ALLISON CLAIRE, Magistrate Judge.
Plaintiff is proceeding in this action pro se, and the case was accordingly referred to the Magistrate Judge by Local Rule 302(c)(21). There are seven defendants in this case (Amanda Gentry, Cindy McDonald, Shannon Cluney, Noel Barlow-Hust, Sandy Jones, Judy Mesick, and Mark Alan Kubinski) all of whom work in an official capacity for the Idaho Department of Correction ("IDOC") or the Idaho Attorney General's Office. ECF No. 1. Plaintiff sues defendants in both their official capacities and their individual capacities. Before the court is a motion to dismiss from all defendants. ECF No. 12. Plaintiff has opposed defendants' motion. ECF No. 17. Defendants filed an untimely reply brief on March 26, 2018, which was not considered due to its untimely filing. Local Civil Rule 422(e), ECF No. 24. Plaintiff filed a motion to strike defendants' untimely reply brief. ECF No. 25. As the court did not consider defendants' reply brief, plaintiff's motion is denied as moot. The court held a hearing on this matter in open court on March 28, 2018. Plaintiff appeared telephonically and defendants were present via their counsel. ECF No. 26.
Based on a review of the briefing and the relevant law, the court recommends that defendants' motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction, ECF No. 12, be GRANTED and that this case be dismissed in its entirety for lack of personal jurisdiction and pursuant to the doctrine of forum non conveniens.
Plaintiff filed her complaint on October 23, 2017. ECF No. 1. The complaint states that she is bringing this case under 42 U.S.C. § 1983.
On November 3, 2016, after she served her term of imprisonment in IDOC, "two private security officers hired by Yolo County arrived and transported Plaintiff back to California on the Yolo County detainer."
Plaintiff claims that on or about January 26, 2017, an IDOC employee contacted plaintiff in California and directed her to apply for an interstate compact (a mechanism that allows for transferring adult offenders on supervision from one state to another) to transfer her supervision to California because plaintiff had been released from Yolo County Jail.
On February 6, 2017, plaintiff was ordered to report to Sylvia Diaz of the Yolo County Probation Department for her Idaho parole check-in by an IDOC employee.
According to plaintiff, defendant Judy Mesick forwarded plaintiff an email on February 14, 2017 which stated that if plaintiff did not consent from the transfer of her parole from Idaho to California plaintiff would receive a parole violation and be re-incarcerated.
Plaintiff alleges that on March 2, 2017 defendant Cindy McDonald had a telephone conversation with Yolo County District Attorney Larry Eichele, who had contacted Ms. McDonald in preparation for his "Opposition to Plaintiff's Motion to Dismiss."
Plaintiff's complaint sets forth four claims: (1) "Failure to Follow the Established Law of the [Interstate Agreement on Detainers ("IAD")];"
All defendants move to dismiss plaintiff's four causes of action. ECF No. 12. Defendants seek to dismiss all of plaintiff's claims pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(2) on the grounds that this court does not have personal jurisdiction over them.
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(2) prevents a district court with a "lack of jurisdiction" over defendants from exercising its power over them. "Where a defendant moves to dismiss a complaint for lack of personal jurisdiction, the plaintiff bears the burden of demonstrating that jurisdiction is appropriate."
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(k), which sets the territorial limits of effective service, states service can establish personal jurisdiction over defendants who would be "subject to the jurisdiction of a court of general jurisdiction in the state where the district court is located." Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(k)(2). In California, "[a] court . . . may exercise jurisdiction on any basis not inconsistent with the Constitution of this state or of the United States." Cal. Civ. P. Code § 410.10. Thus, California's long-arm statute extends as far as the requirements of due process allow.
"For an individual, the paradigm forum for the exercise of general jurisdiction is the individual's domicile."
In this case, defendants are all residents of Idaho. ECF No. 12 at 2. This does not appear to be disputed by plaintiff. ECF No. 17. Plaintiff has not provided any details that would refute defendants' claim that they are domiciled in Idaho. All are sued in their capacities as Idaho state officials. As the defendants are not domiciled in California, and there is no evidence that their contacts with California have been so constant and pervasive as to establish a constructive domicile, the undersigned finds that federal court in California cannot exercise general personal jurisdiction over them.
"As has long been settled . . . a state court may exercise personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant only so long as there exist minimum contacts between the defendant and the forum State."
The demands of personal jurisdiction "may be met by such contacts of the [defendant] with the state of the forum as make it reasonable, in the context of our federal system of government, to require the [defendant] to defend the particular suit which is brought there. An estimate of the inconveniences which would result to the [defendant] from a trial away from its home . . . is relevant in this connection."
Purposeful direction is the standard applicable to the first prong inquiry in § 1983 cases.
As to the third prong, reasonableness, the Supreme Court has made clear that while the burden on defendant is always a primary concern, it will be considered in light of other relevant considerations "including the forum State's interest in adjudicating the dispute; the plaintiff's interest in obtaining convenient and effective relief, at least when that interest is not adequately protected by the plaintiff's power to choose the forum; the interstate judicial system's interest in obtaining the most efficient resolution of controversies; and the shared interest of the several States in furthering fundamental substantive social policies."
Plaintiff has not established personal jurisdiction over defendants as to her first cause of action, because the allegations of the complaint cannot fairly be construed as involving any actions by defendants that were intentionally aimed at California.
This claim asserts a failure to follow established law regarding the Interstate Agreement on Detainers Act. ECF No. 1, at 17. Plaintiff alleges that while she served time in the Idaho Department of Correction Pocatello Women's Correctional Center, she made multiple requests to process her detainer pursuant to the IAD.
In order to establish personal jurisdiction over defendants in California, this court would have to construe plaintiff's detainer and defendants' lack of action as acts that defendants purposefully directed towards California. Such a conclusion is not plausible. All of defendant's actions were taken in Idaho, pursuant to defendants' responsibilities as Idaho officials, and related to plaintiff's status as an Idaho inmate. Therefore, plaintiff has not established sufficient minimum contacts to survive a 12(b)(2) motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction.
Plaintiff does not establish personal jurisdiction over defendants for her third cause of action because, again, plaintiff does not allege defendants took actions directed at California. This claim is asserted against defendant Mark Alan Kubinski for violating the rules of professional responsibility, thereby depriving plaintiff of her constitutional rights and privileges under the Fourteenth Amendment. ECF No. 1, at 23-24. Plaintiff claims that this violation of the rules of professional responsibility arises from Kubinski advising IDOC officials to "alter, falsify and/or destroy inmate records," his advising IDOC employees to "interpret common and statutory law with respect to penological operations in a manner that benefited IDOC but was wholly unsupported by any reasonable interpretation of the law; and that [he] . . . intentionally misrepresented facts to or withheld facts from opposing counsel or the tribunal or otherwise engaged in conduct that was prejudicial to the administration of justice." ECF No. 1, at 24.
The complaint does not state any actions that defendant Kubinski directed at the state of California. Plaintiff's third cause of action appears to have even fewer claim-related contacts than the first cause of action. Because this claim does not involve any conduct directed towards California, this court cannot exercise personal jurisdiction.
Plaintiff's fourth cause of action fails to establish personal jurisdiction because it does not allege that defendants directed any actions at California. This cause of action asserts First Amendment retaliation and Eighth Amendment calculated harassment. ECF No. 1, at 24. The claim is stated against all named defendants.
ECF No. 1, at 25.
The actions described above all took place in Idaho. At most, some of the lingering effects of these interactions may have followed plaintiff to California. Specifically, plaintiff claims that defendants put her in administrative segregation and engaged in other retaliatory actions in Idaho.
The Supreme Court has emphasized that the unilateral activity of a plaintiff cannot be the basis for personal jurisdiction over a defendant even if the consequences of the actions taken in one state follow a plaintiff to another state.
Plaintiff's second cause of action involves somewhat greater connections to California than her other three claims. This cause of action alleges that defendants Sandy Jones, Cindy McDonald, Judy Mesick, and Mark Alan Kubinski violated plaintiff's Fourteenth Amendment Due Process and Equal Protection Rights by producing an "unconstitutional and unlawful transport order, interstate compact acts, and parole conditions." ECF No. 1, at 20. Plaintiff claims that defendants are also currently upholding an unlawful special condition of parole against plaintiff.
Plaintiff argues that "Defendant Judy Mesick, in conspiracy with Defendants Sandy Jones, and Mark Kubinski and other non-Defendant IDOC employees, personally arranged for fraudulent Interstate Compact Application to be drafted in Plaintiff's name to transfer her parole from Idaho to California, without Plaintiff's consent or knowledge."
While there are more substantial contacts with California with respect to this cause of action than plaintiff's other claims, the court need not determine whether those contacts are sufficient to support personal jurisdiction. Even if this court could properly exercise jurisdiction over the second cause of action, the complaint should be dismissed pursuant to the doctrine of forum non conveniens for the reasons now addressed.
"The principle of forum non conveniens is simply that a court may resist imposition upon its jurisdiction even when jurisdiction is authorized by the letter of a general venue statute."
"The existence of an adequate alternative forum depends upon whether or not an alternative forum is so clearly inadequate or unsatisfactory that it is no remedy at all. This requirement is generally satisfied if the defendant is amenable to service of process in the alternative forum."
The second prong is a weighing of the private factors. "The private interest factors include: the ease of access to sources of proof; compulsory process to obtain [the] attendance of hostile witnesses, and the cost of transporting friendly witnesses; . . . other problems that interfere with an expeditious trial, and the ability to enforce the judgment."
In the present case, the ease of access to sources of proof weighs heavily in favor of moving this cause of action to the District of Idaho. Because all claims involve the actions of IDOC officials, most evidence is in Idaho. Trial in Idaho would maximize the efficacy of process and minimize costs related to the appearance of witnesses. Therefore, the private factors weigh in favor of the plaintiff adjudicating her case in the District of Idaho.
This court must also consider the public interest factors, including: "(1) administrative difficulties flowing from court congestion; (2) imposition of jury duty on the people of a community that has no relation to the litigation; (3) local interest in having localized controversies decided at home; (4) the interest in having a diversity case tried in a forum familiar with the law that governs the action; [and] (5) the avoidance of unnecessary problems in conflicts of law."
Like the private factors, the public factors in this case also favor litigation in Idaho. The Eastern District of California is one of the most congested districts in the country, and would be negatively impacted by exercising jurisdiction when a more appropriate forum is available. Considerations of jury duty weigh strongly in favor of an Idaho venue. Citizens in the Eastern District of California have no interest in matters related to IDOC, while these issues do affect the citizens of Idaho. Accordingly, there is a substantial local interest in resolving this dispute in the District of Idaho. Because this is not a diversity case, there are no issues with respect to conflicts of law or a forum's knowledge of the governing law. However, the requirements of parole in Idaho, pertinent IDOC regulations, and the applicable rules of professional responsibility
As there is an adequate alternative forum in the District of Idaho and the public and private factors all weigh heavily in favor of adjudication in the District of Idaho, the undersigned recommends sua sponte dismissal on grounds of forum non conveniens.
For all the reasons set forth above, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that plaintiff's motion to strike (ECF No. 25) is DENIED as moot.
IT IS HEREBY RECOMMENDED that defendants' motion to dismiss (ECF No. 12) be GRANTED and that this action be dismissed for lack of personal jurisdiction and on the grounds of forum non conveniens.
These findings and recommendations are submitted to the United States District Judge assigned to this case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). Within twenty-one (21) days after being served with these findings and recommendations, plaintiff may file written objections with the court. Such document should be captioned "Objections to Magistrate Judge's Findings and Recommendations." Local Rule 304(d). Plaintiff is advised that failure to file objections within the specified time may waive the right to appeal the District Court's order.