WILLIAM ALSUP, District Judge.
This is a habeas corpus case filed by a state prisoner pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 2254. Respondent was ordered to show cause why the writ should not be granted. Respondent has filed an answer, along with a supporting memorandum of points and authorities and exhibits. Petitioner has responded with a traverse. For the reasons
In 1986, petitioner was sentenced to a term of seventeen years to life in state prison pursuant to his conviction for second-degree murder and assault with a deadly weapon, as well as enhancements of both convictions for the use of a firearm. In 2006, the California Board of Parole Hearings ("Board") granted parole, but the Governor reversed their decision. Petitioner filed habeas petitions challenging the Governor's denial of parole in all three levels of the California courts. The Superior Court of the County of San Francisco denied the petition in a reasoned decision (Resp. Exh. 2). The California Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court of California issued summary denials (Resp. Exhs. 6 & 7). Thereafter, petitioner filed the instant federal petition challenging the Governor's denial of parole.
A district court may not grant a petition challenging a state conviction or sentence on the basis of a claim that was reviewed on the merits in state court unless the state court's adjudication of the claim: "(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or (2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding." 28 U.S.C. 2254(d). The first prong applies both to questions of law and to mixed questions of law and fact, Williams (Terry) v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 407-09, 120 S.Ct. 1495, 146 L.Ed.2d 389 (2000), while the second prong applies to decisions based on factual determinations, Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 340, 123 S.Ct. 1029, 154 L.Ed.2d 931 (2003).
A state court decision is "contrary to" Supreme Court authority, that is, falls under the first clause of 2254(d)(1), only if "the state court arrives at a conclusion opposite to that reached by [the Supreme] Court on a question of law or if the state court decides a case differently than [the Supreme] Court has on a set of materially indistinguishable facts." Williams (Terry), 529 U.S. at 412-13, 120 S.Ct. 1495. A state court decision is an "unreasonable application of" Supreme Court authority, falls under the second clause of 2254(d)(1), if it correctly identifies the governing legal principle from the Supreme Court's decisions but "unreasonably applies that principle to the facts of the prisoner's case." Id. at 413, 120 S.Ct. 1495. The federal court on habeas review may not issue the writ "simply because that court concludes in its independent judgment that the relevant state-court decision applied clearly established federal law erroneously or incorrectly." Id. at 411, 120 S.Ct. 1495. Rather, the application must be "objectively unreasonable" to support granting the writ. See id. at 409, 120 S.Ct. 1495.
"Factual determinations by state courts are presumed correct absent clear and convincing evidence to the contrary." Miller-El, 537 U.S. at 340, 123 S.Ct. 1029. This presumption is not altered by the fact that the finding was made by a state court of appeals, rather than by a state trial court. Sumner v. Mata, 449 U.S. 539, 546-47, 101 S.Ct. 764, 66 L.Ed.2d 722 (1981); Bragg v. Galaza, 242 F.3d 1082, 1087 (9th Cir.), amended, 253 F.3d 1150 (9th Cir.2001). A petitioner must present clear and convincing evidence to overcome § 2254(e)(1)'s presumption of correctness; conclusory assertions will not do. Ibid.
Under 28 U.S.C. 2254(d)(2), a state court decision "based on a factual determination
When there is no reasoned opinion from the highest state court to consider the petitioner's claims, the court looks to the last reasoned opinion. See Ylst v. Nunnemaker, 501 U.S. 797, 801-06, 111 S.Ct. 2590, 115 L.Ed.2d 706 (1991); Shackleford v. Hubbard, 234 F.3d 1072, 1079, n. 2 (9th Cir.2000). In this case, the last reasoned opinion is that of the superior court denying petitioner's habeas petition (Resp. Exh. 2).
As grounds for federal habeas relief, petitioner asserts that the Governor's decision was not supported by "some evidence," and thus violated his right to due process.
The Due Process Clause does not, by itself, entitle a prisoner to release on parole in the absence of some evidence of his or her current dangerousness. Hayward v. Marshall, 603 F.3d 546, 555, 561 (9th Cir.2010) (en banc). Under California law, however, "some evidence" of current dangerousness is required in order to deny parole. Id. at 562 (citing In re Lawrence, 44 Cal.4th 1181, 1205-06, 82 Cal.Rptr.3d 169, 190 P.3d 535 (2008) and In re Shaputis, 44 Cal.4th 1241, 82 Cal.Rptr.3d 213, 190 P.3d 573 (2008)). This requirement gives California prisoners a liberty interest protected by the federal constitutional guarantee of due process in release on parole in the absence of "some evidence" of their current dangerousness. Cooke v. Solis, 606 F.3d 1206, 1213 (9th Cir.2010) (citing Hayward, 603 F.3d at 561-64); Pearson v. Muntz, 606 F.3d 606, 607, 610-11 (9th Cir.2010) (also citing Hayward, 603 F.3d at 562-63).
When a federal habeas court in this circuit is faced with a claim by a California prisoner that their right to due process was violated because the denial of parole was not supported by "some evidence," the court "need only decide whether the California judicial decision approving the governor's decision rejecting parole was an `unreasonable application'[ ] of the California `some evidence' requirement, or was `based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence.'" Hayward, 603 F.3d at 562-63 (quoting 28 U.S.C. 2254(d)(1)-(2)); Cooke, 606 F.3d at 1213. California's "some evidence" requirement was summarized in Hayward as follows:
Hayward, 603 F.3d at 562 (quoting Lawrence, 44 Cal.4th. at 1191, 1210-14, 82 Cal.Rptr.3d 169, 190 P.3d 535); see Cooke, 606 F.3d at 1213-14 (describing California's "some evidence" requirement).
Here, the Governor denied parole because the gravity of petitioner's seconddegree murder was "alone sufficient" evidence that petitioner's "release from prison
(Id. at 1.) The Governor found the murder alone established petitioner's dangerousness if released on parole because it involved "some level of premeditation," a trivial motive of a perceived insult in the bar, "an exceptionally callous disregard for human suffering and life," endangering additional people present in the bar, and petitioner's flight after the shooting (id. at 2). The superior court upheld the Governor's denial of parole, finding "some evidence" of petitioner's current dangerousness based solely upon the circumstances of the commitment offense (Pet. Exh. 5 at 9-10).
The state court's decision upholding the Governor's denial of parole, based solely on the facts of the commitment offense, was an unreasonable application of California's "some evidence" requirement. See Hayward, 603 F.3d at 562-63. In Lawrence, which was announced after the superior court's decision here (see Pet. Exh. 5), the California Supreme Court addressed whether the "some evidence" requirement can be met solely by the circumstances of the commitment offense,
Lawrence, 44 Cal.4th at 1191, 82 Cal.Rptr.3d 169, 190 P.3d 535 (emphasis in original). The court continued:
Ibid. (emphasis in original); see also Cooke, 606 F.3d at 1214 (finding California's "some evidence" requires "more than the crime or its circumstances alone to justify the Board's or Governor's finding of current dangerousness").
The evidence of petitioner's "rehabilitation and suitability for parole" was extensive, as described by the Governor:
(Id. at 1-2.) The Governor also noted that petitioner had no criminal record prior to the commitment offense, and that he was twenty-three at the time (id. at 1). At the parole hearing, petitioner expressed remorse and took responsibility for his actions (id. at 3, Pet. Exh. 2 at 58-59). This evidence "of rehabilitation and suitability for parole" is "overwhelming," and "the only evidence related to unsuitability" in this case was "the gravity of the commitment offense." See Lawrence, 44 Cal.4th at 1191, 82 Cal.Rptr.3d 169, 190 P.3d 535.
Furthermore, the commitment offense was "both temporally remote and mitigated by circumstances indicating the conduct is unlikely to recur." See ibid. The murder was committed twenty-three years prior to the parole hearing at a bar when petitioner was under a "significant stress in his life" from an incident in which petitioner had been stabbed eleven times (Pet. Exh. 4 at 2-3 (quoting transcript of parole hearing before the Board); Exh. 2 at 45). These circumstances indicate the conduct was unlikely to recur because at the time of the parole denial petitioner was not drinking anymore, had completed a substantial number of alcohol recovery and other self-help programs in prison, and the particular stress from the knife attack was greatly diminished because it had occurred over twenty-three years earlier.
Under California law, as explained in Lawrence, "the aggravated nature of the crime does not in and of itself provide some evidence of current dangerousness to the public unless the record also establishes something in the prisoner's pre- or postincarceration history, or his or her current demeanor and mental state, indicates that the implications regarding the prisoner's dangerousness that derive from his or her commission of the commitment offense remain probative of the statutory determination of a continuing threat to public safety." 44 Cal.4th at 1214, 82 Cal.Rptr.3d 169, 190 P.3d 535; Hayward, 603 F.3d at 562; Cooke, 606 F.3d at 1214. Petitioner had no criminal history and a virtually impeccable post-incarceration record, as described above. There was no evidence suggesting current dangerousness in petitioner's demeanor, which was remorseful, or his mental state, which was found by the Board and the examining psychologists not to present a threat of danger to the public if petitioner were released (Pet. Exh. 2 at 35-38, 58-59). In addition, the commitment offense was remote in time and committed under circumstances unlikely to recur, and petitioner had served substantially more time than his base term. Consequently, California's "some evidence" requirement as explained by Lawrence was not met in this case simply by the aggravated circumstances of the commitment offense, and the state court, in upholding the Governor's denial of parole based solely on that offense, unreasonably applied the "some evidence" requirement.
Pursuant to the standard announced in Hayward entitling a petitioner to habeas relief if the state court unreasonably applied California's "some evidence" requirement in upholding the Governor's denial of parole, the petition for a writ of habeas corpus in this case will be granted. See Hayward, 603 F.3d at 563 (citing 28 U.S.C. 2254(d)(1)); see also Cooke, 606 F.3d at 1215-16 (granting petition under Hayward where parole denial rested solely on commitment because that was not a reasonable application of California's "some evidence" standard).
The petition for a writ of habeas corpus is
The clerk shall enter judgment and close the file.
