster was already operating an AM station in Wilkes-Barre, and proposed to share staff and programing between the two stations. The FCC held that, on these facts, a full evidentiary hearing was necessary to determine if the broadcaster truly intended to serve Pittston, noting that "an applicant interested in serving (a) central city may specify a nearby smaller community so as to obtain a trasmitter site providing a strong signal over the city."74 Sensitive to its responsibilities, the Commission emphasized that "the integrity of our 307(b) allocations must take priority over the private interests of the applicant, where significant allegations are brought to our attention indicating that a substantial doubt exists as to whether or not the proposal would provide a realistic local transmission service for its specified station location."75 The FCC thus concluded that "the mandate of section 307(b) requires a determination of the question ... on the basis of a full evidentiary record."76

After a hearing, the FCC found against the broadcaster.77 It noted that "an adverse inference was raised by the fact that (the broadcaster) proposed to locate its transmitter site midway between the two communities and thereby provide maximum coverage of the Wilkes-Barre area,"78 and concluded that the broadcaster had "failed to meet its burden of proof"79 to "rebut the adverse inferences stemming from these facts."80

Berwick thus stands for the proposition that a proposed transmitter location so close to a larger market as to raise a serious question of fact as to the applicant's true intent requires a hearing to resolve that question, particularly if other factors support the suggestion that the applicant in fact desires to serve the greater market. A suitable explanation may be forthcoming, of course. But it is up to the applicant to provide one.

The "Berwick doctrine," as it has come to be known, historically resulted from the extension to FM licensing of a similar policy, the "Suburban Community" doctrine, previously applied by the FCC to licensing questions involving standard broadcast (AM) stations.81 As such, it can be distinguished from the de facto reallocation doctrine at issue in Wometco Enterprises, Louisiana Television, and Santa Fe Television.82 As applied to FM licensing, however, both doctrines are simply corollaries of the system of allocating frequencies by means of a table of assignments; some careful inspection of the motives of broadcasters in selecting transmitter sites is necessary to assure that applicants do not subvert the policies behind the table. The table of assignments, of course, is not immutable. It can be modified by a proper rulemaking proceeding at which the policies of section 307(b) would be given adequate consideration. In fact, the Commission could abolish the table of assignments system altogether. But it cannot permit "summary and sub silentio overruling of a policy established through the rulemaking process."83

III. THE FACTORS SUGGESTING A HEARING IS NECESSARY TO DETERMINE INTENT

The cases we have just recounted comprise the leading examples of situations in which either the Commission or this court has found that "substantial and material" questions of fact exist bearing on the likelihood that a transmitter location near a larger and more lucrative market will result in a redirection of service to that market from the area of license. When such questions of fact are found to exist, section 309 requires that a hearing be held.84 Other later cases decided by the Commission could be added to the list, but to do so here would merely reinforce by reiteration the factors of decisional significance which reappear again and again in the Commission's opinions. The factors controlling these four and later cases unfortunately emerge, however, in an unruly and tumultuous welter. None of these four nor any later case purports to isolate the factors that are the principal determinants of whether a factual issue exists regarding intent, or to decide which factors or how many should be decisive on the hearing issue.

It is true, of course, that questions of intent are by their very nature tied to the particular facts presented in each case, and determining an individual broadcaster's intent or ability to serve this or that city as the Commission was required to do in the cases before us requires a flexible, carefully focused investigation into the particular facts of the case at hand. But a focused inquiry is possible only if we know on what to focus.

In the cases before us we are called upon to decide whether the Commission acted arbitrarily and capriciously when it determined that no "substantial and material" questions of fact remained to be answered before it decided to approve transmitter locations on Farnsworth Peak. We could attempt to answer this question by reference to our own thinking and judgment concerning the outer limits of the insubstantial and immaterial. To adopt such a course, however, would be to risk trespassing on the Commission's territory by putting this court in the business of making broadcasting policy. A safer course would be for us to rely on the past decisions of the Commission and this court to assist us in determining when a question of fact so material and substantial as to require a hearing has been raised. That is the path we intend to follow.

The raw cases taken by themselves, however, provide uncertain guidance because they are not bound together by systematic analysis. The Commission's expertise in these matters doubtless enables it to determine whether a hearing is required without explicit reference to an organized analysis of the factors of decisional significance on which it relies. Lacking such expertise, however, this court finds it difficult without some sort of map to traverse the dense thicket of factors emerging from these cases. Absent some systematic enumeration of the factors that have proved decisive in the past, we find it nearly impossible to give the principled consideration to the present cases which it is our duty, as a court of law, to provide. And so, because the controlling principles to be applied to the cases before us are presented in confusing disarray, we must first pause before turning our attention to the proper resolution of these cases to create our own map of the factors of decisional significance we must apply here.

Wometco Enterprises, Louisiana Television, Santa Fe Television, Berwick and later FCC decisions establish at least nine factors which have tended in the past to suggest to the Commission or this court that a de facto reallocation or Berwick issue must be ventilated in an evidentiary hearing before a transmitter location can be approved. We collect and review those factors here.

(1) This first and most basic factor is the ratio of the population of the city of license to that of the larger city; it is likely that the temptation to cater to a larger market will grow in proportion to the relative size of that market. In Santa Fe Television, for example, the ratio was 37,000 people in Santa Fe to 225,000 in Albuquerque, or a ratio of about one to six.85 In Berwick the ratio was 12,400 to 63,600, or about one to five.86

(2) A second key factor is the ratio of the distance between the proposed transmitter site and the city of license to the distance between the transmitter site and the larger city to which the station may be, in effect, moving. The importance of this factor is obvious. In Wometco Enterprises this ratio was only 56:1287 and in Berwick the site was "midway" between the cities so the ratio was about 1:1.88 Louisiana Television and Santa Fe Television presented more extreme cases with ratios of 18:4789 and 14:43,90 respectively.

(3) A third factor closely related to the second is the expected ratio of the signal strength in the city of license to the signal strength in the larger nearby city. Obviously, an applicant's plan to provide a stronger signal to a nearby more attractive market raises a doubt whether it intends to serve that market rather than the smaller market to which it is licensed. In Santa Fe Television, for example, the larger city was expected to receive a 96 dbu signal, while Santa Fe was to receive only a 76 dbu signal.91

(4) A fourth factor is whether a portion of the city of license is expected actually to lose coverage or, especially in the case of a Class C station with a duty to serve a widespread coverage area, whether there will be a loss area outside the city of coverage. In Wometco Enterprises no loss was expected in the licensed city,92 but in Louisiana Television 16% of the population of the principal city would have received a weaker signal from the proposed transmitter site than required by FCC regulations.93 In Santa Fe Television 12,000 people northeast of Santa Fe were to receive no television from any source whatever if the proposed site near Albuquerque were authorized.94

(5) A fifth factor of significance is whether the proposed site is already in use by stations assigned to the larger city. In Santa Fe Television the fact that Albuquerque stations were using the proposed site was significant.95 No matter where a station claims to be "located," if FM tuners receive a signal from the same place as other stations allocated to the larger city, from a purely engineering perspective, the "location" of the station is in the larger city.

(6) A sixth factor is whether the station shares common ownership with an AM station in the larger city and plans to share staff, facilities, or programing with it as well. It is difficult to argue that a station planning to use programing created for a larger market does not plan to serve that market. In Berwick the FCC placed weight on the planned joint use of the staff and facilities of the broadcaster's AM outlet in the larger city.96

(7) A factor directly bearing on the ultimate question of intent is whether the station has evinced a prior interest in locating in the larger market. Because it is subject to manipulation, however, the absence of this factor is not significant. A station carrying out a sophisticated plan can easily avoid showing its hand at too early a stage. The presence of this factor, however, may be telling. If a station already has manifested an attraction toward a larger market when it proposes a transmitter location near that market, it is hard to ignore the possibility it still has designs to serve that market. Both in Berwick and in Louisiana Television this factor was present and significant, but its absence was not a consideration in either Santa Fe Television or Wometco Enterprises.

(8) Another extremely telling factor would be a proposal to move the studio as well as the transmitter to the larger market, though in none of the cases we have discussed were plans to move the studio a factor. Should a station ask for permission to relocate its studio as well as its transmitter, its intentions would be plain to all. As a result, this is a factor unlikely often to arise in real cases. After all, in this age of satellite communications, it may well be that a station would be willing to locate its studio in the Nevada desert if that were the price of positioning its transmitter on the World Trade Center in Manhattan.

(9) A final factor to be considered is whether there is some unique advantage to the site proposed. In Santa Fe Television it was suggested that television antennas throughout the state were already pointed at the proposed site and none other.97 This "advantage" did not carry the day and the FCC ordered a hearing in spite of it. But in other cases unique advantages of terrain or otherwise might sufficiently explain a proposed transmitter location without a hearing. The required showing will rarely be possible, however, because it will be necessary for the proposing station to demonstrate that no other site closer to its primary market will do; showing a negative beyond dispute is not often easy.

These nine factors culled from the leading precedents provide a framework helpful to this court for determining whether the Commission's actions in the present cases are not arbitrary and capricious in light of previous Commission actions and the past decisions of this court. That we have extracted these factors from the decided cases for our convenience here should certainly not be read to suggest that this court is laying down a novel per se rule requiring the Commission to hold full evidentiary hearings in all cases where an application proposes to acquire the ability to serve a larger market than he now serves, thereby altering the settled judicial policy of deference to the Commission in determining when a hearing is necessary under section 309. Such a rule would represent a usurpation of the role delegated to the Commission of deciding in the first instance when a hearing is needed to resolve a substantial and material question of fact. It would indeed be novel and unwise for this court to impose any such absolute procedural requirement in an area where the expert judgment of the Commission is, and should be, paramount.

Our purpose here is quite to the contrary. By following the Commission's own analysis as well as that to be found in earlier decisions of this court rather than applying our own judgment de novo on the issue whether substantial and material questions of fact exist in the cases before us, we seek not to undermine the Commission's authority to set policy in this area. Instead, we explicitly rely here on what analysis we can glean from past decisions, not on our own invention. Obviously, by merely collecting together in one place the factors which in the past have propelled this court and the Commission itself to require a section 309 hearing, we in no way intend to foreclose future Commission action so long as it is accompanied by a reasonable explanation in harmony with the Commission's statutory obligations to hold hearings whenever a "substantial and material" question of fact remains in dispute. The Commission is free to add to the list of factors we have collected, subtract from the list, or, of course, reject the list outright. Given the task of reviewing the present cases, however, and pending any further enlightenment that may be forthcoming from the Commission regarding its policies on the hearing issue, we prefer to use the factors we can cull from past cases as a baseline for deciding the cases before us, rather than inject ourselves into the agency's policymaking process.

IV. THE KZAN AND KDAB MOVES IN LIGHT OF THIS ANALYSIS

A. The Applicable Standard of Judicial Review

At the threshold of our inquiry into the Commission's decisions in the cases before us it is appropriate to fix firmly in mind the extent of our review. We must be mindful that it is the Commission not this court to whom Congress gave the authority to determine in the first instance whether issuance of construction permits and licenses meets the various requirements set down by statute, FCC regulations, and precedent; and it is the Commission not this court to whom it gave the authority in the first instance to decide whether it will make that determination only after a full hearing.

In the cases now before us the only questions properly open for consideration are whether the FCC could make the factual determinations it did without benefit of a "full hearing," which is required by statute only in those cases where an application filed under 47 U.S.C. § 309(a) raises a "substantial and material question of fact," or where "the Commission for any reason is unable to make the finding" of public interest, convenience and necessity required by section 309(a). Under the settled law of this Circuit, our court has a very limited role in reviewing the Commission's denial of a section 309 hearing. As we have said: "the scope of our review is quite narrow; we defer to the expertise and experience of the Commission within its field of specialty and reverse only where the Commission's position is arbitrary, capricious or unreasonable ... (a)nd it is clear that the decision of when hearings are necessary or desirable to clarify issues is one which lies in the first instance with the Commission." For example, in National Association for Better Broadcasting v. FCC98 we considered an appeal from an FCC decision to renew a television broadcast license without a full hearing because the Commission had found no substantial and material question of fact in dispute, and because the appellants had failed to present prima facie evidence that a license renewal would not be in the public interest. We said:

Section 309(d) provides that the FCC shall grant or renew a license if it finds, after considering the application and all pleadings submitted, that there "are no substantial and material questions of fact and that a grant of the application would be consistent with (the public interest)." Any "party in interest" objecting to the renewal may file a petition to deny. A petitioner's allegations must be both "substantial and specific," sufficient "to show that ... a grant of the application would be prima facie inconsistent with (the public interest);" "allegations of ultimate, conclusionary facts or more general allegations on information and belief, supported by general affidavits ... are not sufficient." Where the Commission finds that such a showing has not been made, it may refuse the petition, "issu(ing) a concise statement of the reasons for denying the petition, which statement shall dispose of all substantial issues raised by the petition."Aside from the sufficiency of the petition to deny, a hearing will not be required where the facts are undisputed, and the "disposition of (an appellant's claims (turn) not on determination of facts but inferences to be drawn from those facts." (sic) Finally, a hearing is not required to resolve issues which the Commission finds are either not "substantial" or "material," whether or not the underlying facts are disputed.

We review the Commission's decision to determine if it reasonably concluded that there were no "substantial and material questions of fact" and that license renewal would be in the public interest.

The extent of our review in such cases as this is narrow. "We defer to the expertise and experience of the Commission within its field of speciality." The decision whether to hold hearings "is a matter in which the Commission's discretion .. (sic) is paramount." Although we must be satisfied that the Commission took a hard look at all the relevant issues, if the Commission's action was not arbitrary, capricious or unreasonable, we must affirm.99

That statement could not be clearer in according to the Commission primary responsibility and wide discretion to decide whether a hearing is necessary. In the case of an FCC decision not to hold a hearing under section 309, as in the case of other agency actions, this court does not substitute its judgment on the facts and substantive issues for that of an agency. We have not the competence, desire, or time to redo an agency's work.

But the Commission's decision not to hold a hearing is nonetheless subject to review, just as are other agency actions. In reviewing agency decisions we do examine at least four questions: First, was the action taken within the agency's powers under its basic statute? Second, was the procedure followed by the agency correct, that is, was there administrative due process? Third, was the result reached supported by substantial evidence? And, fourth, was the rationale by which the agency reached its result logical, that is, was there a demonstrated logical connection between the evidence adduced and the conclusion reached by the agency or was the agency action arbitrary or capricious? These four questions are at the core of judicial review of administrative agency actions.

The agency conclusion under review here is the FCC's determination that no "substantial and material question of fact" exists regarding whether the public interest would be served by the location of the transmitters of Ogden stations near Salt Lake City. This agency conclusion raises no questions requiring an inquiry here into the scope of the FCC's authority under its statute. Nor does this FCC action raise any purely procedural questions which this court must reach;100 Congress preempted the key procedural issue when it specified that the Commission shall hold hearings whenever a "substantial and material question of fact" remains to be resolved. Our inquiry here is focused solely on whether the FCC's determination that there was no "substantial and material question of fact" flowed logically from the evidence in the record. To help us to determine whether a question requiring a hearing exists on the basis of the record as it now stands, we turn for guidance to the past determinations on this same question by this court and by the Commission itself as summarized by the analysis of precedent given above.

B. Are There Unresolved Questions of Fact in These Cases?

When we examine the circumstances of the cases before us in the light of the factors of decisional significance we see immediately that five of these factors tilt strongly against the applicants. (1) The population ratio of Ogden101 to Salt Lake City102 is substantial, about 1:2.4. (2) Likewise, the distance ratio is 41:18,103 startlingly similar to the ratios of 47:18 and 43:14 in Louisiana Television104 and Santa Fe Television,105 and much higher than the one-to-one ratio in Berwick106 and the 12:56 ratio in Wometco.107 (3) The ratio of signal strengths expected in Salt Lake City and Ogden cannot be found in the record; physical proximity alone, however, suggests that the signal over Salt Lake will be considerably stronger than that in Ogden. Furthermore, Ogden is expected to receive the absolute minimum signal permitted by FCC regulations.108 A portion of Ogden may not even receive the minimum.109 (4) Moreover, 10,000 people in Box Elder County will be deprived of service by the move,110 though it is possible, but by no means certain, they will receive some service from other stations.111 (5) And, as in Santa Fe Television, the new transmitter location is presently being used by stations serving the larger city.112

On the other side of the ledger, four of the nine factors, while not leaning much in favor of KDAB and KZAN, at least do not weigh against them. While both stations have shown some prior interest in the Farnsworth Peak site, neither has gone so far as (7) to request designation as a station serving Salt Lake City. But this is hardly surprising in view of the Commission's recent rejection of a proposal to add another channel near Salt Lake City;113 such a direct and candid approach, while commendable, would have been tactically foolish in view of the weight the Commission is known to place on such prior attempts when ruling on transmitter relocation proposals. For similar reasons, it is difficult to put too much importance on the absence in the plans of each station of any proposal either (6) to share programing with a Salt Lake station or (8) to move the studio as well as the transmitter. (9) Which leaves only one factor of nine left available to support the proposals for a Farnsworth Peak site: the suggestion that Farnsworth Peak has unique advantages for minimizing multipath interference. But even here the case on the record is weak. The uniqueness of the site is hotly disputed114 and far from proven, as indeed is even the existence of a multipath problem.115

In sum, of the nine factors culled from past cases bearing on the issue whether a factual question of the true intent of these applicants exists which must be answered in an evidentiary hearing, five weigh heavily against them, three are of little weight one way or the other, and at least one can fairly be described as unresolved on the record as it now stands. Using the analysis we have gleaned from Wometco Enterprises, Louisiana Television, Santa Fe Television, and Berwick, we must conclude that a substantial and material question of the intent of KDAB and KZAN has been raised but not resolved on the paper record.

The Commission, however, purports to resolve these cases without a hearing. In support of its summary disposition of the de facto reallocation questions at issue here, the Commission notes that both KDAB and KZAN are operating from Ogden studio locations and intend to continue doing so;116 that from Farnsworth Peak both stations comply, or nearly comply, with the requirement117 that a station provide a minimum signal to the city of license; and that both stations will better serve the FCC guidelines118 favoring the combination of the highest possible antenna and the smallest possible transmitter from the heights of Farnsworth Peak than from Little Mountain. Finding the applicants thus in literal compliance with the Commission's rules concerning transmitter and studio location, the Commission argues that the stations opposing the move "have a very heavy burden to demonstrate that the Commission's grant of these applications without an evidentiary hearing was arbitrary and capricious."119

In making this suggestion the Commission ignores the obvious fact that the cases before us are controlled by decisional law buttressing Commission rules against de facto subversion, not by the bare rules themselves. All the key early cases cited to us, Wometco Enterprises, Louisiana Television,120 Santa Fe Television, and Berwick involved applicants in full literal compliance with all relevant FCC rules, yet hearings were nonetheless ordered to determine whether the table of assignments, an FCC rule, would be undercut by the proposed move.

Moreover, the parties opposing the applications for transmitter relocation in these cases hardly were required to bear a "very heavy burden." In Wometco Enterprises, for example, this court remanded the cases to the FCC for evidentiary hearings solely on the basis that each of the stations involved had applied "for permission to move its transmitter to a point ... in the direction of (the larger market in) Miami, with additional coverage but without loss of previous coverage";121 surely the stations opposing the move cannot fairly be said to have borne a "very heavy burden." And in Santa Fe Television the allegations ran remarkably parallel to those in the cases before us: (1) the ratio of the distance between the proposed transmitter site and Santa Fe to the distance between the proposed transmitter site and Albuquerque was 43 miles to 14 miles while the ratio of the distance from Farnsworth Peak to Ogden to the distance from Farnsworth Peak to Salt Lake City is 41 miles to 18 miles; (2) the proposed site in Santa Fe Television was being used by Albuquerque stations, while Farnsworth Peak is presently being used by Salt Lake City stations; (3) no loss of coverage was expected in Santa Fe itself, but 12,000 people northeast of Santa Fe were to lose coverage, were the transmitter to be located at the proposed site, while in the present case, very little loss is expected in Ogden, but 10,000 people are expected to lose coverage in Box Elder County; and (4) in both cases arguments were available to suggest that the site proposed was unique: in Santa Fe Television, it was the fact that all antennas in the state were pointing toward Albuquerque, in the present case, that Farnsworth Peak offers unique multipath advantages. With facts so similar, we are unable to discern any "very heavy burden" in Santa Fe Television or in the other leading cases which has not been equally met by the appellants here.

In fact, the Commission's earlier decisions prudently put the burden on the broadcaster asking for permission to move toward a more lucrative market, not on the opposition. For example, the FCC's second opinion in the Berwick case, after the remand for a hearing, is replete with references to the presumption operating against the party seeking to move its transmitter.122 In Santa Fe Television, the burden of proof at the evidentiary hearing ordered by the Commission was again explicitly placed on the television station seeking to locate near the larger market.123 The record is thus plain that the FCC requires the broadcaster with suspect motives to do the explaining.

The Commission is apparently aware that it is almost impossible to justify its actions in the cases before us on the basis of its earlier decisions; in its brief it nearly admits as much when it argues that "the types of questions raised with respect to de facto reallocation and Berwick issues largely confine each case to its own facts."124 In keeping with this argument, the Commission attempts to distinguish the key cases from the present controversy by pinpointing the factual differences among them. The Commission notes125 that in Louisiana Television, for example, de facto reallocation was not the only issue; FCC rules concerning minimum interstation mileage and policies concerning the development of UHF broadcasting were part of the case as well. Santa Fe Television is also different, the Commission argues,126 on three counts: the suburban loss area northeast of Santa Fe would have been left without TV service from any source while in the present cases Box Elder County may continue to receive FM from other stations; there were no multipath problems alleged in Santa Fe while such interference is claimed for Ogden; and the claims that other suitable sites were available were "more substantial" than in the present cases. To distinguish Berwick the Commission notes127 that it involved shared AM programing, while the present proposals do not. And so forth.

In thus attempting to distinguish the prior cases, the Commission has run amok with a venerable common law method. Distinguishing cases on the basis of principled differentiations is one thing; consciously setting out to "confine each case to its own facts," another one which would virtually eliminate all precedent. After all, finding factual variations from case to case is a trivial task, and to say a case has been confined to its facts is just a polite way to say it has been ignored. But the Commission cannot be so cavalier with its own precedent and those of this court without suggesting that the rationale by which it is reaching its conclusions is either illogical or sub rosa, and thereby inviting reversal. To us, the precedent is clear: in the cases before us six of the nine key factors discussed in the leading cases are probably present and five of those six undisputedly so.128

In its arguments to us the Commission, of course, emphasizes the absence in these cases of the three remaining factors: relocation of studios,129 previous efforts to have the channel reassigned,130 and duplication of programing and sharing of staff and facilities with a co-owned station in the larger market.131 But the absence of these factors is of little weight, though their presence might be significant. The first of these three is mostly of theoretical interest. In not one of the leading cases was there any mention in the opinion about a proposal that the studio be moved. Such a proposal would be too obvious a signal of illegitimate intent and of only modest benefit to the broadcaster, and, in fact, would violate FCC rules.132 The second and third factors are no less manipulable. No sensible station would go to the trouble of applying to have its channel reassigned by FCC rulemaking if it could accomplish the same result with a simple transmitter relocation neatly achieved without so much as a hearing, as KDAB and KZAN appear to have done. This is especially true now that it is well known that an honest proposal for reassignment will be rewarded with diminished prospects for subsequent approval of a transmitter relocation application. And for the same reason, because it is now understood that the FCC frowns on the sharing of staff and facilities with a co-owned station in a neighboring larger city, no station would propose to take advantage of such paltry economies at the risk of losing access to a highly lucrative new market. In fact, the importance to a broadcaster of such petty savings fades in direct proportion to the attractiveness and size of the larger market into which it hopes to move. In sum, the weight and emphasis the Commission gives to these thin arguments merely underscore the weakness of its position.

Having thus attempted to dispose of its own early decisions as well as those of this court, the Commission refers us to several of its recent decisions. All but one of these were decided by the Commission after its decisions in the cases now before us for review.133 In view of our disposition of these cases today, these later Commission decisions, which rely on the cases we remand, provide little authority. One decision to which we have been referred, Public Service Broadcasters, Inc.,134 was decided three years before the initial decision by the Commission in the KDAB case. Its facts are in some respects reminiscent of those in the present cases. We do not now express a view whether it was correctly decided in light of the earlier decisions of this court in Wometco Enterprises and Louisiana Television.

We thus conclude that the Commission erred in deciding that no "substantial and material" questions of fact were present in the record before it. In fact, beyond the question of intent, other factual matters remain inadequately explored as well. We believe substantial questions of fact remain to be answered in at least three areas of concern. These questions include: (1) the area of loss both within the city of license (Ogden) and the widespread coverage area outside the immediate Ogden area; (2) the degree of degradation of the signal in the city of license (Ogden) compared with the strength gained in the larger market (Salt Lake City); and, of course, (3) whether the programing of these stations will adequately serve Ogden's needs if the stations are allowed to use Farnsworth Peak. Because we believe these questions may raise substantial considerations under the "suburban community" policy or the "de facto reallocation" doctrine, we believe the Commission's decision to act without a hearing was plainly unreasonable in this case. The overwhelming weight of authority both from this court and the Commission itself compels us to direct the Commission to hold evidentiary hearings to determine the factual questions which must be resolved before the Commission can properly decide whether permitting these nominally Ogden stations to locate their transmitters at a site previously used only by Salt Lake City stations will subvert the policies of the table of assignments by de facto reallocating these stations to Salt Lake City.

The table of assignments does not specify that stations will be allocated to the Salt Lake City-Ogden metropolitan area; rather it allocates seven channels to Salt Lake City alone and four channels to Ogden alone. Perhaps this split allocation was a mistake. Perhaps the public interest would better be served by an allocation of eleven channels to the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area surrounding both Ogden and Salt Lake City. Perhaps it makes no sense to identify Class C stations surrounded by 65-mile interference-free zones as licensed to one or the other of two cities separated by only 33 miles. If so, the Commission has an affirmative duty to commence rulemaking proceedings to modify the table of assignments to rectify this situation. But in the meantime it is unfortunate that it is once again necessary for this court to remind the Commission that the "summary and sub silentio overruling of a policy established through the rulemaking process" cannot be tolerated.135

We reverse and remand these cases to the Commission for proceedings consistent with this opinion. Throughout this opinion we have emphasized that, on the basis of the record before us and applying what we understand to be the Commission's policies as revealed by past cases, we are forced to conclude that substantial and material questions of fact remain to be answered. We recognize, however, that the Commission, by modifying its policies and practices, could affect the nature of and the extent to which an evidentiary hearing is required. Should the Commission choose not to hold an evidentiary hearing on remand, that decision, of course, could be the subject of future judicial review. As to the merits of these cases, we offer no view regarding how they should be decided.

So Ordered.

I am in accord with the premises my colleagues use in deciding this case,1 but I find it impossible to apply them to the facts and come to the same conclusion. I agree that the court's focus should be "solely on whether the FCC's determination that there were no 'substantial and material questions of fact' flowed logically from the evidence in the record." Majority Opinion at 972. I further agree that a full hearing would be necessary if a substantial and material question of fact were at issue in this case. But I respectfully disagree with the majority that any substantial questions of fact remain in dispute in this case that would require a full hearing to resolve. Only the ultimate determination as to the applicants' intent to serve Salt Lake City rather than Ogden is disputed by petitioners, and that involves only "inferences to be drawn from facts already known, (or) the legal conclusions to be derived from those facts." Anti-Defamation League v. FCC, 403 F.2d 169, 171 (1968), cert. denied, 394 U.S. 930, 89 S. Ct. 1190, 22 L. Ed. 2d 459 (1969). In such cases the Commission has clear and settled authority to draw such inferences without a full hearing. Id.; National Association for Better Broadcasting v. FCC, 591 F.2d 812, 815 (D.C.Cir.1978); Alianza Federal De Mercedes v. FCC, 539 F.2d 732, 736 (D.C.Cir.1976); Columbus Broadcasting Coalition v. FCC, 505 F.2d 320, 324 (D.C.Cir.1974); Stone v. FCC, 466 F.2d 316, 323 (D.C.Cir.1972); Marsh v. FCC, 436 F.2d 132, 135-36 (D.C.Cir.1970). It is only when the underlying facts themselves are material, substantial, and in actual dispute, that a full hearing is required by the statute in question here, 47 U.S.C. § 309.

It is true, of course, that placement of the two Ogden radio stations' antennas at a site close to Salt Lake City (Farnsworth Peak) could give rise to a legitimate question of whether those stations intend to provide local broadcast service to Salt Lake City rather than Ogden. If they did, this would circumvent the Commission's "table of assignment" rule and violate the FCC's de facto reallocation and Berwick doctrines which seek to prevent a station from avoiding its obligation to serve its assigned community of license.

However, a station's application to locate its antenna closer to a larger neighboring community need not invariably give rise to such suspicions. See Great Trails Broadcasting Corp. (WJAI-FM), 59 FCC2d 916, 918-19 (1976) (no hearing needed on de facto reallocation issue despite the fact that station's proposal would place its antenna closer to Dayton (pop. 243,000) than to its designated community of license, Eaton (pop. 6,000)). See also Central Alabama Broadcasters, Inc. (WSLA-TV), 68 FCC2d 1339, 1340 (1978) (no hearing needed on relocation which would place antenna two miles closer to Montgomery than to Selma, the smaller city of license). This is particularly so where the station has a valid justification for wishing to place its antenna at the new location.

In this case the Commission found that placement of the Ogden stations' antenna at Farnsworth Peak would improve their reception in Ogden, while enabling them to conform more closely to Commission rules which put a premium on the highest elevation and lowest power output consistent with adequate service to the area.2 The majority sidesteps this crucial finding by stating that, in its opinion, the evidence which the Commission relied upon indicating the existence of a "severe problem of multipath interference"3 with the radio signal emanating from KDAB's previous site near Ogden (Little Mountain) was "weak," and that the "uniqueness" of the new site at Farnsworth Peak was "hotly disputed." Majority Opinion at 973-974. There is, however, absolutely no evidence in the record contradicting KDAB's field engineering statement that the multipath interference problem at the Little Mountain antenna site was a substantial one.4 The field statement found "obvious reflections ... off the top and canyon of the mountains." After explaining the technical reasons why and how this occurred, the report concluded:

There is no doubt at all that the problem facing you is one of propagation not antenna. After your signal leaves the antenna, it passes over Ogden, goes further east, hits the mountains, and is reflected back over Ogden. These reflections were measured as strong as minus 6 DB, which means 25% of the power was coming from the mountains! Therein lies your problem.

Field Engineering Statement, J.A. at 161 (emphasis supplied).

The majority expresses concern regarding the "unverified" character of four sworn statements, each of which affirmed the existence of the multipath problem, and which together represented all the evidence in the record on the multipath interference issue. Majority Opinion at n.115; see also id. at 959-960. The majority also speculates as to whether or not the qualifications of the affiants were adequate, and whether the testing procedures and equipment were appropriate for the task. Id. at n.115. I do not think, however, that this court possesses the expertise to secondguess the Commission on so technical a matter as its finding that multipath interference existed in the signals of a FM radio station in Utah, when that finding is uncontradicted by any evidence in the record. The record in fact amply supports the Commission's finding that a multipath problem at Little Mountain did exist, and that radio service to Ogden would be improved by moving to Farnsworth Peak.5 So long as the evidence in the record supporting the Commission's finding is credible and undisputed, we should leave its finding about the benefits of the move to Ogden listeners alone. And given a legitimate justification for the move to improve service in Ogden we have no reason on this record to tell the Commission that it had to hold a formal hearing to search for some ulterior motive possibly lurking behind the move.

The majority opinion's suspicion that KDAB and KZAN really intend to switch their service from Ogden to Salt Lake City also appears to underestimate their ability to broadcast effectively to Salt Lake City even from the old Little Mountain site. The majority stresses that since the Ogden stations can place "only a relatively low quality 'primary service' signal" (at least 60 dbu, or 1mV/m) over Salt Lake City from the old Little Mountain site, but can place a "high quality 'city grade' signal" (at least 70 dbu, or 3.16mV/m) over Salt Lake City from the new Farnsworth Peak site, this must be strong evidence of an attempt to penetrate the Salt Lake market. Majority Opinion at 11. The majority fails to tell us, however, that the "primary service area" which would include Salt Lake City from Little Mountain is defined as that "area within which radio ... reception is not normally subject to objectionable interference or fading." R. Graff, Modern Dictionary of Electronics 558 (5th ed. 1977). Thus, even if appellants succeeded in forcing the Ogden stations to move back to Little Mountain, those stations would still be sending to Salt Lake City listeners reception "not normally subject to objectionable interference or fading." Id. If Salt Lake residents could receive interference-free reception from Little Mountain, it is clearly unwarranted to assume, as the majority opinion apparently does, that moving from Little Mountain to Farnsworth Peak is necessarily evidence of intent to relocate into the Salt Lake market.

Even more significant is the fact undisputed by the majority that "the (table of assignments) allocation of a Class C channel to Ogden contemplated use of a maximum facility with 100 kW effective radiated power at an antenna height of 2,000 feet above average terrain. Such a facility, even if located north of Ogden, would encompass all of Salt Lake within its (city grade) contour." D & B Broadcasting Co., Inc., supra, 67 FCC2d at 573 n.8 (emphasis supplied). See generally Majority Opinion at 964. Thus the very table of assignments which the Berwick/de facto reallocation doctrines are designed to protect assumed that Class C Ogden stations like KDAB and KZAN might provide a "high quality 'city grade' signal" to Salt Lake City. In light of these facts, I must agree with the Commission that "the simple fact that the KDAB proposal will provide primary city grade service to Salt Lake City is not a valid ground for objection." 67 FCC2d at 573 n.8. Cf. Majority Opinion at 960.

In order to confirm the absence of any material factual dispute concerning the applicants' intent which would necessitate a full hearing, I will for illustrative purposes turn to the five factors which, the majority opinion states, cast substantial doubt upon their motives. Of the five, only two could even conceivably involve a factual dispute, and even if they did, their resolution would not be particularly relevant to the outcome here. The remaining three concern inferences to be drawn from facts already known or the legal conclusions to be derived from those facts, and hence do not require a formal hearing to resolve. See cases cited at p. 956 supra.

The first factor concerns the particular ratio of signal strengths expected in Salt Lake City and Ogden, which the majority states "cannot be found in the record." Majority Opinion at 978, see also id. at 973. The majority speculates, however, that "physical proximity alone ... suggests that the signal over Salt Lake will be considerably stronger than that in Ogden." Id. at 973. Even if this is true, I question the relevance of that fact where, as here, it is acknowledged that the required city-grade signal will continue to be provided the city of license, Ogden. None of the petitioners here suggested that ascertaining this particular ratio was necessary or even helpful in developing a record for this case. Cf. Santa Fe Television, Inc., 18 FCC2d 741, 742 (1969) (listing of comparative signal strengths of a television broadcaster in allegations made by petitioner who wished a hearing on a de facto reallocation issue). And the Commission has never before held that determining the signal ratio was important enough to require a full hearing. On the contrary, the Commission's focus is usually on whether the proposal would continue to provide city-grade service to the original community, or whether a loss area would be created. Great Trails Broadcasting Corp. (WJAI-FM), 59 FCC2d 916, 919 (1976).6 Therefore the Commission stated in this case, "the fact that the proposed change will give KDAB a stronger signal in Salt Lake City violates no Commission Rule, so long as Ogden receives the requisite (city-grade) service." D & B Broadcasting Co., Inc. (KDAB), supra, 67 FCC2d at 572. In short, acknowledging that Salt Lake City will receive a somewhat stronger city-grade signal than Ogden, it is dubious at best that knowing the particular ratio of the two signals will help in determining which audience the broadcasters intend to woo.

But even if the difference in city-grade signals was a material factor in this regard, I think it unlikely that determining the ratio of signal strengths would invariably require a full evidentiary hearing. The Commission surely has other means to obtain that data if it needs it, and "(i)f more information is required, the method by which it is to be gathered 'is, of course, a matter for the Commission.' " Bilingual Bicultural Coalition v. FCC, 595 F.2d 621, 630 (D.C.Cir.1978) (en banc). See generally United States v. FCC, No. 77-1249, Slip Op. at 39n. 87, 4o (D.C.Cir., Mar. 7, 1980) (en banc) ("The substantiality and materiality of purported issues of fact, and the need for further information, are issues to be evaluated in the first instance by the Commission in the light of its public interest responsibility. This court's oversight role is quite limited." "The sad truth about ... evidentiary inquiries is that they take time; and time often works to the advantage of one party over another.... For that reason this court has held (that the) 'decision of whether or not hearings are necessary or desirable is a matter in which the Commission's discretion and expertise is paramount.' ").

The only other factor in the majority's calculus susceptible to any factual controversy relates to the predicted "loss area" resulting from the move to Farnsworth Peak. See Majority Opinion at 973-977. The majority expresses concern about two types of loss: loss of city-grade service to a portion of Ogden; and loss of primary service to some 10,000 people in Box Elder County, north of Ogden. As to the former, we have only an allegation, submitted so late in the proceeding as to be in violation of the Commission's procedural rules,7 that .4 square mile of Ogden would receive a 69 dbu signal instead of the 70 dbu required for city-grade service. See D & B Broadcasting Co., Inc. (KDAB), supra, 69 FCC2d at 1121. The Commission, nonetheless, did address the issue and concluded that "the alleged shortfall is ... de minimis." Id. I agree; but more important, I fail to see how a hearing would change that conclusion which, we must assume, is based on the Commission's expert judgment.

As to the alleged loss of primary service to some 10,000 residents in Box Elder County, no dispute exists here either over the fact of the loss, or its size and location. The Commission's finding that two stations, KQPD-FM and KSL-FM, "provide service to a substantial part of the (predicted) loss area" is not contested. D & B Broadcasting Co., Inc. (KDAB), supra, 67 FCC2d at 573 n.10; Majority Opinion at n.111. The only possible factual controversy I can find surrounds the Commission's finding that the entire loss area is within the predicted contours of both a third and a fourth station, KBLW-FM and KVWJ-FM. The Salt Lake City stations argued, without supporting affidavits, that the Wasatch Mountains may block the signal of these two stations and therefore they "may not provide" service to the entire loss area. However, the possibility of less than total coverage of the predicted loss area by the third and fourth stations does not loom large enough in this proceeding to require a hearing as to the precise coverage of these stations, particularly in light of the uncontested fact that at least two stations do provide service to a substantial part of the predicted loss area. "Contrary allegations and affidavits which create some possibly unresolved factual issue do not invariably necessitate an evidentiary hearing...." Broadcast Enterprises, Inc. v. FCC, 390 F.2d 483, 485 (D.C.Cir.1968).

The three additional factors which are cited as suggesting the need for a hearing do not, on their face, involve any disputed factual questions. The first relates to the population ratio of Ogden to Salt Lake City.8 The second concerns the ratio of distances between the transmitter and Ogden, and the transmitter and Salt Lake City.9 The third is whether the new site at Farnsworth Peak is already in use by stations assigned to Salt Lake City.10 All three of these "factors" involve facts that have already been ascertained and are undisputed. The only issue over which dispute exists is the inference to be drawn from these facts; therefore a hearing on them is not necessary. See p. 956 supra.

Finally, the majority asserts, almost in passing and without any elaboration, that a "substantial (question) of fact remain(s) to be answered ...(:) whether the programming of these stations will adequately serve Ogden's needs if the stations are allowed to use Farnsworth Peak." Majority Opinion at 977-978. I am frankly at a loss to discern how or why the majority finds this to be a substantial and unanswered question on this record. It is uncontested that the stations' broadcast studios will remain in Ogden and that there will be no sharing of programming with Salt Lake stations. Most important, there is no evidence that the stations do not intend to provide programming directed specifically to the needs of Ogden.11 These factors are highly significant in determining whether a Berwick/de facto reallocation issue really exists,12 and each of them clearly weighs in favor of the conclusion that from Farnsworth Peak these stations will continue to direct their programming efforts to Ogden rather than Salt Lake City. The Commission so found,13 and I see no evidence inconsistent with that finding.

I cannot agree that the Commission acted arbitrarily or capriciously in denying a hearing in this case. There were, in my opinion, no material, substantial questions of fact left unanswered that required a hearing to resolve. In this case the basic issue of the applicants' intent to continue to serve the Ogden community as their primary audience was clearly one which could be decided upon inferences drawn from known facts. Some might disagree with the Commission's decision, but that is an altogether separate issue from holding that it was required to hold a hearing before drawing those inferences. For my own part, I believe that on this record the Commission acted entirely reasonably in finding that the change in antenna location was an effort to improve coverage to the stations' primary Ogden market, not an attempt to corner a new Salt Lake City market in defiance of the Commission's Berwick/de facto reallocation policy. The Commission did not need to hold a hearing to so decide. I therefore respectfully dissent.*

stations opposing applications of other stations to locate transmitters away from community of license at site overlooking larger and more lucrative market were not required to bear "very heavy burden," as urged by Federal Communications Commission but, rather, according to Commission's earlier decisions, burden was on broadcasters asking permission to move toward more lucrative market, and it should have been required that broadcasters with suspect motives do the explaining. Communications Act of 1934, § 307(b) as amended 47 U.S.C.A. § 307(b).