MORRISON C. ENGLAND, JR., Chief Judge.
Through this lawsuit, Plaintiff Linda DesRosiers ("Plaintiff") asserts that her former employer, Defendants The Harford (also known as Hartford Fire Ins. Co. and Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc., hereinafter collectively referred to as "Hartford" or "Defendants") failed to facilitate her ability to work as a Nurse Case Manager by reasonably accommodating her longstanding physical disability (chronic fecal incontinence). Plaintiff's complaint, originally filed in the Superior Court of the State of California in and for the County of Sacramento, was removed by Defendants to this Court on grounds of diversity of citizenship pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332 and 1441(b). Defendants now move for summary judgment, or alternatively for summary adjudication of issues. They argue that each of Plaintiff's five causes of action, all of which are asserted under the auspices of California's Fair Employment and Housing Act, California Government Code § 12900 et seq. ("FEHA") fail because Plaintiff cannot establish various essential prerequisites for the FEHA claims at issue. Defendants further assert that Plaintiff also has not demonstrated any entitlement to punitive damages under the circumstances of this case. As set forth below, the Court concludes that multiple issues of material fact preclude summary adjudication as to any of Plaintiff's causes of action, and with regard to the availability of punitive damages in this matter.
On April 10, 2006, Plaintiff, a registered nurse, commenced employment with Hartford as a Nurse Case Manager ("NCM") in its Workers' Compensation ("WC") unit in Rancho Cordova, California. The WC unit is located on the second floor of a three-story building leased by Hartford, and is configured with approximately nine rows of cubicles and a file storage area where injured workers' medical files are kept. Kay Boyd, a Team Leader with Hartford, was entrusted with overseeing NCMs in the Rancho Cordova unit and was Plaintiff's immediate supervisor.
As an NCM, Plaintiff worked together with claims handlers, injured workers, and medical providers in assessing appropriate treatment and whether and when an injured worker can eventually return to work. Plaintiff claims that prior to being hired, Ms. Boyd told her that Hartford would be transitioning to a "remote" system within a year that would allow telephone nurses to work from home.
According to Plaintiff, the option of working remotely was appealing to her because of her medical condition. In 1990, Plaintiff suffered a sphincter injury during childbirth that resulted in chronic fecal incontinence and limited bowel movement control. Further nerve damage occurred as a result of an unsuccessful surgical repair in 1997. According to Plaintiff, her symptoms are unpredictable and exacerbated by stress. Plaintiff's condition, particularly when combined with any clean-up delay, allegedly put her at risk of developing
It is undisputed that Plaintiff did not disclose her condition to anyone at Hartford before she was hired. Plaintiff claims she believed that she could manage the problem herself, especially given the fact that she had lived with the condition for many years and had managed to stay working. She also hoped to eventually work from home as Kay Boyd had indicated. In July of 2006, however, about three months after she was hired, Plaintiff decided she had to request certain accommodations. According to Plaintiff, her cubicle in the second floor WC unit was some 93 feet from the doors leading to the second floor restroom, and approximately 180 feet from the restroom itself. Plaintiff felt that distance, along with the lack of privacy in the restroom itself, prevented her from quickly and effectively remedying any fecal incident. Plaintiff therefore disclosed her disability to Ms. Boyd, explaining that she needed immediate access to a restroom along with privacy in order to properly clean up after any incident. Plaintiff also requested that she be permitted to work from home since that would address both her proximity and privacy needs.
Once Plaintiff's accommodation requests were made, Boyd contacted Robert Hughes, Hartford's Regional Vice President for Worker's Compensation, and the individual ultimately responsibility for determining what accommodations could be made. Shelley Kelley, an Employee Relations ("ER") Consultant with Hartford, sent Ms. Boyd a Job Modification Request form ("JMR") to be submitted by Plaintiff.
On or about July 31, 2006, Plaintiff's treating physician, J.B. Humphrey, M.D, submitted a JMR to Hartford describing her condition as chronic anal incontinence, secondary to surgery and an unsuccessful attempted surgical repair that caused uncontrollable diarrheal bowel movement. Dr. Humphrey concluded that the condition affected Plaintiff's ability to work, and requested that she be provided "immediate access to toilet facility — private, within 15 ft." or work from home where she can have immediate access to toilet and freely clean up overflow." See Ex. 33, ECF No. 52-1, p. 95.
Plaintiff's JMR as submitted by Dr. Humphrey, along with Dr. Roberts' follow-up letter, were reviewed by Dr. Edward Berman, a Corporate Medical Adviser for Hartford entrusted with determining, by way of an independent review of the medical information submitted to him, whether an employee's medical condition substantiates the requested accommodation, or whether some other job modification is indicated. On September 28, 2006, Dr. Berman sent an email indicating that after reviewing the medical records and discussing the case with Plaintiff's treating physicians, he believed the medical documentation submitted supported Plaintiff's request for either a private office with attached restroom facility or work from home to facilitate ready bathroom access, as well as a less stressful job situation.
Significantly, however, Dr. Berman's conclusion that the accommodations requested by Plaintiff were justified from a medical standpoint did not mean that they were reasonable under the circumstances and could be granted. Instead, after Berman submitted his findings, Plaintiff's supervisors, along with Hartford management, had to make an additional determination as to whether the requested accommodations, or some alternative thereto, could be reasonably granted. This interactive process, designed to identify accommodations which could address Plaintiff's needs, commenced in July of 2006 and allegedly continued until the end of Plaintiff's employment in May of 2007. It is undisputed that during this time period Plaintiff had various conversations with Boyd, Kelley, Hughes and others at Hartford regarding her disability and potential accommodations to address that disability, some of which were oral and some of which were documented in email correspondence.
On November 9, 2006, Plaintiff was informed that her "telecommuting" request was denied. No reasons for that rejection, which came some five months after her request was initially made in July, were given and, according to Plaintiff, no other accommodations were offered. Plaintiff claims her alternative requests for privacy and for immediate proximity or access to a restroom were not addressed at all. ECF Kelley nonetheless admitted that as of December 14, 2006, her records showed that Hartford considered the case involving Plaintiff's accommodations to be essentially "closed" even if talk continued about what could be done. Kelley Dep., 108:6-109:1.
Subsequently, on January 30, 2007, Plaintiff emailed Shelley Kelley in ER and told her that her request was not simply about "telecommuting." Instead, she asked for a "decision about whether or not accommodations will be considered and if not, the reasons why." Ex. 8, ECF No. 52, pp. 78-79. On February 5, 2007, Kelley replied to Plaintiff and again indicated only that working from home was not reasonable from a business perspective. Id. at p. 77. That same day, Plaintiff claims her supervisor, Kay Boyd, told her that her evaluation ratings had decreased and that she would need to do monthly evaluations as to Plaintiff's job performance, a development that Plaintiff viewed as retaliatory and intimidating. Ex. 45, ECF No. 52-3, p. 61; Pl.'s Decl., ¶ 12. Then, on February 8, 2007, Kelley acknowledged that a private office with attached restroom had been requested, but told Plaintiff her request was not reasonable because Hartford's facilities did not provide such an option. Id. Hartford's decision in
On February 16, 2007, Plaintiff emailed Hughes with the following query:
Ex. 34, ECF No. 52-1, p. 98.
On February 19, 2007, Hughes wrote back to Plaintiff and told her that the requested accommodation of an office with a restroom was rejected because of excessive cost. He indicated he believed that costs for such a retrofit could approach $100,000, and believed that other employees could be "distracted" by Plaintiff receiving such a substantially improved working space. With respect to working from home, Hughes stated that "[a] foundation to our business model's success is having nurses co-located with claims' professionals," and explained that the ease of such collaboration "improves our efficiency, productivity and claim outcomes." Ex. 35, ECF No. 52-1, p. 103. In fact, Hughes told Plaintiff that there was "no precedent for any nurse case manager working remotely from home in the WC organization." Id.
Hughes later admitted that he never obtained any actual cost estimates for construction of a private office and adjoining restroom for Plaintiff, and that the $100,000 figure he offered was not based on any cost or build-out analysis. Hughes Dep., 56:8-57:8, 64:10-18. Hartford does claim, however, that it required NCMs like Plaintiff to have access to the most current medical information available in each injured workers' claim file. During the time period when Plaintiff's accommodations were considered in 2006 and 2007, some, but not all, medical information could be accessed by computer. According to Hartford, however, much information, including certain correspondence and reports, existed only in paper "hard copy" form that was stored primarily in physical files within the WC unit. Decl. of Paula Beland, ECF No. 45-10, ¶ 3; Decl. of Robert Hughes, ECF No. 45-12, ¶ 4. Hartford therefore claims it reasonably required attendance to be an essential job function for NCMs given this limitation. In fact, no NCM for Hartford worked remotely in 2006 or 2007. Defs.' Undisputed Fact ("UF") No. 41. The Electronic Data Management ("EDM") system that put the infrastructure in place to allow Hartford NCMs to work from home was not completed until approximately August 4, 2009, well after Plaintiff's tenure with the company ended, and not until some $6 million had been expended in rolling out the EDM program. Id. at UF Nos. 44, 45.
On February 23, 2007, after Hughes had rejected both working from home and the construction of a private office with adjoining bathroom, Plaintiff wrote again to Hughes asking for additional accommodations. She requested that fewer files be assigned to her for handling, that she be allowed time away from her desk in the event of a fecal emergency, and that she be given closer parking to afford easier access. Plaintiff also asked Hughes for "any other accommodation ideas." Ex. 11, ECF No. 52, p. 89. When Hughes forwarded Plaintiff's email to Shelley Kelly in ER, he included the following message:
Ex. 10, ECF No. 52, p. 86.
Hughes claims he was frustrated both because he felt that he was having to answer the same inquiries from Plaintiff on multiple occasions, and because he believed she should have mentioned any other potential accommodations she wanted initially rather than on a cumulative basis as the interactive process continued. As Hughes testified, "[w]e communicated the decision on the accommodations she requested and then four new ones came up in the same week." Hughes Dep.; 160:1-9. Kelley, for her part, claims she immediately told Hughes by telephone that Hartford was required to continue to engage in an interactive process with Plaintiff irrespective of whether he was frustrated. Kelly Dep., 132:7-16.
On February 23, 2007, Hughes advised Plaintiff by email that any additional job modifications had to be formally requested through a new MJR, despite the fact, as discussed above, that Plaintiff's doctors had already submitted two such forms in July and September of 2006. Ex. 12, ECF No. 52, p. 91. That same day, Shelley Kelley advised Hughes to stop communicating with Plaintiff by email unless she complied with Hartford's request in that regard. Ex. 11, ECF No. 52, p. 88. Kelley also told Hughes that while Plaintiff wanted to communicate on a more informal basis, "we have to keep her tied into the appropriate process." Ex. 13, ECF No. 52, p. 93. Hughes accordingly sent the following note to Plaintiff:
Ex. 16, ECF No. 52, p. 104.
Plaintiff claims she perceived this directive as an effort to thwart the interactive process. She replied to Hughes on February 26, 2007, with the following plea:
Id.
Hughes, after requesting input from Hughes on how to respond to Plaintiff, advised her to "[p]lease discontinue your direct requests to me as the answer will not change. Id., see also Exs. 14-15, ECF No. 52, pp. 96, 100-01. Plaintiff states
Then, on February 28, 2007, Boyd met with Plaintiff and told her that she would not be allowed to leave the office as a shower was available on the first floor. Boyd also told Plaintiff she could ask her doctor for a handicapped placard to use for parking, that she would be required to carry as many files as the other NCMs, and that she would need to make up time taken away from her desk to attend to bathroom needs that same day. In a second meeting, also on February 28, 2007, Plaintiff alleges that Boyd told her that Hughes would understand if she "would be happier somewhere else." Pl.'s Decl., ¶ 33; Ex. 45, ECF No. 52-3, pp. 63-64
Although Plaintiff's treating physician, Dr. Roberts, submitted an additional JMR form on March 19, 2007, that indicated no improvement was expected and that Plaintiff "needs immediate bathroom access or about 15 [feet]," Hartford's Medical Consultant, Dr. Berman, concluded on March 29, 2007, that "the medical documentation presented does not substantiate any of the requested limitations or modifications." See Ex. 89, ECF No. 52-4, pp. 66, 72. Inexplicably, that denial was based on the same information that he had previously relied upon to conclude in October of 2007 that Plaintiff's medical condition substantiated the accommodations she requested. Berman Dep., 112:10-21.
On April 3, 2007, Plaintiff personally met in person with Kay Boyd and Boyd's immediate supervisor, Medical Program Manager Trenton Koch. Shelley Kelley participated by telephone. Plaintiff claims that Kelley told her that Berman had changed his recommendation because he knew that Hartford could not accommodate Plaintiff's requests, even though it was Hughes, not Berman, who had to decide whether the requested accommodations were reasonable. Ex. 45, ECF No. 52-3, p. 67; Pl.'s Decl., ¶ 37. Plaintiff states Kelley reiterated that the private office/bathroom and work from home requests were denied, and that it was not up to the Hartford to come up with recommendations or to reconfigure its business model. Id. Plaintiff also claims Boyd told her, given the 16 year period she had lived with her disability, that Plaintiff should have known before taking the Hartford position if the job would accommodate her condition. Id. at p. 68. According to Plaintiff, the only accommodations mentioned were the use of a shower on the first floor, the use of a locker adjacent to that shower to store extra clothing and supplies, the use of another work station on the second floor that Plaintiff had already rejected as too "central" to afford any privacy whatsoever, and the ability to take up to 30-45 minutes away from her desk to clean up if she made up the time the same day.
Id.
Plaintiff nonetheless insists that she repeatedly told Hartford that a shower on the first floor would not work as long as she was required to work on the second. As she reiterated in an April 17, 2007, email requesting reconsideration of Hartford's position, any such proposal could not
Ex. 20, ECF No. 52, p. 113. Plaintiff added that without even a door latch on the shower stalls, there was no privacy in the first floor restroom, and that the thought of others seeing her while in the process of cleaning up was "very stressful, degrading, and humiliating." Id., see also Pl.'s Decl., ¶ 38.
While Plaintiff claims a position on the first floor adjacent to the restroom would have been a reasonable accommodation, particularly if the restroom was modified to provide reasonable privacy and security, she claims that option was never offered. Pl.'s Decl., Ex. 20, DUF 31. When she asked about relocating her cubicle to the first floor, Hughes rejected that accommodation on several grounds, First, such a move would have separated Plaintiff from the other claims professionals" which Hughes explained was "core to [Hartford's] business model." Hughes Dep. 194:20-195:2. Second, in the event of such a move, Hughes testified he would have had to rent Plaintiff's cubicle from another Hartford subsidiary, which he felt posed a "budgetary constraint." Id. at 195:3-6 Hughes conceded however, that assuming that additional rent obligation would not have been a "huge factor." Id. at 198:19-25. Third, security concerns were cited given Hartford's security protocols designed to protect WC claimant's confidential medical information. The WC unit was located in a secured area separated from other areas of the building by a locked security door with entry limited by access card. Medical files or correspondence were not permitted outside that area. Defs.' UF No. 37. A locked cart to move files back and forth between floors, however, could possibly have obviated Hartford's security concerns. See Koch Dep., 74:22-75:23.
Hartford points to Plaintiff's admission that she had accidents at home, even when within 20 feet of a restroom, as evidence that moving Plaintiff closer to bathroom facilities at work would not have prevented Plaintiff's fecal incontinence episodes. See DUF 60. Shelley Kelley nonetheless understood that size and scope of any accident was mitigated by being close to a restroom. Plaintiff told Kelley that quick access to a facility helped to keep a relatively minor mess from turning into a "stinking disaster." Kelley Dep., 80:10-14.
Plaintiff's April 17, 2007, reconsideration request was rejected in short order. Trenton Koch wrote to Hughes on April 18, 2007, both in response to Plaintiff's request and regarding the previous April 3, 2007, meeting. He stated:
Ex. 21, ECF No. 52, p. 116; see also Koch Dep., 116:20-117:13.
On May 3, 2007, after Dr. Roberts had again written to Dr. Berman asking that additional accommodations be made, Hughes scheduled another personal meeting with Plaintiff, with Shelley Kelley participating by telephone. Plaintiff reiterated her concerns about adequate privacy in the first floor restroom, and Hughes offered in response to put a lock in the first floor shower area. When Plaintiff also expressed embarrassment about having to walk past co-workers with soiled clothing on the way to the restroom, Hughes suggested she keep a long garment at her cubicle, like a trench coat, for use in the event of a fecal episode. He also offered to get a hook or coat rack for Plaintiff to store the garment in her cubicle. Plaintiff was offended by Hughes' garment suggestions and felt it was yet another way of pushing her out. Exs. 24-25; ECF No. 52, pp. 120-22; Pl.'s Dep., 213:11-214:4. Hughes reportedly went so far as to end the meeting by telling Plaintiff that while he was glad to keep her as an employee, he would understand "if she would be more comfortable taking a job somewhere else." Ex. 56, 24, 45.
After Hughes queried Plaintiff about why she had not responded to the suggestions he made at the aforementioned May 3, 2007, meeting, Plaintiff sent an email on May 30, 2007, again requesting that Hartford reconsider some of the accommodations she suggested and rejected Hartford's own proposals, which she explained failed to adequately address her condition. Plaintiff told Hughes that working under the conditions she faced "interferes with my ability to concentrate, communicate and do my job." Ex. 25, ECF No. 52, p. 122.
On June 27, 2007, Kelley called Plaintiff and told her that she had had exhausted her allotment of personal time off credits ("PTO") for absence and would have to report further absences as unexcused ("PTU"). Kelley warned Plaintiff that PTO had limits and that if she exceeded those limits she would face termination. Ex. 45, ECF No. 52-3, p. 73; Pl.'s Decl., ¶ 44. According to Plaintiff, this call was very upsetting and "caused multiple diarrheal incontinent attacks." Id. Then, on July 2, 2013, Kay Boyd tried to interest Plaintiff in taking a job elsewhere. Plaintiff told Boyd that she had still not received a response to her email of May 30, 2007. Pl.'s Decl., ¶ 45. The following day, Ms. Boyd initiated a disciplinary plan against Plaintiff on grounds that her scores as an NCM were slipping, that she had used up all her accrued PTO time and, in addition, had four PTU occurrences. Ex. 27, ECF No. 52, p. 127.
On July 12, 2007, Plaintiff submitted a letter of resignation, effective July 31, 2007, to Robert Hughes, citing Hartford's refusal to adequately accommodate her disability. Plaintiff stated in part as follows:
Ex. 63, ECF No. 45-6, pp. 56-57.
Although Plaintiff had originally planned on continuing work through the end of July 2007, she states that when she came to work the day after her resignation, she felt could not continue due to the mistreatment and humiliation she had endured. Therefore, she decided to immediately terminate her employment.
The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provide for summary judgment when "the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." Fed. R.Civ.P. 56(a); Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). One of the principal purposes of Rule 56 is to dispose of factually unsupported claims or defenses. Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. at 325, 106 S.Ct. 2548. Where, as here, the defense is moving for summary judgment, the Supreme Court has also noted that judgment as a matter of law is appropriate "when the plaintiff fails to make a showing of an element essential to that party's case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial." Id. at 322, 106 S.Ct. 2548.
Rule 56 also allows a court to grant summary adjudication on part of a claim or defense. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a) ("A party may move for summary judgment, identifying... the part of each claim or defense... on which summary judgment is sought."); see also Allstate Ins. Co. v. Madan, 889 F.Supp. 374, 378-79 (C.D.Cal. 1995); France Stone Co., Inc. v. Charter Twp. of Monroe, 790 F.Supp. 707, 710 (E.D.Mich.1992).
The standard that applies to a motion for summary adjudication is the same as that which applies to a motion for summary judgment. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a), 56(c); Mora v. Chem-Tronics, 16 F.Supp.2d 1192, 1200 (S.D.Cal.1998).
Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548 (quoting Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c)).
If the moving party meets its initial responsibility, the burden then shifts to the opposing party to establish that a genuine issue as to any material fact actually does exist. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 585-87, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986); First Nat'l Bank v. Cities Serv. Co., 391 U.S. 253, 288-89, 88 S.Ct. 1575, 20 L.Ed.2d 569 (1968).
In attempting to establish the existence of this factual dispute, the opposing party must tender evidence of specific facts in the form of affidavits, and/or admissible discovery material, in support of its contention that the dispute exists. Fed. R.Civ.P. 56(c). The opposing party must demonstrate that the fact in contention is material, i.e., a fact that might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law, and that the dispute is genuine, i.e., the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving
In resolving a summary judgment motion, the evidence of the opposing party is to be believed, and all reasonable inferences that may be drawn from the facts placed before the court must be drawn in favor of the opposing party. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255, 106 S.Ct. 2505. Nevertheless, inferences are not drawn out of the air, and it is the opposing party's obligation to produce a factual predicate from which the inference may be drawn. Richards v. Nielsen Freight Lines, 602 F.Supp. 1224, 1244-45 (E.D.Cal.1985), aff'd, 810 F.2d 898 (9th Cir.1987).
Hartford argues that Plaintiff has not stated viable claims under FEHA because she failed to establish the prerequisites for the various causes of action she asserts under California's anti-discrimination laws. Certain of those requirements are common to several of Plaintiff's individual claims. Defendants move for summary adjudication, for example, as to both Plaintiff's claims for disability discrimination, failure to accommodate and failure to engage in an interactive process with respect to accommodation (Plaintiff's First, Second and Third Causes of Action, respectively) on grounds that Plaintiff has not established that she is a "qualified individual" entitled to protection as to those claims. Defendants further claim that because "reasonable accommodations" were afforded to Plaintiff in response to her disability, she also cannot prevail as to either her failure to accommodate or interactive process claims. Similarly, common to both Plaintiff's discrimination and retaliation claims (her First and Fourth Causes of Action) is the requirement that Plaintiff be subjected to an adverse employment action, which Defendants assert she has not established. The defense also maintains that they have established as a matter of law that they did engage in an interactive process and that they cannot be liable for failing to prevent and remedy discrimination. Finally, with respect to Plaintiff's punitive damages, Defendants assert that claim also has no merit both because no officer, director or managing action of Hartford engaged in any of the allegedly wrongful conduct at issue, and because Plaintiff cannot prove the oppression, fraud or malice essential to any claim for exemplary damages in any event. Each of Defendants' assertions in favor of summary adjudication as to Plaintiff's various claims will now be addressed.
Under the provisions of FEHA, the term "qualified individual" means a person with a disability who can, either with or without reasonable accommodations,
Plaintiff unquestionably has a disability that makes major activities "unusually difficult," to say the least. She suffers from uncontrolled fecal seepage and incontinence that can afflict her at any moment. The fact that Plaintiff could generally do her job with careful planning does not obviate either her disability or her status as a qualified individual. Defendant's argument that it "had no legal duty to accommodate" because Plaintiff could do her job without accommodation therefore fails since it is undisputed that her disability made it harder for her to do so. That is all that is required under FEHA for Plaintiff to be a qualified individual.
In their second argument, the defense takes an entirely difficult tack in arguing that Plaintiff cannot meet the basic prerequisites for being considered a qualified individual in any event if the accommodations she requires impinge upon the essential functions of an NCM. In short, Defendants maintain that if the only effective accommodations for Plaintiff would be to dispense with such essential duties as working with other claims professionals in the office and maintaining a minimum case load, then such accommodations are per se unreasonable. As discussed below with respect to the reasonableness of any potential accommodations, however, any such issue necessarily entails weighing a plethora of factual concerns that cannot be adjudicated by way of summary judgment.
Defendants argue that because they "offered several accommodations and rejected only those that were not reasonable, Plaintiff's claims fail as a matter of law." Defs.' Opening Points and Authorities, 17:15-16. Hartford largely focuses on Plaintiff's request for an office with private bathroom, and her request to work from home as examples of requests that were clearly unreasonable. As the papers make clear, however, and as the preceding factual discussion amply demonstrates, this case involves numerous accommodation requests, and the consideration of numerous factors (which run the gamut from security and collaboration to privacy and proximity)
Plaintiff's request for an office closer to the restrooms on the first floor is but one example. Just what changes to the configuration of the restroom to accommodate Plaintiff's privacy concerns were reasonable all raise matters that must be left to the trier of fact. The same holds true for whether Hartford could reasonably be required to make various changes to its security protocols for confidential patient information that would have included moving patient data from its secured location on the second floor to the first floor (through use of a locked cart, for instance).
How close Plaintiff needed to be to a restroom and what features the restroom had to afford in order to reasonably accommodate her incontinence is also an area of sharp dispute. Hartford argues that because Plaintiff admitted to having accidents at home at distances closer to a restroom than any desk at Hartford, no accommodation it could have offered would have been reasonable. Plaintiff countered by pointing out that proximity prevented a relatively minor incident from becoming a "stinking disaster" so that distance in fact was the crucial factor. Just what desks were available outside Hartford's WC unit, and whether placement at those desks would have been reasonable from a cost and/or collaboration standpoint, is also in dispute.
While the Court could cite to numerous other disputed issues with respect to whether the accommodations sought or provided were reasonable, even a cursory review of the facts of this matter shows that the whole issue abounds with factual dispute. The defense's request for summary adjudication as to the reasonableness of any accommodations necessarily fails.
Under FEHA, an employee is required to "engage in a timely, good faith, interactive process ... to determine effective reasonable accommodations ... in response to [an employee's] request for reasonable accommodation ..." Cal. Gov't Code § 12940(n). This process requires an employer to explore alternatives that may accommodate its employee's disability. Wysinger v. Automobile Club of So. Cal., 157 Cal.App.4th 413 424, 69 Cal.Rptr.3d 1 (2007). An employee need only give notice of his or her disability and potential need for accommodation in order to trigger the employer's duty to engage in this cooperative, interactive process. See Prilliman v. United Air Lines, 53 Cal.App.4th 935, 950-51, 62 Cal.Rptr.2d 142 (1997).
Defendants' initial argument is that because it provided a reasonable accommodation, Plaintiff cannot assert any valid claim for failure to engage in the interactive process. Defs.' Opening Points and Authorities, 18:20-21. Defendants reiterate that same argument in their reply papers. Reply, 7:10-13. Because the Court finds triable issues with respect to whether reasonable accommodations were made as set forth above, the fundamental basis for Defendants' summary adjudication request as to the interactive process would appear lacking.
A closer examination of the merits of the interactive process claim is no more helpful to the defense. An employer like Hartford cannot prevail on summary judgment if there is any "genuine dispute as to whether the employer engaged in good faith in the interactive process." See Barnett v. U.S. Air, 228 F.3d 1105, 1116 (9th Cir.2000) (en banc). In addition, a plaintiff is "required to produce `very little' direct evidence of an employer's discriminatory
Here, as set forth above, Hartford's decision-maker in this matter, Robert Hughes, sent Shelley Kelley an email on February 23, 2007 demanding that any further interactive process stop and reiterating both the finality of his decisions and the fact that no further accommodations will be made. Ex. 10, ECF No. 52, p. 86. On April 3, 2007, HR representative Shelley Kelley wrote Hughes and told him that the "onus is on [Plaintiff'] to decide if she can work within [Hartford's] confines ... we have not changed our requirements ... and for the foreseeable future, we do not plan on changing them..." Ex. 19, ECF No. 52, p. 108. Additionally, as outlined in the factual background section of this Memorandum and Order, it took as long as seven months for Defendants to respond to some of Plaintiff's accommodation requests. Finally, in making suggestions like Hughes' questionable proposal that Plaintiff should keep a long trench coat at her work cubicle so she could cover up before rushing to the restroom, also raises triable issues as to whether Hartford even intended to offer reasonable accommodations.
The Court agrees that Plaintiff is also responsible for participating in good faith in the interactive process. The Court recognizes that there are issues here with respect to whether Plaintiff herself took proper responsibility for mitigating the severity of her episodes.
Defendants properly point out that an adverse employment action is a prerequisite both for establishing a viable disability discrimination claim (Plaintiff's First Cause of Action) and for stating an actionable claim based on retaliation (Plaintiff's Fifth Cause of Action). See King v. United Parcel Service, 152 Cal.App.4th 426, 60 Cal.Rptr.3d 359 (2007)(the existence of an adverse employment action a necessary element of employment discrimination claim); Miller v. Dept. of Corr., 36 Cal.4th 446, 472, 30 Cal.Rptr.3d 797, 115 P.3d 77 (2005) (adverse action also needed for retaliation).
The Defendants contend that because Plaintiff herself resigned when the interactive process was still allegedly ongoing, there can be no adverse employment action. Plaintiff, on the other hand, argues that the protracted accommodation process, as well as the insufficiency of the measures that were offered and the way she was treated throughout the process, in fact turned her resignation into a constructive discharge since she asserts she had no choice but to leave Hartford's employ under those circumstances.
In order to prove a constructive discharge, Plaintiff must show that Hartford "either intentionally created or knowingly permitted working conditions that
Again, whether or not Hartford's handling of her accommodation requests rendered Plaintiff's employment so untenable as to force her resignation and constitute a constructive discharge presents factual questions far beyond the purview of a motion for summary judgment. As indicated above, a number of events and or circumstances have to be weighed in determining whether any constructive termination may have occurred, including the content of certain emails from Hartford, disciplinary action instituted by Hartford on the heels of Plaintiff's efforts to secure needed accommodations (incidents occurring on February 5, 2007, and June 27, 2007, respectively
Defendants' argument for summary adjudication as to Plaintiff's Fifth Cause of Action, for failure to prevent and remedy discrimination, rests on the argument that "[b]ecause Plaintiff cannot establish that unlawful discrimination or retaliation occurred, her claim for failure to prevent discrimination must be dismissed as a matter of law." See Defs.' Opening Points and Authorities, 24:23-26. Because the Court has in fact concluded otherwise, that argument fails. Defendants also argue that because they had anti-discrimination and anti-retaliation policies in effect, they cannot be liable for failure to prevent "even if discrimination and/or retaliation had occurred." Id. at 24:28-25:3. The Court also rejects that contention. As Plaintiff points out, a policy manual cannot become a free pass for unlawful conduct in the event Defendants chose to ignore its strictures.
Under California law, the entitlement to punitive damages against an employer like Hartford hinges on proof, by clear and convincing evidence, that an "officer, director or managing agent" of the company perpetrated or knowingly ratified conduct amounting to malice oppression or fraud. Cal. Civ.Code § 3294(b); College Hospital Inc. v. Sup. Ct., 8 Cal.4th 704, 723, 34 Cal.Rptr.2d 898, 882 P.2d 894 (1994). Defendants here argue that under the circumstances of the present case, neither the "officer, director or managing agent" or the requirement that the conduct entail "malice, oppression or fraud" can be established. Therefore, they urge the Court to find punitive damages unavailable as a matter of law.
With respect to the first prong, Defendants argue that Robert Hughes, the final decision-maker with respect to accommodating Plaintiff, has never been an officer or director of Hartford. According to the defense, Hughes can only potentially qualify for inclusion under § 3294 if Plaintiff can show he is a "managing agent" for Hartford. To do that, Defendants argue that Plaintiff must show Hughes was a corporate employee with "substantial independent
In an attempt to avoid the moniker of "managing agent," Hartford describes Hughes as a mid-level manager who supervised only about 100 employees, a small fraction of Hartford's 29,000 employees nationwide. Defs.' UF 113-117, 141. Defendants maintain that Hartford's corporate policies are developed and authorized by its home office executives in Hartford, Connecticut. Id. at 110.
Whether or not an employee qualifies as a "managing agent" is not as simple as Defendants would lead the Court to believe. The California Supreme Court's decision in White v. Ultramar recognizes that managing agent status "does not depend on [the] employee['s] managerial level, but on the extent to which they exercise substantial discretionary authority over decisions that ultimately determine corporate policy." White, 21 Cal.4th at 576-77, 88 Cal.Rptr.2d 19, 981 P.2d 944. The requisite discretionary authority over "policy" includes, according to White, "decisions that resulted in an `ad hoc formulation of policy.'" Id. at 571, 88 Cal.Rptr.2d 19, 981 P.2d 944. Significantly, Robert Hughes' territory included operations in five states, Alaska, Washington, Oregon, California and Hawaii. Hughes Dep. 14:15-15:19.
Whether or not Hughes exercised ad hoc authority over Hartford policy requires a factual inquiry not suitable for summary judgment. The White court is in accord, reasoning that "[t]he scope of a corporate discretion and authority under out test is... a question of fact for decision on a case-by-case basis." Id. at 567, 88 Cal.Rptr.2d 19, 981 P.2d 944. Consequently, Hartford cannot qualify for summary adjudication under a managing agent rationale.
With respect to the second prerequisite for a potential award of punitive damages, whether or not Defendants acted with "oppression, fraud, or malice," Hartford fails to carry the day as to that argument either, largely for the reasons already stated in this Memorandum and Order. Malice is defined as "despicable conduct which is carried on by the defendant with a willful and conscious disregard of the rights or safety of others." Cal. Civ.Code § 3294(c)(1). Conduct in knowing violation of the law may satisfy the requisite showing for punitive damages. See, e.g., Flyer's Body Shop v. Ticor Title Ins. Co., 185 Cal.App.3d 1149, 1154, 230 Cal.Rptr. 276 (1986). Here, there are factual disputes about whether Hartford engaged in the interactive process in good faith, retaliated against Plaintiff for attempting to secure reasonable accommodations, and facilitated an environment that left Plaintiff no choice but to resign, thereby constructively terminating her employ. Summary adjudication as to Plaintiff's punitive damages claim would therefore be improper.
For all the foregoing reasons, Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment, or Alternatively for Partial Summary Judgment (ECF No. 42) is DENIED in its entirety.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
