ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANTS' MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT AND DENYING PLAINTIFFS' MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT

GARLAND E. BURRELL, JR., District Judge.

Pending are cross-motions for summary judgment on all claims in Plaintiffs' First Amended Complaint ("FAC"). Plaintiffs challenge the United States Forest Service's ("Forest Service") Angora Fire Restoration Project ("Angora Project"), alleging it violates the National Forest Management Act ("NFMA") and National Environmental Policy Act ("NEPA"). Plaintiffs seek declaratory relief that the Forest Service and Defendant Nancy Gibson (collectively referred to as the "Forest Service") violated NFMA and NEPA, and also request that the Court "[v]acate [the Forest Service's] Angora Project Decision and remand to the agency for further proceedings consistent with the opinion of the Court; or ... [e]njoin [the Forest Service] from awarding or implementing the Angora Project" as planned. (FAC 19:2-4.) For the reasons stated herein, the Forest Service's motion for summary judgment is granted, and Plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment is denied.

I. Legal Standard

A. Administrative Procedure Act ("APA") Standard of Review

"Because NFMA and NEPA do not provide a private cause of action to enforce their provisions, agency decisions allegedly violating NFMA and NEPA are reviewed under the [APA]." Native Ecosystems Council v. United States Forest Serv. (Ecosystems I), 428 F.3d 1233, 1238 (9th Cir.2005). "Under the APA, [a court] may set aside an agency decision if it is `arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.'" Id. (quoting 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A)). A decision is arbitrary and capricious only if an agency "relied on factors Congress did not intend it to consider, entirely failed to consider an important aspect of the problem, or offered an explanation that runs counter to the evidence before the agency or is so implausible that it could not be ascribed to a difference in view or the product of agency expertise." Hapner v. Tidwell, 621 F.3d 1239, 1244 (9th Cir. 2010).

B. NFMA

Earth Island Instit. v. Carlton, 626 F.3d 462, 469-70 (9th Cir.2010) (quoting Ecology Ctr. v. Castaneda, 574 F.3d 652, 656 (9th Cir.2009)).

A 1982 NFMA rule ("1982 rule") "requires the Forest Service to identify and monitor [MIS] and directs that `fish and wildlife habitat shall be managed to maintain viable populations of existing native and desired non-native vertebrate species.'" Castaneda, 574 F.3d at 657 (quoting 47 Fed.Reg. 43048 (Sept. 30, 1982)). The Forest Service can satisfy this requirement of the 1982 rule by using "habitat as a proxy[,]" meaning "the Forest Service ... must both describe the quantity and quality of habitat that is necessary to sustain the viability of the species in question and explain its methodology for measuring this habitat." The Lands Council v. McNair, 537 F.3d 981, 994 (9th Cir.2008) (en banc) (overruled on other grounds by Am. Trucking Ass'ns, Inc. v. City of Los Angeles, 559 F.3d 1046, 1052 n. 10 (9th Cir.2009)). "However, [the 1982 rule] ... was partially superceded in 2000[,]" and "[t]he requirements of the superceded 1982 [r]ule apply only to the extent they were incorporated into the Forest Plan." Carlton, 626 F.3d at 470 (quoting Castaneda, 574 F.3d at 657).

C. NEPA

"NEPA is a purely procedural statute, intended to protect the environment by fostering informed agency decision-making." Hapner, 621 F.3d at 1244. "NEPA... does not mandate particular results, but simply provides the necessary process to ensure that federal agencies take a hard look at the environmental consequences of their actions." High Sierra Hikers Ass'n v. Blackwell, 390 F.3d 630, 639 (9th Cir. 2004) (internal quotation marks omitted).

"NEPA requires agencies to prepare a detailed environmental impact statement (`EIS') for all `major Federal actions significantly affecting the quality of the human environment.'" Hapner, 621 F.3d at 1244 (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 4332(C)). "`As a preliminary step, the agency may prepare an Environmental Assessment (`EA') to determine whether the environmental impact of the proposed action is significant enough to warrant an EIS.'" Id. (quoting High Sierra Hikers, 390 F.3d at 639-40). "An EA must include `brief discussions' of the need for the proposal, of reasonable alternatives, and of the anticipated environmental impacts." Id. (quoting 40 C.F.R. § 1508.9(b)). "If the agency concludes there is no significant effect associated with the proposed project, it may issue a [Finding of No Significant Impact] in lieu of preparing an EIS." Envtl. Prot. Info. Ctr. v. United States Forest Serv., 451 F.3d 1005, 1009 (9th Cir.2006).

II. Background

The Angora Fire was a human-caused fire that began in June of 2007 on National Forest System lands in the Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit ("LTBMU"). (Administrative Record ("AR") 550.) "The Angora fire burned over 3,100 acres, including approximately 2,700 acres of NFS lands, all within the Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) Defense Zone[.]" (AR 550.) The Angora Project was conceived, inter alia, to "reduce the amount of dead and downed trees that resulted from the Angora fire," in order "to reduce long-term fuel loading to reduce future fire severity." (AR 661.)

The LTBMU is managed in accordance with the LTBMU Land and Resource Management Plan ("LTBMU Forest Plan"), which was approved in 1988 and "has been amended several times." (AR 568.) One amendment was the 2007 Sierra Nevada Forests Management Indicator Species Amendment, in which the Blacked-backed Woodpecker ("BBWP") was chosen as a Management Indicator Species ("MIS") for the habitat of "Snags in Burned Forest[.]" (AR 6133, 6135.) "An MIS is a species chosen by the Forest Service to represent a much larger group of native species with similar habitat requirements for environmental assessment purposes." Earth Island Instit. v. Carlton, 626 F.3d 462, 467 n. 1 (9th Cir.2010). BBWPs "are dependent on snags created by stand-replacement fires." (AR 860.) "The abundant snags associated with severely burned forests provide both prey... and nesting sites" for BBWPs. (AR 860.)

The Forest Service issued its initial EA for the Angora Project in March of 2010. (AR 253.) Plaintiffs submitted comments in response to the initial EA. (AR 622, 628.) In July of 2010, the Forest Service issued the Final EA, as well as a Decision Notice and Finding of No Significant Impact ("FONSI"); the FONSI approved the Angora Project. (AR 550, 635.) Under the Angora Project, 61.6 percent "of suitable BBWP habitat ... within the [Angora Project] area would be treated" through the Forest Service's removal of both live and dead trees. (AR 863.) "[A]n average of four of the largest diameter snags would be retained" in the treated areas. (AR 864.) The treated areas "represent[] 0.5% of the total acres of 211,000 acres that severely burned in the Sierra Nevada Bioregion between 2001 and 2007." (AR 867.) The Angora Project area also would include "12 Wildlife Snag Zones, which.... would receive minimal to no treatment and are being retained as habitat for a diverse set of species including the BBWP." (AR 865.) Most of the live and dead trees logged in the Angora Project area "will be hauled ... for disposal at ... biomass energy facilities." (AR 901.)

III. Discussion

Plaintiffs allege the Forest Service violated NFMA by "fail[ing] to ensure the viability of the [BBWP] as required by the 1988 LTBMU Forest Plan[.]" (FAC ¶ 67.) Plaintiffs also allege the Forest Service violated NEPA by 1) not properly considering proposed alternatives to the Angora Project in the final EA; 2) failing to insure the scientific integrity of the final EA; 3) failing to properly respond to "responsible scientific opinion which counsels against the [Angora Project] and/or calls into question the potential environmental effects of the [Angora Project;]" and 4) failing to take the requisite "hard look" in the final EA at "the adverse effects [the Angora Project] will have on the [BBWP], future fire behavior, and climate change." (FAC ¶¶ 77, 80.)

A. NFMA

Plaintiffs argue the LTBMU Forest Plan incorporated the viability requirement of the 1982 NFMA rule, and that the Forest Service did not ensure the viability of the BBWPs. Specifically, Plaintiffs argue that "the Forest Service has neither described the quantity and quality of habitat necessary to sustain [BBWPs] in the LTBMU planning area, nor identified the minimum viable population levels." (Pls.' Mot. 12:17-19.) Plaintiffs argue the LTBMU Forest Plan incorporated the 1982 rule's viability requirement, and support this argument by citing to the following language in Chapter III of the LTBMU Forest Plan: "Management Indicator Species[:] The Forest Service must manage habitat to, at the least, maintain viable populations of existing native and desired nonnative species." (AR 4485.) Plaintiffs also cite to a portion of Chapter IV of the LTBMU Forest Plan where a "Predicted Condition" is identified as follows: "Viable populations of native and desired nonnative species will be maintained through active vegetative management and other methods." (AR 4503.) Plaintiffs also cite to the following portion of Chapter IV: "Practice Description" ... "The primary purpose is to perpetuate viable populations of wildlife species native to the area through management of their habitat." (AR 4518.)

The Forest service counters it interprets the LTBMU Forest Plan as not requiring it to assess the viability of the BBWP in accordance with the 1982 rule's viability requirement, and that its interpretation is entitled to deference. The Forest Service argues nothing in the LTBMU Forest Plan "explicitly invoke" the 1982 rule. (Defs.' Reply 5:21-22.) The Forest Service also argues that none of the specific "Practice Standards and Guidelines" for management of wildlife habitat prescribed in the LTBMU Forest Plan require the Forest Service to assess the viability of the BBWP in accordance with the 1982 rule's viability requirement. The Forest Service further argues that the provisions of the LTBMU Forest Plan cited by Plaintiffs are "descriptive rather than prescriptive[,]" and therefore are insufficient to incorporate the 1982 rule's viability requirement. Id. 6:14.

"Agencies are entitled to deference to their interpretation of their own ... Forest Plans[,]" unless the interpretation "is plainly inconsistent with [a Forest Plan]." Native Ecosystems Council v. United States Forest Serv., 418 F.3d 953, 960 (9th Cir.2005). A court "will conclude that the Forest Service acts arbitrarily and capriciously only when the record plainly demonstrates that the Forest Service made a clear error in judgment in concluding that a project meets the requirements of the NFMA and relevant Forest Plan." McNair, 537 F.3d at 994.

Here, the Forest Service did not make "a clear error in judgment in concluding" that the LTBMU Forest Plan did not require it to assess the viability of the BBWP in accordance with the 1982 rule's viability requirement. Id. None of the specific "Practice Standards and Guidelines" in the LTBMU Forest Plan clearly indicate that the Forest Service was required to assess the viability of the BBWP in accordance with the 1982 rule's viability requirement (AR 1373-1381, 4518-19); nor have Plaintiffs cited to any specific standard or guideline in the LTBMU Forest Plan that could be interpreted to incorporate the viability requirement. See Carlton, 626 F.3d at 470 (finding that forest plan did not contain viability requirement applicable to BBWP when forest plan did not "contain[] specific provisions regarding wildlife viability") (emphasis added). Therefore, it has not been shown that the Forest Service violated NFMA, and summary judgment is granted in the Forest Service's favor on this issue. Id. at 470-71 (finding that forest plan provision stating that "the forest management approach chosen `will provide the fish and wildlife habitat and other ecological conditions necessary to maintain well-distributed viable populations of vertebrate species in the planning area, and maintain the diversity of plants and animals'" did not "clearly" incorporate viability requirement of 1982 rule); cf. Castaneda, 574 F.3d at 660 ("`[T]he presence of a few, isolated provisions cast in mandatory language does not transform an otherwise suggestive set of guidelines into binding agency regulations.'") (quoting Terbush v. United States, 516 F.3d 1125, 1139 n. 7 (9th Cir. 2008)).

B. NEPA

1. Consideration of Alternative Actions

Plaintiffs argue as follows that the Forest Service failed to properly consider alternative actions to the Angora Project. Plaintiffs argue the Forest Service improperly dismissed from consideration an alternative action prohibiting the removal of snags greater than 16 inches in diameter ("16-inch alternative"), since the Forest Service assumed that "all snags fall" within 20 years when analyzing this alternative but did not rely on this assumption when considering other alternatives. Further, Plaintiffs argue the Forest Service "biased and prejudiced" its analysis of the 16-inch alternative by erroneously asserting that large woody fuels, which are pieces of wood greater than three inches in diameter (AR 2855), and small woody fuels contribute equally to future fire intensity, behavior, and type. (Pls.' Reply 16:8.) Lastly, Plaintiffs argue the Forest Service "biased the assessment of alternatives" by not disclosing that future potential fire intensity would be lower under a "No Action" alternative than it would be under the Angora Project. Id. 18:1-2.

The Forest Service counters that it properly dismissed the 16-inch alternative despite applying the "all snags fall" assumption when analyzing the 16-inch alternative but not the other alternatives, since the 16-inch alternative did not meet the Angora Project's purpose. The Forest Service also argues it acknowledged a difference between large and small woody fuels when addressing the 16-inch alternative, and that it was unnecessary for it to focus on fire intensity when comparing the "No Action" alternative to the Angora Project.

NEPA "requires federal agencies to `study, develop, and describe appropriate alternatives to recommended courses of action in any proposal which involves unresolved conflicts concerning alternative uses of available resources.'" Ecosystems I, 428 F.3d at 1245 (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 4332(2)(E)). "This `alternatives provision' applies whether an agency is preparing an [EIS] or an [EA], and requires the agency to give full and meaningful consideration to all reasonable alternatives." N. Idaho Cmty. Action Network v. United States Dep't of Transp., 545 F.3d 1147, 1153 (9th Cir.2008) (quoting Ecosystems I, 428 F.3d at 1245). "Alternatives that do not advance the purpose of [a project] will not be considered reasonable or appropriate." Ecosystems I, 428 F.3d at 1247.

Here, the Forest Service did not violate NEPA's alternatives provision as Plaintiffs argue. The Forest Service properly dismissed the 16-inch alternative from detailed consideration, even though it applied the "all snags fall" assumption when analyzing this alternative and did not apply this assumption when considering the other alternatives. The 16-inch alternative was not addressed in the initial EA; only the proposed action (which became the Angora Project) and the No Action alternative were analyzed. The Forest Service considered the 16-inch alternative in the final EA based on comments received on the initial EA, but dismissed the 16-inch alternative from detailed analysis since it would not meet the Angora Project's purpose of "reducing long-term fuel loadings[.]" (AR 678.) Under these circumstances, the Forest Service's application of the "all snags fall" assumption to the 16-inch alternative does not constitute a NEPA violation, since "`[t]he Forest Service [i]s entitled to identify some parameters and criteria ... for generating alternatives to which it would devote serious consideration. Without such criteria, an agency could generate countless alternatives.'" Resources Ltd., Inc. v. Robertson, 35 F.3d 1300, 1307 (9th Cir.1993) (quoting Idaho Conservation League v. Mumma, 956 F.2d 1508, 1522 (9th Cir. 1992)).

Further, the Forest Service acknowledged a difference between large and small woody fuels when analyzing the 16-inch alternative. In dismissing the 16-inch alternative, the Forest Service concluded there would be "high or even extreme resistence to [fire] control" if snags greater than 16 inches in diameter were not removed, since "high amounts of coarse woody debris leads to high or even severe resistence-to-control[.]" (AR 678 (emphasis added).) Moreover, elsewhere in the final EA the Forest Service stated: "Excessive small woody debris from small trees and limbs of larger trees increase a fire's rate of spread and fire line intensity, reducing the ability of firefighters to suppress the fire and increasing the ultimate fire size." (AR 654-55 (emphasis added).) Each of these conclusions is supported by a Forest Service 2003 James K. Brown, et al. ("Brown study") study, which is cited in the EA and states, in pertinent part:

(AR 2858.)

Nor has it been shown that the Forest Service biased its assessment of alternatives by not focusing on fire intensity when it compared the No Action alternative to the Angora Project. A stated purpose of the Angora Project is to "reduce future fire severity [,]" (AR 661 (emphasis added)), and the Brown study states: "Fire intensity ... is not a reliable indicator of fire severity[.]" (AR 2858.)

Plaintiffs also argue that the Forest Service violated NEPA's alternatives provision by not giving any consideration whatsoever to a proposed alternative that would prohibit the removal of snags greater than 15 inches in diameter. "NEPA does not require federal agencies to consider alternatives that are substantially similar to other alternatives." Ecosystems I, 428 F.3d at 1249.

For the stated reasons, the Forest Service did not violate NEPA's alternatives provision, and summary judgment is granted in the Forest Service's favor on this issue.

2. Insuring Scientific Integrity of EA

Plaintiffs argue the Forest Service failed to insure the scientific integrity of the final Angora Project EA in two ways. "First, the ... EA ... misrepresented the findings of a 2006 study by Hutto and Gallo[.]" (Pls.' Mot. 18:5.) "Second, the EA misrepresented the facts regarding [BBWP] population distribution `[t]rend[.]'" Id. 18:21-22 (quoting AR 867.) The Forest Service rejoins that its "description of the [Hutto and Gallo] study, although imperfect, was not material in any way to the disclosure of impacts from the Project." (Defs.' Mot. 19:19-20.) The Forest Service also argues it "appropriately concluded that the [BBWP's] population distribution was stable[.]" Id. 21:1-3.

Under NEPA, "[a]gencies shall insure the professional integrity, including scientific integrity, of the discussions and analyses in [EISs]." 40 C.F.R. § 1502.24. "The Ninth Circuit applies this standard to EAs as well as EIS's." Earth Island Inst. v. Morse, No. 2:08-cv-01897-JAM-JFM, 2009 WL 2423478, at *6 (E.D.Cal. Aug. 5, 2009) (citing Idaho Sporting Congress v. Thomas, 137 F.3d 1146, 1152 (9th Cir. 1998)). "Because analysis of scientific data requires a high level of technical expertise, courts must defer to the informed discretion of the responsible federal agencies." Earth Island Inst. v. United States Forest Serv., 351 F.3d 1291, 1301 (9th Cir.2003). In addition, "[t]he reviewing court may not `fly speck' an [EA] and hold it insufficient on the basis of inconsequential, technical deficiencies." Oregon Envtl. Council v. Kunzman, 817 F.2d 484, 492 (9th Cir.1987) (quoting Nw. Indian Cemetery Protective Ass'n v. Peterson, 795 F.2d 688, 695 (9th Cir.1986)).

Here, the Forest Service did not materially misrepresent the Hutto and Gallo study. This study states, in pertinent part:

(AR 2127, 2131.) The pertinent part of the EA addressing the Hutto and Gallo study states:

(AR 864.) Plaintiffs contend it was inaccurate for the Forest Service to state Hutto and Gallo found fewer BBWP nests in salvage logged plots than in unlogged plots when their study states nests "were entirely absent from salvage-logged areas." (AR 2127 (emphasis added).) However, even if it was inaccurate for the Forest Service to use the word "fewer," it is evident that this inaccuracy was "inconsequential." Kunzman, 817 F.2d at 492. It is also evident that the Forest Service otherwise accurately represented the Hutto and Gallo study in the EA, then reached conclusions about BBWP nesting based on the findings of the Hutto and Gallo study.

The Forest Service also did not misrepresent facts concerning BBWP distribution. The EA states: "[D]ata indicate that [BBWPs] continue to be distributed across the Sierra Nevada; current data at the rangewide, California, and Sierra Nevada scales indicate that the distribution of [BBWP] populations in the Sierra Nevada is stable." (AR 867.) This conclusion is supported by a study cited in the EA that provides BBWP distribution data over a 25-year period and concludes: "The data from these various sources indicate that [BBWPs] continue to be distributed across the Sierra Nevada." (AR 1453.)

Therefore, the Forest Service did not fail to insure the scientific integrity of the EA as Plaintiffs allege, and summary judgment is granted in the Forest Service's favor on this issue.

3. Forest Service's Response to Responsible Opposing Views

Plaintiffs argue the Forest Service violated NEPA's requirement under 40 C.F.R. § 1502.9(b) ("§ 1502.9(b)") to respond to "responsible opposing view[s]," since it did not appropriately respond to four comments submitted by Dr. Chad Hanson in response to the initial EA. However, the Forest Service was not required by § 1502.9(b) to respond to Dr. Hanson's comments since: "The duty to disclose and respond to `responsible opposing viewpoints' imposed by 40 C.F.R. § 1502.9(b) applies only to environmental impact statements, not environmental assessments." N. Slope Borough v. Minerals Mgmt. Serv., 343 Fed.Appx. 272, 275 (9th Cir.2009) (emphasis added).

Assuming arguendo that § 1502.9(b) applies in this action, the Forest Service did not violate this NEPA regulation. Plaintiffs contend the Forest Service failed to appropriately respond to the following four comments submitted by Dr. Hanson: 1) the initial EA misrepresented the Hutto and Gallo study's conclusion concerning BBWP nesting in logged areas; 2) the initial EA misrepresented several reports to support the Forest Service's conclusion that distribution of BBWP populations in the Sierra Nevada is stable; 3) the Brown study concluded that woody material larger than 10 inches in diameter has no significant influence on future fire behavior or intensity; and 4) the Angora Project would threaten the viability of the BBWP, and the Forest Service was required to assess the viability of the BBWP in accordance with the viability requirement of the 1982 NFMA rule. (AR 3684, 3686-88.) The Forest Service counters it adequately responded to Dr. Hanson's comments in the body of the final EA and in the "Response to Comments" section of the FONSI.

Under § 1502.9(b), an agency "must respond explicitly and directly to conflicting views[.]" Carlton, 626 F.3d at 472 (internal quotation marks omitted). "However, agencies have broad discretion in choosing how to respond to opposing scientific evidence." Id.

The Forest Service appropriately responded to Dr. Hanson's comments concerning the Hutto and Gallo study in the body of the final EA by discussing the findings of that study. (AR 864.)

The Forest Service also appropriately responded in the FONSI to Dr. Hanson's comments concerning the distribution of BBWP populations as follows:

(AR 627.) Although Dr. Hanson may disagree with this response, "that disagreement does not render the Forest Service's review and comment process improper." Carlton, 626 F.3d at 473.

The Forest Service also appropriately responded to Dr. Hanson's comment concerning the Brown study in the body of the final EA, stating: "A study by Brown et al. ... acknowledges that leaving high amounts of coarse woody debris leads to high or even severe resistence-to-control [of fires]." (AR 678 (emphasis added).) As discussed above, the Brown study supports this statement.

Lastly, the Forest Service appropriately responded in both the final EA an FONSI to Dr. Hanson's comments concerning the viability of the BBWP. Specifically, the Forest Service stated in the final EA that distribution of BBWP populations in the Sierra Nevada is stable, and also that "[t]he forecast for increasing stand replacing fires for the foreseeable future across a significant part of the western United States indicates an increase in BBWP habitat availability for continued BBWP population growth." (AR 867, 873-74.) In the FONSI, the Forest Service responded to Dr. Hanson's comments concerning the need to assess the viability of the BBWP by stating: "This request is beyond the scope of this analysis.... MIS are monitored at the Sierra Nevada bioregional scale. Information gathered at the bioregional scale is ongoing, will continue over multiple years and will support conclusions made about species status and trends." (AR 627.)

Therefore, the Forest Service did not violate § 1502.9(b)'s requirement to respond to "responsible opposing views," and summary judgment is granted in the Forest Service's favor on this issue.

4. Hard Look at Impacts on BBWPs, Future Fire Behavior, and Climate Change

Plaintiffs argue the that Forest Service failed to take a hard look at the Angora Project's impact on BBWPs and future fire behavior. However, Plaintiffs have not shown that the Forest Service consideration of these issues violated NEPA.

Plaintiffs also argue the Forest Service failed to take a hard look at the Angora Project's impact on climate change in the final EA since 1) the Forest Service "fail[ed] to describe the methodology it used to calculate [greenhouse gas] emissions or the data upon which those calculations are based[;]" and 2) the Forest Service "failed to evaluate all direct and indirect [greenhouse gas] emissions from the Angora [P]roject." (Pls.' Mot. 26:19-20, 28:11-12.) The Forest Service counters that it took a hard look at the Angora Project's climate change impact since the final EA addresses climate change in proportion to its significance, and since the Forest Service's choice of which greenhouse gas emissions to evaluate is entitled to deference.

"Through the NEPA process, a federal agency must `take[] a `hard look' at the potential environmental consequences of the proposed action.'" Oregon Natural Res. Council v. United States Bureau of Land Mgmt., 470 F.3d 818, 820 (9th Cir.2006) (quoting Klamath-Siskiyou Wildlands Ctr. v. Bureau of Land Mgmt., 387 F.3d 989, 993 (9th Cir.2004)). However, NEPA only requires an agency to focus on "issues that are truly significant to the action in question," and to discuss environmental impacts "in proportion to their significance." 40 C.F.R. §§ 1500.1(b), 1502.2(b). Further, courts are to be "`most deferential' when the agency is `making predictions, within its [area of] special expertise, at the frontiers of science.'" McNair, 537 F.3d at 993

Here, although greenhouse gas emissions "are the main source of accelerated climate change[,]" (AR 900.), the Forest Service concluded: "it is not possible to determine the cumulative impact on global climate change from emissions associated with any number of particular projects. Nor is it expected that such disclosure would provide a practical or meaningful effects analysis for project decisions." (AR 3438.) Accordingly, the final EA's climate change discussion, which includes a computation of the estimated greenhouse gas emissions from the Angora Project, (AR 904-05), and concludes that "[greenhouse gas] emissions ... are not significant issues[,]" (AR 906.), discusses the Angora Project's climate change impact in proportion to its significance. See Hapner, 621 F.3d at 1245 (concluding the Forest Service "adequately considered [a logging] [p]roject's impact on global warming in proportion to its significance" even though the Forest Service did not discuss climate change in the EA, but only "addressed comments regarding climate change in its ... notice of final decision"). Additionally, the Forest Service's decision as to which sources of greenhouse gas emissions to consider in the final EA is entitled to deference, since the Forest Service "does not have an accepted tool for analyzing all [greenhouse gas] emissions." (AR 3437.)

Therefore, Plaintiffs have not shown that the Forest Service failed to take a hard look at the Angora Project's impacts on BBWPs, future fire behavior, and climate change; and summary judgment is granted in the Forest Service's favor on these issues.

IV. Conclusion

For the stated reasons, the Forest Service's motion for summary judgment is granted, and Plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment is denied. Judgment shall be entered in favor of Defendants.