LINN, Circuit Judge.

In this consolidated Hatch-Waxman Act litigation, Amneal Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Actavis Elizabeth LLC, Actavis LLC, Mylan Inc., Mylan Pharmaceuticals Inc., Roxane Laboratories, Inc., Sandoz Inc. (collectively the "ANDA defendants") and Johnson Matthey Pharmaceutical Materials ("Johnson Matthey") (collectively, "defendants") appeal the district court's decision in Shire, LLC v. Amneal Pharmaceuticals, LLC, No. 11-3781, 2014 WL 2861430 (D.N.J. June 23, 2014) ("Op."), granting Shire LLC, Shire Development Inc. and Shire Development, LLC's (collectively "Shire's") motion for summary judgment that claim 4 of the U.S. Patent No. 7,105,486 (the "'486 patent"); claims 1-4 of U.S. Patent No. 7,655,630 (the "'630 patent"); claims 1-12 of U.S. Patent No. 7,659,253 (the "'253 patent"); and claim 3 of U.S. Patent No. 7,662,787 (the "'787 patent") (collectively, the "asserted claims") are not invalid. Defendants also appeal the district court's decision in Shire, LLC v. Amneal Pharmaceuticals, LLC, No. 11-3781, 2014 WL 9913150 (D.N.J. May 12, 2014), affirming the magistrate judge's decision denying defendants' motion to amend their invalidity contentions to include an on-sale bar claim, see Shire, LLC v. Amneal Pharms., LLC, No. 11-3781, 2013 WL 6858953 (D.N.J. Dec. 26, 2013) ("Magistrate Op."). Johnson Matthey separately appeals the district court's decision that it induced infringement of the claims of the '630, '253 and '787 patents (the "compound claims") by providing the active pharmaceutical ingredient ("API") L-lysine-d-amphetamine ("LDX") dimesylate to the ANDA defendants. Because defendants have failed to raise a genuine issue of material fact that the asserted claims are obvious, we affirm the district court's judgment of nonobviousness. Because the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying defendants' motion to amend their invalidity contentions to include an on-sale bar claim, we affirm that ruling. Because in the circumstances of this case Johnson Mat-they cannot be liable for induced infringement prior to the grant of FDA approval of the application filed by the ANDA defendants, we reverse the district court's judgment that Johnson Matthey has induced infringement of the asserted compound claims and remand the case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

I. BACKGROUND

A. The Patents-in-Suit

The '486, '630, '253 and '787 patents (collectively, the "patents-in-suit") share similar specifications and are all directed to derivatives of amphetamine. Amphetamines are a class of drugs that has long been used to treat a variety of disorders, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ("ADHD"). See, e.g., '486 patent col.1 l.59-col.2 l.12; Physicians' Desk Reference 2992-93 (2000) ("PDR"). A major drawback to the use of amphetamines is their potential for abuse. '486 patent col.2 l.13-col.3 l.12; PDR at 2992. The goal of the inventions is to "utilize[] covalent modification of amphetamine to decrease its potential for causing overdose or abuse." '486 patent col.9 ll.11-13. Specifically, the patents describe modifying amphetamine in such a way as to decrease its activity when administered in high doses — as happens when the drug is being abused — but to maintain activity similar to that of unmodified amphetamine when the modified amphetamine is delivered at lower doses. Id. at col.9 ll.13-21. One embodiment of the invention is LDX dimesylate. See id. at col.8 ll.43-67.

The claims of the '486 patent are directed to methods of using amphetamine derivatives, with asserted claim 4 directed to using a mesylate salt of LDX to treat ADHD. The asserted claims of the '630, '253 and '787 patents are compound claims directed to mesylate salts of LDX and crystalline forms thereof.

B. History of the Dispute

Shire is the assignee of the patents-in-suit and markets LDX dimesylate capsules. These capsules are approved by the Food and Drug Administration ("FDA") and distributed under the brand name Vyvanse®. The FDA's Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations (commonly known as the "Orange Book") lists all the patents-in-suit for Vyvanse®.

The ANDA defendants filed Abbreviated New Drug Applications ("ANDAs") for their generic versions of Vyvanse® seeking approval prior to the expiration of the patents-in-suit. The ANDAs included certifications pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 355(j)(2)(A)(vii)(IV) (2012) (commonly referred to as "Paragraph IV certifications") stating that the claims of the patents-in-suit are invalid and/or not infringed. Pursuant to § 355(j)(2)(B), the ANDA defendants notified Shire of the Paragraph IV certifications. In response, Shire sued the ANDA defendants for infringing the asserted claims, along with certain other claims not at issue in this appeal, under 35 U.S.C. § 271(e) (2012). In each suit, Shire also sued Johnson Matthey. Johnson Matthey supplied LDX dimesylate to the ANDA defendants and correspondingly filed a drug master file with the FDA, see 21 C.F.R. § 314.420, but did not itself file an ANDA. The district court consolidated all the lawsuits.

In September of 2013, after discovery was complete, defendants moved to amend their invalidity contentions to allege that the claims of the '253 patent were invalid based on an on-sale bar. Magistrate Op. at *2. Under the District of New Jersey Local Patent Rule 3.7, amendments to contentions must be based on "a timely application and showing of good cause." The rule lists "examples of circumstances that may, absent undue prejudice to the adverse party, support a finding of good cause," including "recent discovery of material prior art despite earlier diligent search." Id.

The magistrate judge denied defendants' motion to amend their contentions to assert an on-sale bar. The magistrate judge found the motion untimely because "the summary of documents produced by Shire on May 21, 2012 indicates that Defendants had access to the information [regarding the on-sale bar], or documentation that should have led them to it earlier than they now claim." Magistrate Op. at *3. The magistrate judge also found that defendants lacked good cause, because "[t]he alleged prior art, as it relates to the On-Sale Bar, is referenced in various portions of the document production," and was thus known for some time. Id. at *4. Finally, the magistrate judge ruled that allowing defendants to amend their contentions would unduly prejudice Shire, because "Shire ha[d] relied on Defendants' previous invalidity contentions for a year in preparing its case." Id. at *5. The district court affirmed. Shire, No. 11-3781, 2014 WL 9913150 (D.N.J. May 12, 2014).

Shire then filed a motion for summary judgment that all the asserted claims were infringed and not invalid. The district court granted Shire's motion in part and denied it in part. It granted summary judgment that: (1) the ANDA defendants infringed all the asserted compound claims, Op. at *11; (2) the ANDA defendants induced infringement of claim 4 of the '486 patent, id. at *12; (3) Johnson Matthey induced infringement of the compound claims, id.; and (4) the asserted claims were not invalid as anticipated or obvious, id. at *13-20. The district court denied Shire's motion for summary judgment that Johnson Matthey directly infringed the compound claims. Id. at *12. The district court certified its ruling for immediate appeal under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(b). Shire, No. 11-3781 (D.N.J. July 21, 2014).

All the defendants appeal the district court's grant of summary judgment that the asserted claims are not invalid as obvious under 35 U.S.C. § 103(a) (20061) and the district court's denial of their motion to amend their invalidity contentions. Johnson Matthey separately appeals the district court's grant of summary judgment that it induced infringement of the compound claims. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(1) (2012).

II. DISCUSSION

A. Standard of Review

This court reviews summary judgment decisions according to the law of the regional circuit, here the Third Circuit, which reviews them de novo. MobileMedia Ideas LLC v. Apple Inc., 780 F.3d 1159, 1164 (Fed.Cir.2015) (citing Gonzalez v. Sec'y of Dep't of Homeland Sec., 678 F.3d 254, 257 (3d Cir.2012)). Accordingly, we reapply the standard applied by the district court. See id. In the Third Circuit:

Daniels v. School Dist. of Phila., 776 F.3d 181, 192 (3d Cir.2015) (alterations in original) (citations omitted).

The application of local patent rules is governed by the law of this court and "[d]ecisions enforcing local rules in patent cases will be affirmed unless clearly unreasonable, arbitrary, or fanciful; based on erroneous conclusions of law; clearly erroneous; or unsupported by any evidence." O2 Micro Int'l Ltd. v. Monolithic Power Sys., Inc., 467 F.3d 1355, 1366-67 (Fed. Cir.2006).

B. Obviousness

A patent is invalid "if the differences between the subject matter sought to be patented and the prior art are such that the subject matter as a whole would have been obvious at the time the invention was made to a person having ordinary skill in the art to which said subject matter pertains." 35 U.S.C. § 103(a). As patents are "presumed valid," 35 U.S.C. § 282, a defendant bears the burden of proving invalidity by "clear and convincing evidence," Microsoft Corp. v. i4i Ltd., ___ U.S. ___, 131 S.Ct. 2238, 2242, 180 L.Ed.2d 131 (2011). For a patent to be obvious, "some kind of motivation must be shown ... so that the jury can understand why a person of ordinary skill would have thought of either combining two or more references or modifying one to achieve the patented method." Innogenetics, N.V. v. Abbott Labs., 512 F.3d 1363, 1374 (Fed.Cir. 2008) (citation omitted).

The district court concluded that (1) the prior art did not disclose LDX or make it obvious; (2) even if it did, the prior art did not disclose that LDX was known as an active drug substance; (3) even if it did, the prior art provided no motivation to pick LDX as a starting compound; and (4) even if it did, the prior art provided no motivation to make mesylate salts of LDX. Op. at *15-17. Shire did not introduce and the district court did not analyze any secondary considerations.

Defendants maintain that there is a genuine issue of material fact whether Australian Patent Application No. 54,168/65 ("AU '168"), actually discloses LDX. Specifically, they claim that page 7 of AU '168 identifies 18 amino acids by name, including lysine, and states a preference for L-amino acids and d-amphetamine. Upon reading this passage, defendants argue, a person of skill in the art would immediately envisage LDX. Defendants also claim that Formula IV and Example 24 of AU '168 disclose LDX. Defendants also contend that there is a genuine issue of material fact whether the prior art as a whole rendered the mesylate salts of LDX obvious. There is also a genuine issue of material fact, defendants argue, whether mesylate salts of LDX were obvious and whether there was a reasonable expectation of success that the mesylate salt of LDX would serve its intended purpose. In addition to AU '168, defendants rely on several other pieces of prior art, including U.S. Patent No. 3,843,796 ("Miller"), to bolster their obviousness argument.

Shire denies that AU '168 discloses LDX. Shire claims that the record fails to show that a person of skill in the art would: "(i) start with d-amphetamine, (ii) chemically modify d-amphetamine, (iii) make a prodrug of d-amphetamine, (iv) synthesize [LDX] while ignoring other conjugates of d-amphetamine, (v) make a salt of [LDX] instead of using the freebase form, and finally (vi) specifically choose a mesylate salt rather than any other salt." Resp. Br. at 19. Shire also claims that defendants waived their arguments that Formula IV and Example 24 of AU '168 rendered the claims obvious.

On this record, there is no genuine issue of material fact that the prior art did not disclose or make obvious the mesylate salt of LDX. Defendants' primary reference is AU '168. AU '168 is listed on the face of the patents-in-suit and therefore the examiner is presumed to have considered it. Defendants therefore "ha[ve] the added burden of overcoming the deference that is due to a qualified government agency presumed to have properly done its job, which includes one or more examiners who are assumed to have some expertise in interpreting the references and to be familiar from their work with the level of skill in the art and whose duty it is to issue only valid patents." PowerOasis, Inc. v. T-Mobile USA, Inc., 522 F.3d 1299, 1304 (Fed.Cir.2008) (citations omitted).

AU '168 discloses combining amphetamine, in any of its stereochemical forms, with numerous amino acids, in various stereochemistries and with many potential protecting groups. Nothing in AU '168 specifically suggests combining d-amphetamine with L-lysine. Page 7 of AU '168, relied on heavily by defendants, lists 18 amino acids "and the like," and states they can belong to the D- or L-series. Even this list, therefore, does not limit itself to 18 amino acids. AU '168 expressly suggests posttranslational modifications of the amino acids, see id. at 8, thus further increasing the potential amino acid groups to be utilized. While page 7 states that "[a]cids of the L-series are preferred," AU '168 actually describes numerous D-series amino acids. Read in context of the whole reference, a person of skill in the art would, therefore, not focus exclusively on amino acids with the L stereochemistry.

As to Formula IV of AU '168, it does not teach a finite and limited class including LDX. Formula IV shows a compound with a Markush group, `A.' For Formula IV to disclose LDX, `A' must be selected to be L-lysine and the amphetamine must be in the d-configuration. There is no genuine issue of material fact that AU '168 does not disclose L-lysine as part of a limited class of compounds for `A'. AU '168 suggests that `A' can be selected from one of three lists, and as defendants' expert candidly admitted, Formula IV "does not indicate any preference" among the different options. Thus, Formula IV discloses all the compounds from all three lists, the first of which lists 17 amino acids (including lysine), the second of which teaches over a hundred possible combinations of amino acids and protecting groups and the third of which does not even provide a definite list of compounds. This too is not a definite and limited class. Further, as described above, AU '168 does not meaningfully describe a preference for the L stereochemistry of its amino acids.

Example 24 is similarly insufficient. Example 24 is Ná-Tosyl-L-lysine[(+)-1-phenyl-propyl-(2)]-amide. Example 24 differs from LDX in that it contains a tosyl group. On page 8, AU '168 describes tosyl as a "protecting group[]," and on page 14, it states that "[a] tosyl group can be removed by ... treatment ... with sodium in liquid ammonia." According to defendants, this provides motivation to modify example 24 to make LDX. The problem for defendants is that example 24 is a final product, not an intermediate synthesis product. Defendants therefore have to show a reason why one of skill in the art would decide to start with example 24 and remove the protecting group. They have shown no such motivation. See also P. Quitt, Synthesis of Optically Active N-Methylated Amino-Acids, in PEPTIDES: PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTH EUROPEAN SYMPOSIUM OXFORD, September 1962 165, 167 (G.T. Young ed., 1963) (explaining that the Ná-tosyl "protected derivative might in most cases be the desired product").

The hindsight nature of defendants' argument is confirmed by the fact that out of the thousands of possible compounds it discloses, AU '168 actually provides thirty specific examples, none of which is LDX. Thus, read in context, a person of skill in the art would not have any reason to specifically select LDX.

Nor is there a genuine issue of material fact that AU '168 does not render obvious the mesylate salts of LDX. As described above, AU '168 broadly teaches combining amphetamine with many amino acids, protected and unprotected, and in different stereochemistries, but provides "no direction as to which of many possible choices is likely to be successful." Unigene Labs., Inc. v. Apotex, Inc., 655 F.3d 1352, 1361 (Fed.Cir.2011) (citations omitted). Thus, AU '168 does not make LDX obvious to try. See id. Defendants can only come to LDX by "re-trac[ing] the path of the inventor with hindsight," Ortho-McNeil Pharm., Inc. v. Mylan Labs., Inc., 520 F.3d 1358, 1364 (Fed.Cir.2008). We therefore reject the hindsight claims of obviousness. See In re Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride Extended-Release Capsule Patent Litig., 676 F.3d 1063, 1071-72 (Fed. Cir.2012).

Miller does not overcome the deficiencies of AU '168. Defendants focus on Formula II of Miller, which describes a molecule with two Markush groups, [R'] and [X]. Even focusing on Formula II, Miller discloses that [X] can be one of twenty amino acids — including L-lysine — or their derivatives. Miller at col.3ll.4-52. Defendants have offered no rationale why a person of skill in the art would focus on the specific embodiment of Formula II comprising L-lysine. Moreover, even if [X] were chosen to be L-lysine, Miller's compound is still different from LDX in two ways — to wit, Miller has an OR' where LDX has an H and Miller has a C-OH where LDX has a CH — i.e., the base compound in Miller is not amphetamine. The record provides no reason or motivation why one of skill in the art would combine AU '168 with Miller. Accordingly, there is no genuine issue of material fact that the disclosure in Miller does not overcome the deficiencies in AU '168.

We have considered the other references cited by defendants and find that they too fail to raise a genuine issue of material fact as to whether LDX, let alone the mesylate salt of LDX, was made obvious by the prior art. Because all the asserted claims are limited to mesylate salts of LDX, we need not consider whether additional limitations found in certain claims would separately suffice to make the claims non-obvious. See SynQor, Inc. v. Artesyn Techs., Inc., 709 F.3d 1365, 1375 (Fed.Cir.2013). Accordingly, the district court's grant of summary judgment that the asserted claims are nonobvious is affirmed.

C. Defendants' Motion to Amend

Defendants allege that they were timely in seeking leave to amend their invalidity contentions, because both Shire and third parties delayed in producing documents relevant to an on-sale bar defense and because defendants had to sift through more than two million pages of documents to find the relevant evidence. Relatedly, defendants argue there was good cause for their delay because they were diligent in their search for evidence. Finally, defendants argue that there is no undue prejudice to Shire because Shire itself was responsible for the delay. Shire responds that the district court properly evaluated all the factors.

Defendants have not shown that the district court abused its discretion in denying defendants' motion to amend. In their opening brief, defendants have not persuasively explained why their motion to assert an on-sale bar defense was not filed earlier and have failed to even challenge the magistrate judge's finding that documents produced by Shire on May 21, 2012, contained information "that should have led" defendants to raise an on-sale bar argument. Moreover, defendants did not ask Shire for permission to supplement their invalidity contentions until August of 2013 — more than a year later. Accordingly, we find no reason to conclude that the district court abused its discretion in denying defendants' motion to amend as untimely and lacking good cause. The decision to deny defendants' motion to amend is therefore affirmed.

D. The Claim Against Johnson Matthey

Under § 271(e)(2), Congress made it "an act of infringement to submit an [ANDA] application ... for a drug claimed in a patent or the use of which is claimed in a patent." 35 U.S.C. § 271(e)(2)(A). But Congress also provided a safe harbor in § 271(e)(1) for those engaged in certain activities in support of the filing of an ANDA. Specifically, § 271(e)(1) states that "[i]t shall not be an act of infringement to make, use, offer to sell, or sell within the United States or import into the United States a patented invention ... solely for uses reasonably related to the development and submission of information under a Federal law which regulates the manufacture, use, or sale of drugs or veterinary biological products." 35 U.S.C. § 271(e)(1).

Johnson Matthey does not seek FDA approval to sell a generic form of Vyvanse® and has therefore made no ANDA filing. Its only involvement in this dispute arises from its actions in supplying the ANDA defendants with the active pharmaceutical ingredient LDX dimesylate. The district court found it undisputed that each of the ANDAs at issue lists Johnson Matthey as the manufacturer of the LDX dimesalyate used in their generic products. It was also undisputed that Johnson Matthey filed a drug master file for that ingredient with the FDA in support of the ANDA defendants' applications and in anticipation of the eventual commercial exploitation of both its API and the generic products made from it. From this, the district court entered judgment that Johnson Matthey "has induced infringement of the compound claims at issue." Op. at *20.

Johnson Matthey argues that providing the ANDA defendants with an active ingredient so they could submit their ANDAs was reasonably related to the submission of information under a federal law and was therefore within the safe harbor of § 271(e)(1). Since it did not itself submit an ANDA, Johnson Matthey contends that it cannot be liable under § 271(e)(2) for its past actions and therefore the district court was wrong to enter judgment against it. Further, it asserts that because no direct infringement has yet to occur, it cannot be liable for induced infringement under § 271(b). It thus contends that it should never have been named in the litigation and should be dismissed from the case.

Shire counters by asserting that Johnson Matthey is properly in the suit and can be liable for induced infringement. According to Shire, this court's decision in Forest Laboratories, Inc. v. Ivax Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 501 F.3d 1263 (Fed.Cir. 2007), held that a party can be liable "under section 271(e)(2) for its future infringement under section 271(b) as the ANDA-filers' API supplier." Resp. Br. at 52. Shire contends that on the facts before us "Forest cannot be distinguished." Id. at 55 (capitalization altered). Finally, Shire argues that under the reasoning of Forest Labs., Johnson Matthey can be enjoined.

Johnson Matthey is correct that it cannot be liable for the API it sold the ANDA defendants up to this point. Johnson Matthey, as an API supplier, has thus far done nothing more than provide material for use by the ANDA defendants in obtaining FDA approval. As the district court found, these sales, and the ANDA defendants' use of the API for filing the ANDA, were "reasonably related to the submission of an ANDA." Op. at *12. As such, Johnson Matthey's activities are protected by the safe harbor of § 271(e)(1), and the district court erred by entering judgment that Johnson Matthey has induced infringement of the compound claims at issue.

Moreover, as Johnson Matthew did not submit an ANDA, it cannot be liable for infringement under § 271(e)(2). We do not agree with Shire that this Court's decision in Forest requires a different result. To the contrary, Forest involved the scope of an injunction under § 271(e)(4). No such injunction has been issued against Johnson Matthew here and thus Forest is inapposite. Johnson Matthey is therefore not currently liable for infringement.

Accordingly, we reverse the district court's judgment that Johnson Matthey has induced infringement of the compound claims at issue and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

III. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons the district court's grant of summary judgment that the asserted claims are not invalid as obvious is affirmed; the district court's denial of defendants' motion to amend is affirmed; and the district court's judgment that Johnson Matthey has induced infringement is reversed. The case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

AFFIRMED-IN-PART, REVERSED-IN-PART, AND REMANDED

COSTS

Each party shall bear its own costs.