United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit

                                       2006-1062


                             MBO LABORATORIES, INC.,

                                                      Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                           v.

                         BECTON, DICKINSON & COMPANY,

                                                      Defendant-Appellee.


        John M. Skenyon, Fish & Richardson P.C., of Boston, Massachusetts, argued for
plantiff-appellant.

       Richard J. Oparil, Patton Boggs LLP, of Washington, DC, argued for defendant-
appellee. With him on the brief were Marc R. Labgold and Kevin M. Bell, of McLean,
Virginia.

Appealed from: United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts

Judge Reginald C. Lindsay
 United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit


                                      2006-1062


                             MBO LABORATORIES, INC.,

                                                      Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                           v.

                         BECTON, DICKINSON & COMPANY,

                                                      Defendant-Appellee.

                           __________________________

                            DECIDED: January 24, 2007
                           __________________________

Before BRYSON, Circuit Judge, CLEVENGER, Senior Circuit Judge, and GAJARSA,
Circuit Judge.

GAJARSA, Circuit Judge.

      This appeal arises under the patent laws.       Plaintiff MBO Laboratories, Inc.

(“MBO”) appeals a summary judgment of noninfringement of U.S. Patent No. RE 36,885

(“the RE ’885 patent”) granted by the United States District Court for the District of

Massachusetts. After conducting a Markman hearing, the district court construed the

various disputed claim terms. MBO Labs. v. Becton, Dickinson, & Co., 

(D. Mass. 2005). MBO conceded that under the district court’s claim construction

there was no infringement of the patent claims. The district court therefore granted

summary judgment in favor of defendant Becton, Dickinson & Company (“Becton”).

MBO timely appealed the claim construction to this court.
       For the reasons given below, we affirm the district court’s construction of the

disputed term “immediately” except as that construction affects claims 32 and 33, and

we reverse as to “slidably receiving,” “relative movement,” “adjacent,” “proximity,” and

“mounted on said body,” and remand for further proceedings consistent with this

opinion.

                                  I.     BACKGROUND

A.     The technology

       The RE ’885 patent is directed generally to a design for a hypodermic safety

syringe. The patented invention, the accused device, and relevant prior art syringes all

include features intended to protect health care workers and bystanders from

inadvertent needle sticks following an injection or drawing of fluid. This largely involves

ensuring that the contaminated parts of the cannula or needle, especially the sharp

point at the end of the cannula that enters the body, are covered in some manner soon

after removal from the patient.

       MBO’s syringe is described in detail in the patent, but it is essentially structured

by having the needle or cannula mounted inside a guard sleeve. The needle’s sharp

end protrudes through a hole in the front of the guard, permitting it to be inserted into

the patient. When the needle is removed from the patient, the health care worker slides

the needle backwards relative to the guard. A “blocking flange” is mounted on the

guard and held in spring tension against the needle. When the needle’s point slides

behind this flange, the flange moves vertically in relation to the guard, covering the tip of

the needle and preventing it from being inadvertently re-exposed. The needle’s tip is

covered by the flange and the rest of the contaminated needle is sheathed inside the




2006-1062                                    2
guard. Once the flange is activated, the needle is encapsulated by the guard sleeve

and rendered safe.

B.     Prosecution history

       The RE ’885 patent has a complex prosecution history which will be described

here in some detail. The first patent application covering MBO’s invention1 was issued

in January 1993 as U.S. Patent No. 5,176,655 (“the ’655 patent”). Prior to the issuance

of the ’655 patent, MBO filed two continuation applications claiming priority to the

original application: a continuation-in-part application, issued in March 1995 as U.S.

Patent No. 5,395,347 (“the ’347 patent”), and a continuation application, ultimately

issued in May 1998 as U.S. Patent No. 5,755,699 (“the ’699 patent”).                    MBO

subsequently requested a broadening reissue of the ’699 patent pursuant to 35 U.S.C.

§ 251, which was granted in September 2000 as U.S. Patent No. RE 36,885. The RE

’885 patent is the only one asserted in this litigation, but the entire prosecution history of

its relatives is relevant to the claim construction analysis. See Microsoft Corp. v. Multi-

Tech Sys., 

, 1349-50 (Fed. Cir. 2004).

       In the application that culminated in the original ’655 patent, the first office action

rejected all the claims as anticipated or obvious in view of U.S. Patent No. 4,943,281,

issued to Kothe. MBO then amended the claims by adding additional limitations. It

distinguished the invention from the prior art by noting that MBO’s invention was

capable of “precluding the inadvertent reemergence [of the needle].” Reply Letter to




       1
             Inventions are created by individuals, not corporations, see Beech Aircraft
Corp. v. Edo Corp., 

, 1248 (Fed. Cir. 1993), but for simplicity we will use
“MBO” as shorthand for “the inventors who assigned their patents to MBO” throughout
our discussion of the patents’ history.


2006-1062                                     3
Finkel, Examiner, In the Patent Application of McCormick et al., S/N 07/610,583, at 5

(Sept. 12, 1991).

      The examiner rejected the claims again based on prior art: namely, U.S. Patent

Nos. 4,915,697, 4,887,998, and 4,917,672, issued respectively to du Pont, Martin, and

Terndrup. Following an interview with the examiner, MBO narrowed its claims in this

first application significantly to include specific features found on its syringe product,

such as “flexible wing-like sections,” which flex to allow or preclude relative movement

between the needle and guard, as needed. MBO also amended some, but not all, of its

independent claims to require “shield means . . . for automatically precluding” the

needle from coming back out or being accessed. Reply Letter to Stright, Examiner, In

the Patent Application of McCormick et al., S/N 07/610,583, at 2-3 (July 17, 1992). As it

had before, MBO differentiated the three cited prior art patents for failing to prevent the

re-emergence of the needle. 

MBO additionally differentiated the du Pont

reference as lacking “the automatic and immediate safety means of the present

invention.” 

After these specific amendments, the application issued as the ’655

patent.

      Before the ’655 patent issued, MBO filed a continuation-in-part application

claiming priority from the first application.   The examiner rejected all claims in this

application as obvious in view of prior art U.S. Patent No. 5,026,356, issued to Smith.

The Smith patent discloses a safety syringe with a side-mounted guard that snaps down

and over the tip of the needle. MBO amended its claims to distinguish from Smith on

the basis that its needle guard fully surrounded the needle as opposed to only covering

the “tip of the point,” and also that the needle in Smith “may be fully withdrawn from the




2006-1062                                   4
patient’s flesh by an inattentive or rushed operator in [the unsafe] state . . . !” Reply

Letter to Alexander, Examiner, In the Patent Application of Blecher et al., S/N

07/972,013, at 8 (Nov. 15, 1993) (emphasis in original). The examiner once again

rejected certain claims as unpatentable over other prior art. MBO distinguished the

additional references on the grounds that its blocking flange moved into “adjacent

relation” to the front of the guard, unlike any of the cited art. Reply Letter to Alexander,

in the Patent Application of Blecher et al., S/N 07/972,013, at 2 (June 3, 1994). After

this argument, the examiner allowed the claims and the continuation-in-part application

issued as the ’347 patent.

       The next stage in the prosecution of this invention was a continuation application

also claiming priority to the original application. The examiner rejected the new claims

as anticipated by U.S. Patent No. 4,850,977, issued to Bayless, or as obvious in view of

Bayless and 

.      Bayless discloses a safety needle with a spring-loaded

sheath that, when manually triggered, extends out and then closes over the exposed

needle tip. MBO distinguished its invention from Bayless on three grounds: 1) MBO’s

invention included “a [guard] body . . . for slidably receiving a needle,” 2) MBO’s

invention included a safety flange that engages “when the needle is slidably retracted”

into the body, and 3) the safety flange is mounted to keep it from sliding up or down the

guard body. Reply Letter to Alexander, Examiner, In the Patent Application of Blecher

et al., S/N 08/398,772, at 5 (May 17, 1996). The examiner then allowed the claims.

MBO abandoned this application and filed a new continuation with additional claims.

This last application issued as the ’699 patent in May 1998.




2006-1062                                    5
       After issuance of the ’699 patent, MBO sought a broadening reissue pursuant to

35 U.S.C. § 251 in July 1999. In its reissue application, it argued the claims of the ’699

patent were narrow and that it had a right to broader claims. Specifically, it noted that it

was entitled to claim a system having “any relative movement between the needle and

the body,” not just a “system wherein the needle must be bodily moved toward the

safety device.” The PTO allowed the reissue application without objection, and the RE

’885 patent issued in September 2000.

C.     Prior proceedings

       MBO filed suit against Becton in the United States District Court for the District of

Massachusetts, asserting infringement of claims 13, 19, 20, 27, 28, 32, and 33 of the

RE ’885 patent. 

. Claims 13, 19, and 20 were original to

the ’699 patent; claims 27, 28, 32, and 33 were added during the reissue process. 

The district court conducted a hearing to construe the claims pursuant to Markman

v. Westview Instruments, Inc., 

(Fed. Cir. 1995) (en banc), aff’d, 

(1996). Several claim terms were disputed by the parties, namely: “immediately,”

“relative movement,” “slidably receiving,” “adjacent,” “proximity,” and “mounted on said

body.” The district court’s Markman order covers each of these terms.

       The term “immediately” appears in the preamble of claims 13, 19, and 27: “A

method of immediately and positively precluding needlestick injury from a contaminated

needle comprising the steps of . . . .” RE ’885 patent col.10 ll.24-26, col.12 ll.34-36,

col.15 ll.5-7.   The district court determined that the preamble limited these claims.

. It construed “immediately” to mean “simultaneously with

the needle’s withdrawal from the donor.”         

  It also determined that this




2006-1062                                    6
simultaneity requirement limited claim 32 and its dependent 33, in which the word

“immediately” does not appear. Id.; RE ’885 patent col.16 ll.23-53.

       At least one of the terms “relatively moved” and “slidably receiving” appears in

each asserted claim. The two terms describe the same concept: the manner in which

the needle and guard move with respect to each other. The district court concluded that

these terms were limited to embodiments in which the needle moves backward relative

to a stationary guard, and excluded from the claims’ scope those embodiments in which

the guard moves forward relative to a stationary needle. 

.

       The term “adjacent” describes the location of the blocking flange relative to the

front surface of the guard when the needle is in use. RE ’885 patent col.10 l.36, col.12

l.47, col.15 l.18. The district court construed it to require the flange be “contiguous or

connected with the front surface of the body.” 

.

       The terms “proximity” and “immediate proximity” refer to the location of the

needle tip relative to the front opening of the guard at the moment the blocking flange is

released to spring up and cover the needle tip. RE ’885 patent col.12 l.52, col.15 l.23.

The district court construed these terms to require that the needle tip be “flush with” the

front of the body when the blocking flange is released. 

.

       The final disputed term, “mounted on said body,” relates to the manner in which

the blocking flange assembly is connected to the guard body. RE ’885 patent col.16

l.38. The district court limited this term to require that the flange be “attached to the

exterior surface of the body.” 

.

       Based on this claim construction, MBO agreed that the Becton product would not

infringe the RE ’885 patent and did not contest Becton’s motion for summary judgment




2006-1062                                   7
of noninfringement. MBO appeals the judgment and challenges the claim construction

by the district court. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(1).

                                   II.    DISCUSSION

A.     Standard of Review

       A determination of patent infringement requires a two-step analysis: first, the

meaning of the claim language is construed, then the facts are applied to determine if

the accused device falls within the scope of the claims as interpreted. 

. Only the first step is at issue here, since the parties agree that there is no

infringement if the district court’s construction is correct. We review the district court’s

claim construction de novo. Cybor Corp. v. FAS Techs., Inc., 

, 1456

(Fed. Cir. 1998) (en banc). Ascertaining the meaning of the claims requires that they be

viewed in the context of “those sources available to the public that show what a person

of skill in the art would have understood disputed claim language to mean.” Phillips v.

AWH Corp., 

, 1314 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (en banc) (quoting Innova/Pure

Water, Inc. v. Safari Water Filtration Sys., Inc., 

(Fed. Cir. 2004)). Phillips

teaches that different weights are to be placed on these sources. The most relevant

source is the patent’s specification, which is “the single best guide to the meaning of a

disputed term.” 

(quoting Vitronics Corp. v. Conceptronic, Inc., 

,

1582 (Fed. Cir. 1996)). Next in importance is the prosecution history, which is also part

of the “intrinsic evidence” that directly reflects how the patentee has characterized the

invention. 

Extrinsic evidence—testimony, dictionaries, learned treatises, or

other material not part of the public record associated with the patent—may be helpful

but is “less significant than the intrinsic record in determining the legally operative




2006-1062                                    8
meaning of claim language.” 

Bard, Inc. v. U.S. Surgical Corp., 

, 862 (Fed. Cir. 2004)). The words of patent claims have the meaning and

scope with which they are used in the specification and the prosecution history.

Multiform Dessicants, Inc. v. Medzam, 

, 1478 (Fed. Cir. 1998).

B.     The Term “Immediately”

       As noted above, the district court construed “immediately” to require the

activation of the blocking flange simultaneously with removal from the patient. The

court decided that this term imposed a limitation upon claims where it appeared in the

preamble, as well as upon two claims where it did not literally appear. We agree with

each of these conclusions.

       In this case, both the RE ’885 patent’s specification and prosecution history

clearly indicate that the invention is focused on ensuring the protection of the healthcare

worker, patient, and bystanders by safely covering the needle at once upon removal

from the patient. The “Summary of the Invention” section of the RE ’885 patent is

particularly instructive:

       The present invention addresses [the needlestick hazard] problem
       confronting the healthcare industry and is designed specifically to
       eliminate needlestick injuries of the type described in connection with
       blood collection. To this end, there is provided a new and improved
       system which . . . shields the blood-contaminated needle simultaneously
       with its removal from the donor . . . whereby the probability of an exposed
       contaminated point being in any injury-causing proximity to a medical
       worker is virtually nil . . . .

RE ’885 patent, col.2 ll.52-62 (emphasis added). The summary is of course not wholly

dispositive. See Rambus Inc. v. Infineon Techs. AG, 

, 1094 (Fed. Cir.

2003) (“While clear language characterizing ‘the present invention’ may limit the

ordinary meaning of claim terms, such language must be read in context of the entire



2006-1062                                   9
specification and the prosecution history.” (internal citations omitted)). There is nothing

in the RE ’885 patent specification, though, that speaks to the needle being rendered

safe at any time other than the moment of removal from the patient. Furthermore, the

prosecution history provides additional support for the district court’s conclusion. During

prosecution of the related ’347 patent, the examiner rejected MBO’s application in view

of U.S. Patent No. 5,026,356, issued to Smith. In response, MBO distinguished its

invention from and criticized the Smith patent:

       Please note that in Smith . . . the needle 60 may be fully withdrawn from
       the patient’s flesh by an inattentive or rushed operator in exactly the
       [unsafe] state, with the needle point and needle end portion fully exposed
       and hazardous for needlestick and contamination! It is required in Smith
       as a specific manipulative effort that the operator personally bodily move
       the [needle guard] forward . . . which may be overlooked in rushed or
       harried treatment conditions . . . .

Reply Letter to Alexander, Examiner, In the Patent Application of Blecher et al., S.N.

07/972,013, at 8 (Nov. 15, 1993). The clear implication is that the MBO invention, in

contrast to Smith, does provide assurance that the needle will be made instantly safe

upon withdrawal from the patient. Prosecution arguments like this one which draw

distinctions between the patented invention and the prior art are useful for determining

whether the patentee intended to surrender territory, since they indicate in the inventor’s

own words what the invention is not. See Medtronic, Inc. v. Guidant Corp., 

, 1373 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (“A surrender can occur by argument as well as by

amendment.”).

       The patentee here has clearly indicated via the specification and the prosecution

history that the invention provides, as an essential feature, immediate needle safety

upon removal from the patient. It is therefore appropriate to construe the claims so as

to ensure that they, too, require that feature. The construction of the term “immediately”


2006-1062                                   10
to mean “simultaneously with the needle’s withdrawal from the patient” is correct.

Where that term appears in a claim preamble, it is “necessary to give life, meaning, and

vitality to the claim,” and may be used as a limitation. Pitney Bowes, Inc. v. Hewlett-

Packard Co., 

, 1305 (Fed. Cir. 1999) (quotation marks omitted).

       Reissue claims 32 and 33 do not contain the word “immediately,” but the district

court nonetheless used its construction of that term to limit the claims. We sympathize

with the district court’s choice, since we agree that safety at once upon removal from

the patient is an essential element of the invention as described by MBO. However, we

cannot endorse a construction analysis that does not identify “a textual reference in the

actual language of the claim with which to associate a proffered claim construction.”

Johnson Worldwide Assocs., Inc. v. Zebco Corp., 

, 990 (Fed. Cir. 1999);

see also Renishaw PLC v. Marposs S.p.A., 

, 1248 (Fed. Cir. 1998) (“[I]t is

manifest that a claim must explicitly recite a term in need of definition before a definition

may enter the claim from the written description.”); E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. v.

Phillips Petroleum Co., 

, 1433 (Fed. Cir. 1988) (finding it improper to

impose “a limitation read into a claim from the specification wholly apart from any need

to interpret what the patentee meant by particular words or phrases in the claim”).

       In this case, we are reviewing only certain disputed terms of the claim

construction and lack the power to construe other terms not disputed by the parties.

None of the disputed terms that are found in claims 32 or 33 can reasonably be




2006-1062                                    11
construed to impose the simultaneous-safety requirement upon those claims.                   The

district court’s grafting of the “immediately” limitation into claims 32 and 33 is error.2

C.     The Terms “Relative Movement” and “Slidably Receiving”

       MBO’s primary reason for seeking reissue of the ’699 patent was that its claims

could be interpreted to cover only backwards movement—“retraction”—of the needle

into a stationary guard, and not the essentially equivalent act of pushing the guard

forward while holding the needle still. It requested the PTO to permit a broadening of

the claims, replacing the term “retraction” with “relative movement” in order to more

clearly capture embodiments where the guard sleeve was moved forward. The PTO

allowed the reissue without objection. The district court nonetheless limited the claims

to “retraction,” negating the expansion of claim scope permitted by the PTO.                  Its

decision to do so was in part driven by the recapture rule. 

(citing N. Am. Container v. Plastipak Packaging, Inc., 

(Fed. Cir.

2005)).

       The recapture rule is a limitation on the ability of patentees to broaden their

patents after issuance. Inventors may seek reissuance of their patent under 35 U.S.C.

§ 251, as MBO did here. If the reissue application is filed within two years of the patent’s

initial issuance and the patentee “through error without any deceptive intention . . .

claim[ed] . . . less than he had a right to,” the reissue patent’s claims may be broader

than the original patent’s claims. 

is “remedial in nature, based on

fundamental principles of equity and fairness, and should be construed liberally.” In re

Weiler, 

, 1579 (Fed. Cir. 1986). However, the remedial function of the

       2
              We express no view on whether claims 32 and 33 as construed would
invoke the recapture rule.


2006-1062                                     12
statute is limited. Material which has been surrendered in order to obtain issuance

cannot be reclaimed via section 251: “deliberate withdrawal or amendment cannot be

said to involve the inadvertence or mistake contemplated by 35 U.S.C. § 251.” In re

Clement, 

, 1468 (Fed. Cir. 1997) (quoting Haliczer v. United States, 

, 545 (Ct. Cl. 1966)). It is critical to avoid allowing surrendered matter to creep

back into the issued patent, since competitors and the public are on notice of the

surrender and may have come to rely on the consequent limitations on claim scope.

See Vectra Fitness, Inc. v. TNWK Corp., 

, 1384 (Fed. Cir. 1998) (“[T]he

recapture rule . . . ensur[es] the ability of the public to rely on a patent’s public record.”).

The public’s reliance interest provides a justification for the recapture rule that is

independent of the likelihood that the surrendered territory was already covered by prior

art or otherwise unpatentable. The recapture rule thus serves the same policy as does

the doctrine of prosecution history estoppel: both operate, albeit in different ways, to

prevent a patentee from encroaching back into territory that had previously been

committed to the public.

       In operation, the recapture rule excludes earlier deliberate withdrawals and

amendments from the allowable scope of a reissue patent. “Under the recapture rule,

claims that are broader than the original patent claims in a manner directly pertinent to

the subject matter surrendered during prosecution are impermissible.” Hester Indus.,

Inc. v. Stein, Inc., 

, 1480 (Fed. Cir. 1998). We described in depth the

required analysis in a recapture case in In re 

. First, the

original and reissued claims are construed to ascertain “whether and in what aspect the

reissue claims are broader than the patent claims.” 

If the reissue claims




2006-1062                                     13
are broader in some way, the court must determine “whether the broader aspects of the

reissue claims relate to the surrendered subject matter.”         

This is

accomplished by reviewing the prosecution history to determine what has been

surrendered and determining whether the additional coverage of the reissue claim reads

on the surrendered matter. 

If it does, the recapture rule bars the claim.

       We believe that the district court erred in the first instance by applying the

recapture rule to rewrite the claims, essentially unmaking the change that the PTO had

permitted. Claim construction should not, of course, be blind to validity issues: “claims

should be so construed, if possible, as to sustain their validity.” Rhine v. Casio, Inc.,

, 1345 (Fed. Cir. 1999). A claim that is interpreted too broadly will run

into validity issues, providing motivation for the construing court to choose a narrower

interpretation if possible. However, validity construction should be used as a last resort,

not a first principle: “we have limited the maxim [that claims are to be construed to

preserve validity] to cases in which the court concludes, after applying all the available

tools of claim construction, that the claim is still ambiguous.” 

(quotation marks omitted). Construction of the claims here is not so difficult a problem

as to require resort to the validity maxim.

       MBO clearly sought in reissue to broaden the scope of its patent coverage by

rewriting its claims to cover all relative movement, not just retraction. That broadening

was the explicitly stated purpose of the reissue application. Application for Reissue of

U.S. Patent No. 5,755,699, Reissue Declaration of Blecher et al. at 2 (July 1, 1999)

(original claims “claim less than we had a right to claim in that they fail to claim clearly




2006-1062                                     14
that any relative movement . . . will achieve the desired result of preventing needlestick

hazard, whether or not the needle moves toward the body and connected safety

device”). In light of these clear statements in the prosecution history of the RE ’885

patent, we are compelled to give effect to MBO’s stated intent to broaden the coverage

of its claims. Whether those broadened claims are invalidated by the recapture rule is

an issue separate from construction. In the narrowly limited appellate posture of this

case, only the question of infringement, not validity, is before us.3

       All of the disputed method claims, both original and reissued, refer to “providing a

body slidably receiving the needle.” The district court construed that phrase as referring

to “a stationary body into which the movable needle retracts.” We disagree with that

construction. In our view, the term refers to the physical relationship between the guard

body and the needle, such that the guard body is capable of sliding relative to the

needle. That construction of “slidably receiving” is dictated in part by the embodiment

depicted in Figures 3 and 4 of the RE ’885 patent; those figures show the needle

extending forward, not retracting backwards, relative to the guard body. See RE ’885

patent col.6 ll.25-32. Therefore, we find that the terms “relatively moved,” “slidably

receiving,” and their cognates permit the needle and guard to slide in any manner.




       3
               This is not to say that the recapture rule may never properly factor into
claim construction. In a case where the available techniques of construction yield two
possible interpretations of a reissue claim, only one of which includes previously
surrendered matter, it would be correct to resolve the ambiguity by selecting the
interpretation not barred by the recapture rule.


2006-1062                                    15
D.     The Term “Adjacent”

       We disagree with the requirement imposed by the district court that the blocking

flange be “contiguous or connected” with the front face of the guard body. “[A] claim

interpretation that excludes a preferred embodiment from the scope of the claim is

rarely, if ever, correct.” On-Line Techs., Inc. v. Bodenseewerk Perkin-Elmer GmbH, 

, 1138 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (quotation marks omitted). Two different preferred

embodiments, depicted by Figure 4 of the ’655 patent and Figure 9A of the RE ’885

patent, clearly show the blocking flange resting somewhat in front of the front surface

and not in any way “contiguous or connected” with it. The proper construction of this

term is “next to.”

E.     The Term “Proximity”

       Again, we believe that the specification as delineated by the figures cited above

renders the district court’s construction—requiring that the needle be “flush with” the

front of the guard when the flange activates—too narrow.            In the embodiments

designated by each figure, the blocking flange rests against the needle closely in front

of, but not exactly at, the front of the guard body. As the needle moves, it will reach a

point where it still protrudes from the front of the guard but is already clear of the

blocking flange.     The flange will therefore activate slightly but definitely before the

needle submerges fully into the guard body and has its tip flush with the front; therefore,

the district court’s construction impermissibly excludes these embodiments. The proper

construction of this term is “near.”




2006-1062                                   16
F.    The Term “Mounted on Said Body”

       The district court found that where the term “mounted on said body” appears, the

mounting must be on the body’s exterior. There is no reason to so limit the patent’s

scope. The patent figures all depict the flange connected mainly to the outside, but

patent coverage is not necessarily limited to inventions that look like the ones in the

figures. See, e.g., Gart v. Logitech, Inc., 

, 1342 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (“These

drawings are not meant to represent ‘the’ invention or to limit the scope of coverage

defined by the words used in the claims themselves.”). To hold otherwise would be to

import limitations onto the claim from the specification, which is fraught with “danger.”

; see also Comark Commc’ns, Inc. v. Harris Corp., 

, 1186 (Fed. Cir. 1998) (“We recognize that there is sometimes a fine line between

reading a claim in light of the specification, and reading a limitation into the claim from

the specification.”). Limiting claims from the specification is generally not permitted

absent a clear disclosure that the patentee intended the claims to be limited as shown.

.    The proper construction for “mounted on said body” is

“attached to said body.”

                                  III.   CONCLUSION

       We affirm the district court’s construction of the claim term “immediately” in all

claims but 32 and 33; as to those two claims, we reverse. We reverse the district

court’s construction of the other disputed terms. We therefore vacate the summary

judgment and remand the case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

      AFFIRMED-IN-PART, REVERSED-IN-PART, VACATED, and REMANDED.




2006-1062                                   17