SAUNDRA BROWN ARMSTRONG, District Judge.
Plaintiff Ecological Rights Foundation ("Plaintiff") brings the instant action against Defendants Pacific Gas and Electric ("PG & E") and Pacific Bell Telephone ("Pacific Bell") alleging that their wooden utility and telephone poles, respectively,
PG & E is an electrical utility and Pacific Bell is a telephone service provider, which operate in Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin and San Francisco Counties. SAC ¶ 12. Both use wooden poles ("Pole" or "Poles") which suspend power and/or communications wires as part of their operations in the aforementioned areas. Id. The Poles are pressure-treated with an oil-pentachlorophenol preservative mixture. Id.; see also Showalter Decl. Ex. A at 69646, Dkt. 52-2. According to Plaintiff, over time, rain causes this mixture to leak "onto whatever surface the Pole contacts." Id. ¶ 13. In addition, the chemical mixture "oozes" to the surface and "is washed off the Pole by rainwater," thereby contaminating the San Francisco Bay, its tributaries and adjacent wetlands. Id.
On June 4, 2009, Plaintiff, a non-profit public benefit corporation that focuses on ameliorating toxic pollution, sent PG & E a letter entitled Notice of Violations of Federal Law and Notice of Intent to Begin Citizen Enforcement Action. Showalter Decl. Ex. B. The letter advised PG & E of its alleged violations of the CWA and RCRA caused by the use of the oil-pentachlorophenol mixture on Poles "located in San Francisco, Alameda, Contra Costa, and Marin Counties. . . ." Id. at 6. The letter included a non-exhaustive list of Poles in dispute and dates of the alleged violations. Id. (Exs. A-C to letter).
On August 13, 2009, Plaintiff commenced the instant action against PG & E alleging two claims for relief based on violations of the CWA. Dkt. 1. Plaintiff filed a First Amended Complaint ("FAC") against PG & E on September 13, 2009, which added a RCRA claim. Dkt. 7. Before PG & E's response to the FAC was due, Plaintiff served a second notice letter, dated October 14, 2009, on PG & E and various others, identical in substance to the June 4 letter. Showalter Decl. Ex. C at 2 & n. 1. PG & E and the other entities were alleged to be members of the Northern California Joint Pole Agreement ("JPA"). Id. By letter, dated January 5, 2010, Plaintiff sent a third notice to over ninety parties, including PG & E and Pacific Bell. Id. Ex. C.
On February 4, 2010, PG & E filed a Motion to Dismiss First Amended Complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1). Dkt. 26. Among other things, PG & E argued that Plaintiff's June 2009 notice was deficient because it did not specify the location of each Pole at issue. In its order denying PG & E's motion to dismiss, the Court found that PG & E had failed to cite any authority requiring that particular level of specificity. See Ecological Rights Found. v. Pac. Gas & Elec., C 09-3704 SBA, 2010 WL 1881595, at *3 (N.D.Cal. May 10, 2010). To the contrary, the Court found that "Plaintiff has provided more than sufficient information for PG & E to ascertain which poles are involved in this action." Id.
Both Pacific Bell and PG & E have now filed separate, albeit largely identical motions to dismiss. Dkt. 49, 52. As a threshold matter, PG & E again contends that the Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction on the ground that Plaintiff's notice letters are deficient. In addition, both Defendants challenge the legal sufficiency of each of Plaintiff's three claims for relief. In particular, they contend Plaintiff's claims under the CWA fail on the grounds that there is no discharge from a "point source," and because the alleged discharges are not associated with "industrial activity." Finally, Defendants argue that Plaintiff's third claim under RCRA fails on the ground that Plaintiff has not alleged the disposal of a "solid waste" as required by the statute. The Court addresses each of these issues in turn.
A complaint may be dismissed under Rule 12(b)(1) for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. "A jurisdictional challenge. . . may be made either on the face of the pleadings or by presenting extrinsic evidence." Warren v. Fox Family Worldwide, Inc., 328 F.3d 1136, 1139 (9th Cir. 2003). In a "facial" challenge, the court assumes the truth of plaintiff's factual allegations and draws all reasonable inferences in its favor. Doe v. Holy See, 557 F.3d 1066, 1073 (9th Cir.2009). In the case of a "speaking" motion, the court is not restricted to the face of the pleadings and "may review any evidence, such as affidavits and testimony, to resolve factual disputes concerning the existence of jurisdiction." McCarthy v. United States, 850 F.2d 558, 560 (9th Cir.1988). In that case, "[i]t then becomes necessary for the party opposing the motion to present affidavits or any other evidence necessary to satisfy its burden of establishing that the court, in fact, possesses subject matter jurisdiction." Colwell v. Dept. of Health and Human Servs., 558 F.3d 1112, 1121 (9th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). However, a facial attack need not be converted to a speaking motion where "the additional facts considered by the court are contained in materials of which the court may take judicial notice." Barron v. Reich, 13 F.3d 1370, 1377 (9th Cir.1994) (citation omitted). "Once challenged, the party asserting subject matter jurisdiction has the burden of proving its existence." Rattlesnake Coalition v. EPA, 509 F.3d 1095, 1102 n. 1 (9th Cir.2007).
A complaint may be dismissed under Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim if the plaintiff fails to state a cognizable legal theory, or has not alleged sufficient facts to support a cognizable legal theory. Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep't, 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir.1988). A complaint must allege "enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face," Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007), and "give the defendant fair notice of what . . . the claim is and the grounds upon which it rests," Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 93, 127 S.Ct. 2197, 167 L.Ed.2d 1081 (2007) (internal quotation marks omitted). The Court "accept[s] as true all well-pleaded allegations of material fact, and construe[s] them in the light most favorable to the non-moving party." Daniels-Hall v. Nat'l Educ.
The CWA and RCRA allow "citizen suits" against alleged polluters, provided that the plaintiff has first provided specific notice of the violation to the responsible party and the relevant agencies. The CWA requires sixty days notice, 33 U.S.C. § 1365(b), while RCRA requires ninety days notice, 42 U.S.C. § 6972(b). The requisite contents of the notice are set forth in regulations promulgated by the Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA"). The CWA regulations provide that:
40 C.F.R. § 135.3(a). RCRA's notice provision is worded almost identically. 40 C.F.R. § 254.3(a). The purposes of the notice requirement are to provide an alleged violator with the opportunity to negotiate a resolution to the dispute, and to afford state and federal agencies the opportunity to enforce their laws and regulations. See Wash. Trout v. McCain Foods, Inc., 45 F.3d 1351, 1354 (9th Cir.1995). Compliance with these notice provisions is a jurisdictional prerequisite to filing suit. Id. at 1354-55.
PG & E first argues that Plaintiff's notice letters are deficient because they do not specifically identify the location of each Pole. As PG & E concedes, however, the Court previously considered and rejected this contention in its Order denying PG & E's motion to dismiss the FAC. See Ecological Rights Found., 2010 WL 1881595, at *3.
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972, now known as the Clean Water Act, is a "comprehensive water quality statute designed `to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Nation's waters.'" PUD No. 1 of Jefferson Cnty. v. Wash. Dept. of Ecology, 511 U.S. 700, 704, 114 S.Ct. 1900, 128 L.Ed.2d 716 (1994) (quoting 33 U.S.C. § 1251(a)). Among the Act's goals is to eliminate "the discharge of pollutants into the navigable waters" of the United States. 33 U.S.C. § 1251(a)(1). To that end, "[t]he CWA generally prohibits the `discharge of any pollutant,' . . . from a `point source' into the navigable waters of the United States." Defenders of Wildlife v. Browner, 191 F.3d 1159, 1163 (9th Cir.1999) (emphasis added, citations omitted). A party seeking to discharge pollutants into navigable waters must first obtain a permit to do so pursuant to the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System ("NPDES"), as set forth in section 402 of the CWA. See 33 U.S.C. § 1342(a); S. Fl. Water Mgmt. Dist. v. Miccosukee Tribe of Indians, 541 U.S. 95, 102, 124 S.Ct. 1537, 158 L.Ed.2d 264 (2004). "The NPDES permitting program is the `centerpiece' of the Clean Water Act and the primary method for enforcing the effluent and water-quality standards established by the EPA and state governments." Nat. Res. Defense Council, Inc. v. Cnty. of Los Angeles, 636 F.3d 1235, 1245 (9th Cir. 2011).
The CWA distinguishes between point and nonpoint sources. See Or. Natural Desert Ass'n v. U.S. Forest Serv., 550 F.3d 778, 780 (9th Cir.2008) ("The CWA's disparate treatment of discharges from point sources and nonpoint sources is an organizational paradigm of the Act."). A point source is defined as "any discernible, confined and discrete conveyance, including but not limited to any pipe, ditch, channel, tunnel, conduit, well, discrete fissure, container, rolling stock, concentrated animal feeding operation, or vessel or other floating craft, from which pollutants are or may be discharged." 33 U.S.C. § 1362(14) (emphasis added). All other sources of pollution are characterized as "nonpoint sources." See Or. Natural Res. Council v. U.S. Forest Serv., 834 F.2d 842, 849 n. 9 (9th Cir.1987). An NPDES permit is required for discharges from point sources, but not for nonpoint sources. See League of Wilderness Defenders v. Forsgren, 309 F.3d 1181, 1183 (9th Cir.2002) ("Point source pollution is distinguished from `nonpoint source pollution,' which is regulated in a different way and does not require [an NPDES] type of permit.").
Originally, the EPA attempted to exempt stormwater discharges from the NPDES program; however, in 1977, the EPA's exemptions were found unlawful. See Natural Res. Def. Council v. Costle, 568 F.2d 1369, 1379 (D.C.Cir.1977).
In its first claim for relief, Plaintiff contends that Defendants violated the CWA, 33 U.S.C. § 1311(a), by discharging chemical pollutants without an NPDES permit authorizing "storm water pollutant discharges from the Poles into the waters of the United States." SAC ¶ 46. Similarly, in its second claim, Plaintiff alleges that Defendants "[failed] to apply for and obtain an NPDES permit" in violation of the CWA and its implementing regulations. Id. ¶ 54. The threshold issue central to both claims is whether the Poles qualify as a point source subject to the Act.
Plaintiffs and Defendants each cite the Ninth Circuit's decision in Brown in support of their respective positions. In Brown, the Ninth Circuit held that rainwater runoff flowing from "logging roads [which] were designed and constructed with systems of ditches, culverts, and channels that collect and convey stormwater runoff" qualified as a "point source discharge for which an NPDES permit is required." 617 F.3d at 1179, 1198. In reaching this conclusion, the court focused on the manner in which the pollutants make their way into the waterway. The court explained that "[storm water run off] is a nonpoint or point source under § 502(14) depending on whether it is allowed to run off naturally (and is thus a nonpoint source) or is collected, channeled, and discharged through a system of ditches, culverts, channels, and similar conveyances (and is thus a point source discharge)." Id. at 1182 (emphasis added).
Applying the distinction between point and nonpoint discharges, as summarized above, the Brown court acknowledged that pollution left on a roadway (i.e., rubber tire residue, copper dust from brake linings, etc.) which makes its way into waterways naturally when it rains presents a case of "nonpoint source pollution." Id. at 1182. Conversely, storm water which runs off from a surface is a point source discharge "when it is channeled and controlled through a `discernable, confined and discrete conveyance' in a system of ditches, culverts, and channels." Id. at 1190 (emphasis added). In the case of the logging roads at issue, the court emphasized that they were "designed and constructed with systems of ditches, culverts, and channels that collect and convey stormwater runoff" into adjacent rivers. Id. at 1179. Because the logging roads were designed and constructed specifically to work in tandem with these drainage systems, the stormwater runoff from the road qualified as a
Here, the pleadings allege that rain causes the oil-pentachlorophenol mixture to wash off of the Poles, and that contaminated rainwater is then "carried by storm water runoff . . . from the Poles to San Francisco Bay, its tributaries and adjacent wetlands." SAC ¶ 13. These allegations, accepted as true, fail to establish a point source discharge actionable under the CWA. Unlike the logging roads at issue in Brown which were connected to a drainage system specifically designed and constructed to work the roads, the chemical pollutants are alleged to wash off the Poles and to eventually make their way to the San Francisco Bay through natural means that are separate and distinct from the Poles. That distinction is critical. "Stormwater that is not collected or channeled and then discharged, but rather runs off and dissipates in a natural and unimpeded manner, is not a discharge from a point source as defined by § 502(14)." Brown, 617 F.3d at 1181 (emphasis added); see also Greater Yellowstone Coal. v. Lewis, 628 F.3d 1143, 1153 (9th Cir.2010) ("The text of § 401 [of the CWA] and the case law are clear that some type of collection or channeling is required to classify an activity as a point source."); Trustees for Alaska v. EPA, 749 F.2d 549, 558 (9th Cir.1984) ("[P]oint and nonpoint sources are not distinguished by the kind of pollution they create or by the activity causing the pollution, but rather by whether the pollution reaches the water through a confined, discrete conveyance."). Thus, the Court concludes that Plaintiff has failed to state a claim under 33 U.S.C. §§ 1311(a) or 1342.
"RCRA's primary purpose . . . is to reduce the generation of hazardous waste and to ensure the proper treatment, storage, and disposal of that waste which is nonetheless generated, `so as to minimize the present and future threat to human health and the environment.'" Meghrig v. KFC W., Inc., 516 U.S. 479, 483, 116 S.Ct. 1251, 134 L.Ed.2d 121 (1996) (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 6902(b)). To further this goal, § 7002 of RCRA permits "any person" to bring a civil action against "any person . . . who has contributed or who is contributing to the past or present handling, storage, treatment, transportation, or disposal of any solid or hazardous waste which may present an imminent and substantial endangerment to health or the environment.. . ." 42 U.S.C. § 6972(a)(1)(B) (emphasis added). "Hazardous waste" is defined as "a solid waste, or combination of solid wastes, which . . . may . . . pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human health or the environment when improperly treated, stored, transported, or disposed of, or otherwise managed." 42 U.S.C. § 6903(5)(B) (emphasis added).
The salient issue presented is whether the chemical preservatives used on the Poles qualify as "solid waste" within the meaning of RCRA. The term "solid waste" is statutorily defined as "discarded material." 42 U.S.C. § 6903(27).
In its pleadings, Plaintiff alleges that solid waste is disposed of into the environment when the chemical preservatives "leak, spill and drip from the Poles" due to rain, and when "[d]ust impregnated [with the chemicals] . . . is blown into the air during dry seasons." SAC ¶¶ 19, 2. Plaintiff theorizes that once the chemicals leave the Poles, they no longer are being "used" by Defendant and thus should be deemed to be "disposed of" by them. Pl.'s Opp'n to Pac. Bell Mot. at 21, Dkt. 66. The flaw in Plaintiff's theory of disposal is that in this case, there is no allegation that Defendants engaged in any conduct that resulted in the discharge of the chemical preservatives. To the contrary, Plaintiff merely alleges that the purported contamination is the result of natural forces— namely, rain and wind. See SAC ¶¶ 19, 2. Such allegations, on their face, are insufficient to establish that Defendants engaged in the "disposal" of hazardous waste under § 6972(a)(1)(B).
Plaintiff maintains that "[t]he passive spilling or leaking of materials from a place of containment into the environment constitutes `disposal' of solid waste." Pl.'s Opp'n at 21, Dkt. 66 (emphasis added). As support, Plaintiff cites Zands v. Nelson, 779 F.Supp. 1254 (S.D.Cal.1991), which found that "leakage of gasoline from an underground storage tank can create a cause of action under section 6972(a)(1)(B)." Id. at 1261. In reaching that conclusion, the court reasoned that once gasoline leaks out of the tank and contaminates the soil, it no longer is "useful"—and hence, becomes "discarded material" within the meaning of RCRA. Id. at 1262. "As a result, it must be said that the gasoline has been abandoned via the leakage (even if unintentional) into the soil." Id. But Zands is inapposite for at least two reasons. First, Zands was decided prior to Safe Air which, as discussed, implicitly rejects the notion that the hazardous material can be "discarded" without any action by the defendant. Safe Air, 373 F.3d at 1042; cf., Sycamore Indus. Park Assocs. v. Ericsson, Inc., 546 F.3d 847, 853-54 (7th Cir.2008) ("By definition, the phrase `has contributed or is contributing' requires affirmative action. The vast majority of courts that have considered this issue read RCRA to require affirmative action rather than merely passive conduct. . . .").
At bottom, the Court finds that liability under RCRA § 7002 does not attach based on the "discharge" of chemical preservatives from the Poles attributable to natural forces, such as rain and wind. Were the Court to accept Plaintiff's interpretation of "discarded material," virtually any owner of any building or structure—from fences to park benches to houses—would be subject to liability. Such a result is clearly well beyond what Congress intended in enacting RCRA. Accordingly, the Court grants Defendants' motion to dismiss Plaintiff's third claim for relief.
Plaintiff has failed to allege any cognizable violations of the CWA or RCRA. Because Plaintiff's theory of liability under the CWA and RCRA cannot be rectified by further amendment to the pleadings, the claims alleged in the SAC are dismissed without leave to amend. Accordingly,
IT IS HEREBY ORDERED THAT Defendants' motions to dismiss are GRANTED. The Clerk shall close the file and terminate any pending matters. Judgment shall be entered in favor of Defendants.
IT IS SO ORDERED.