EDWARD M. CHEN, District Judge.
Pending before the Court is Defendants' motion to strike Plaintiff Barnes & Noble's ("BN") affirmative defenses. Docket No. 71. After considering the parties' submissions and oral argument, the Court hereby enters the following order.
Plaintiffs BN and BN.com are manufacturers and sellers of the Nook e-reader. On June 6, 2011, Plaintiffs filed this declaratory judgment action for non-infringement of patents related to Nook's 3G, WiFi, and audio technology. Docket No. 1. The operative First Amended Complaint ("FAC") alleges non-infringement and invalidity of eleven patents held by Defendants LSI and Agere. Docket No. 25. Defendants moved to dismiss Plaintiffs'
Docket No. 66 ("P's Answer"). Defendants now move to strike Plaintiffs' third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and eighth affirmative defenses.
Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(b)(1), a party is required to "state in short and plain terms its defenses to each claim asserted against it." Fed.R.Civ.P. 8(b)(1). The purpose of such a requirement is to give the plaintiff fair notice of the defense. Wyshak v. City Nat'l Bank, 607 F.2d 824, 827 (9th Cir.1979). Under Rule 12(f), "[a] court may strike from a pleading an insufficient defense or any redundant, immaterial, impertinent, or scandalous matter." Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(f). Most courts have held that the Ashcroft/Twombly pleading standards apply to affirmative defenses, such that they must state a plausible claim for relief. See, e.g., Barnes v. AT & T Pension Ben. Plan-Nonbargained Program, 718 F.Supp.2d 1167, 1171-72 (N.D.Cal.2010) (Patel, J.) ("While neither the Ninth Circuit nor any other Circuit Courts of Appeals has ruled on this issue, the vast majority of courts presented with the issue have extended Twombly's heightened pleading standard to affirmative defenses."); J & J Sports Productions, Inc. v. Mendoza-Govan, No. C 10-05123 WHA, 2011 WL 1544886, at *1 (N.D.Cal. Apr. 25, 2011) ("Twombly's heightened pleading standard applies to affirmative defenses."); Bottoni v. Sallie Mae, Inc., No. C 10-03602 LB, 2011 WL 3678878, at *1 (N.D.Cal. Aug. 22, 2011) ("[C]ourts in this district consistently have applied the Twombly-Iqbal pleading standard to the pleading of affirmative defenses, requiring a defendant to allege enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.").
Aside from insufficiency, "[i]mmaterial matter is that which has no essential or important relationship to the claim for relief or the defenses being pleaded." Fantasy, Inc. v. Fogerty, 984 F.2d 1524, 1527 (9th Cir.1993) (internal quotation marks omitted), overruled on other grounds, Fogerty v. Fantasy, Inc., 510 U.S. 517, 114 S.Ct. 1023, 127 L.Ed.2d 455 (1994). As indicated by the language of the rule, "`[t]he function of a 12(f) motion to strike is to avoid the expenditure of time and money that must arise from litigating spurious issues by dispensing with those issues prior to trial....'" Id. When ruling
Plaintiffs argue that the Twombly/Iqbal standard should not apply to affirmative defenses. See Opp. at 2 & n. 1. Plaintiffs contend that there is no reason to subject them to a heightened pleading requirement at such an early stage of the litigation, when Defendants can explore the bases for their affirmative defense through discovery. See Opp. at 4; see also Saeedi v. M.R.S. Associates, Inc., No. C 07-01584(RS), 2007 WL 1875975, at *1 (N.D.Cal. Jun. 28, 2007) ("No rule or policy weighs against requiring Saeedi to use the discovery process to explore what, if any, factual and evidentiary basis M.R.S. may have to support th[e] averment [that it acted according to a bona fide error].").
On the other hand, there is much uncertainty as to the applicability of Twombly and Iqbal to patent litigation generally, at least where, as here, the local rules prescribe a detailed process requiring prompt disclosure of specific bases for claims and defenses. See, e.g., ASUSTeK Computer Inc. v. AFTG-TG LLC, No. 5:CV 11-00192-EJD, 2011 WL 6845791, at *13 (N.D.Cal. Dec. 29, 2011) ("[R]equiring a heightened pleading of invalidity would circumvent this Court's Patent Local Rules which require detailed disclosures as to invalidity contentions soon after the suit is filed."); Xilinx, Inc. v. Invention Inv. Fund I LP, No. C 11-0671 SI, 2011 WL 3206686, at *6 (N.D.Cal. July 27, 2011) (noting examples of conflict between local rules and Twombly/Iqbal in certain circumstances, but finding that a "bare-bones recitation of statutes does not meet the requirements of Twombly and Iqbal and does not put defendants on notice of the basis of Xilinx's claims of invalidity").
Moreover, Plaintiffs' cite Vistan, in which the court concluded that detailed affirmative defenses were unnecessary where, as here, the opposing party had not yet identified which claims of the patents-in-suit were allegedly infringed. Vistan Corp. v. Fadei USA, Inc., No. C-10-4862 JCS, 2011 WL 1544796, at *7 (N.D.Cal. Apr. 25, 2011) ("These affirmative defenses, while boilerplate, are standard affirmative defenses, appropriate at the outset of the case before discovery has commenced."). It is unreasonable to expect a party to detail affirmative defenses which depend on the nature of the infringement claims when such claims are not detailed in the complaint or counterclaim. What is good for the goose's complaint should be good for the gander's answer.
Therefore, the Court will address each disputed defense below, keeping in mind the fact that Defendants have yet to reveal which claims of each patent they allege is
Defendants argue that Plaintiffs fail to plead facts sufficient to state a claim for relief under any of their grounds for unenforceability, which include "estoppel, fraud, waiver, implied waiver, unclean hands, patent exhaustion, implied license, and/or other equitable doctrines." P's Answer ¶ 93. Specifically, Defendants raise the following arguments:
Defendants argue that Plaintiffs fail to plead facts sufficient to impute the acts of Lucent, a predecessor entity, to Defendants. Plaintiffs allege that based "[o]n information and belief supported by publicly available documents," Lucent is a predecessor-in-interest to LSI/Agere. See, e.g., P's Answer at 15 ¶ 11, 20 ¶ 60. Plaintiffs' third affirmative defense of unenforceability includes numerous factual allegations of misconduct by Lucent, including misrepresentations to, and failure to follow the disclosure rules of, various standard-setting organizations ("SSOs") of which Lucent (and, in certain cases, Defendants) were members. Specifically, Plaintiffs allege that Lucent "intentionally and knowingly made material misrepresentations and/or omissions in connection with standards-setting organizations," e.g., by failing to report that certain of its patents — now implicated in this suit — were applicable or essential to the proposed standards those SSOs later adopted. See, e.g., FAC ¶¶ 35-40.
Defendants claim these allegations are insufficient to connect them to any conduct by Lucent. While not entirely clear, Defendants appear to be making a two-part argument: (1) that Plaintiffs have not alleged facts sufficient to demonstrate that Lucent was a predecessor-in-interest; and (2) that, even assuming Lucent is a predecessor, its conduct may not be imputed to Defendants for purposes of Plaintiffs' defenses. Plaintiffs respond that in the context of their defenses, any conduct by a predecessor patentee is imputed to the subsequent assignee. Plaintiffs also claim they have adequately alleged that Lucent was a predecessor-in-interest. Accordingly, Plaintiffs argue, Lucent's conduct may be imputed to Defendants.
With respect to the first part of Defendants' argument, Defendants cite to Palestini for the proposition that merely alleging on information and belief that an entity is a successor in interest is insufficient. See Reply at 10 (citing Palestini v. Homecomings Fin., LLC, 2010 WL 3339459, at *2 (S.D.Cal. Aug. 23, 2010)) ("Plaintiffs assert that they are `informed and believe, and thereon allege, that GMAC has assumed ownership and control of Homecomings and is liable for Homecomings' acts and omissions as a successor in interest.' ... Plaintiffs' allegations that GMAC has assumed "ownership and control" over Homecomings appear to be based on pure speculation and do not appear to be based on facts."). However, Palestini is not directly on point because it does not address patent law or the imputation of conduct from assignors to assignees of a patent. Moreover, Plaintiffs' allegation is supported by a judicially-noticeable SEC filing from Agere explaining that Lucent
As for the second part of their argument, Defendants claim that Lucent's conduct may not be imputed to them because its conduct does not run with the patent. Defendants rely primarily on Vizio, Inc. v. Funai Elec. Co. Ltd., No. 09-0174, 2010 WL 7762624 (C.D.Cal. Feb. 3, 2010), an antitrust case in which the court considered the relevance of a predecessor patent-holder's membership in an SSO and commitment to that SSO to license its patent on a FRAND
Vizio is inappositive. Vizio does not resolve the question at issue here because it does not consider patent law or any defenses to the enforceability of a patent. Rather it concerned culpability and liability for an anti-trust violation. Imposing liability for tort-like conduct of a predecessor is an entirely different proposition than assessing the validity and enforceability of a property right obtained from a predecessor. Vizio says nothing about the issue presented here. The case at bar involves property rights other than liability for tortious personal conduct at issue in Vizio.
In contrast to Vizio, there are a number of cases that are more on point suggest that Lucent's conduct may be imputed to Defendants for at least some theories of unenforceability of patent rights, including laches, estoppel, and inequitable conduct. See Eastman Kodak Co. v. Goodyear Tire, & Rubber Co., 114 F.3d 1547, 1559 (Fed. Cir.1997) ("Zimmer's actions prior to the assignment of the patent rights are imputed to Eastman. A patentee cannot avoid the consequences of his laches by transferring the patent."), abrogated on other grounds by Cybor Corp. v. FAS Technologies, Inc., 138 F.3d 1448 (Fed.Cir.1998); Teradyne, Inc. v. Hewlett-Packard Co., No. C-91-0344 MHP, 1994 WL 327213, at *3-7 (N.D.Cal. June 24, 1994) (treating allegedly misleading conduct of Zehntel, predecessor entity to Teradyne, as equivalent to Teradyne's conduct for purposes of equitable estoppel defense to patent infringement claim); In re Novon Int'l., Inc.,
Defendants attempt to distinguish these cases on three bases. First, Defendants assert that cases holding that certain rights (e.g., licenses) run with the patent, such as In re Novon, do not apply here because, unlike in Novon, here there was and is no license between the parties. In re Novon, 2000 WL 432848 at *5. However, Plaintiffs' unenforceability defenses do not rest solely on the scope of an express or implied license. Instead, their allegations rest on theories of misrepresentation and reliance, independent of any license agreement. More importantly, Novon states that not only licensing agreements, but also any of "the patentee's previous acts" that have "legal consequences," flow to the new assignee of a patent. Id. at *5. Novon is thus broader than Defendants acknowledge and covers more than licensing agreements alone. Furthermore, it defies logic to suggest that where a predecessor's conduct renders a patent unenforceable, the successor's rights are enlarged so long as patent rights are transferred by a mechanism other than a license.
Defendants further assert that the inequitable conduct cases are inapposite to Plaintiffs' allegations of standards-setting misconduct because "inequitable conduct concerns fraud committed by persons owing a duty of candor to the USPTO
Finally, Defendants argue that the laches and equitable estoppel cases to which Plaintiffs cite — namely, Eastman and Teradyne — are distinguishable because both Eastman and Teradyne involve defenses that are "personal in nature and do not run with the conveyance of a patent" because they "involve conduct directed towards a known defendant." Reply at 11. However, such a rationale does not appear in either Eastman or Teradyne and it is not clear how such a distinction is salient. While laches is, in some sense, inherently "personal" insofar as it requires an inquiry into when a patentee knew (or should have known) of a particular defendant's infringement, see Eastman, 114 F.3d at 1559, nothing in Eastman suggests that a defense such as laches could not apply in the context of, e.g., a patentee's public conduct indicating that it would not enforce a patent as against a category of entities practicing an SSO-adopted standard. See id. (describing the two elements of laches as requiring the following: "First, Goodyear must prove that Eastman [or its predecessor] delayed filing suit an unreasonable and inexcusable length of time. Second, Goodyear must also prove that the delay caused it prejudice or injury") (citing A.C. Aukerman Co. v. R.L. Chaides Constr. Co., 960 F.2d 1020, 1032 (Fed.Cir.1992) (en banc)). In addition, equitable estoppel need not involve "personal" conduct between the parties. Compare Teradyne, 1994 WL 327213 at *3-7 (considering patentee's and predecessor's allegedly misleading conduct toward defendant for purposes of equitable estoppel analysis), with Stambler, 1988 WL 95479 at *6 (finding equitable estoppel based in part on patentee's misleading failure to inform an SSO that certain standards infringed its patent). Neither Eastman nor Teradyne based its finding that a predecessor's conduct was imputed to the current patentee on the fact that the predecessor had directly engaged with the defendant. Rather, the courts simply considered the patentee's and its predecessor's conduct together to determine whether such conduct satisfied the elements of the relevant defenses. Defendants' argument is therefore unpersuasive.
Defendants' motion to strike Plaintiffs' affirmative defenses insofar as they are based on Lucent's conduct (and not Defendants') is
Defendants next contend that Plaintiffs fail to sufficiently plead the elements of each theory of unenforceability raised. Plaintiffs acknowledged in their briefing and at oral argument that this defense does not apply to the Multimedia Patents ('730 and '091). See Opp. at 14 n. 3.
To make out a fraud claim, Plaintiffs must demonstrate the following elements: "(1) a misrepresentation (false representation, concealment, or nondisclosure); (2) knowledge of falsity (or scienter); (3) intent to defraud, i.e., to induce
As a preliminary matter, one issue the parties have failed to address is whether Ninth Circuit or Federal Circuit law controls in determining whether Plaintiffs' allegations satisfy the Rule 9(b) standards for alleging fraud. "[T]he Federal Circuit [] review[s] procedural matters, that are not unique to patent issues, under the law of the particular regional circuit court where appeals from the district court would normally lie." Panduit Corp. v. All States Plastic Mfg. Co., 744 F.2d 1564, 1574-75 (Fed.Cir.1984), overruled on other grounds by Richardson-Merrell Inc. v. Koller, 472 U.S. 424, 105 S.Ct. 2757, 86 L.Ed.2d 340 (1985); see also Bose Corp. v. JBL, Inc., 274 F.3d 1354, 1360 (Fed.Cir. 2001) ("We apply regional circuit law to procedural questions that are not themselves substantive patent law issues so long as they do not: (1) pertain to patent law; (2) bear an essential relationship to matters committed to our exclusive control by statute; or (3) clearly implicate the jurisprudential responsibilities of this court in a field within its exclusive jurisdiction.") (internal citations and quotations omitted); Flex-Foot, Inc. v. CRP, Inc., 238 F.3d 1362, 1365 (Fed.Cir.2001) ("[W]e will apply our own law to both substantive and procedural issues `intimately involved in the substance of enforcement of the patent right'" (citation omitted)).
The Federal Circuit has expressly held that its law controls over the question of whether inequitable conduct has been pleaded with particularity under Rule 9(b).
On the other hand, both BP Lubricants and Exergen are distinguishable on the basis that they consider fraud claims specific to the patent context, inequitable conduct and false marking. By contrast, in this case Plaintiffs raise a general fraud defense, which would suggest that Ninth Circuit law should control on the question of what constitutes sufficient pleading. Indeed, the elements of their fraud claim do not derive from any patent-specific context; both parties cite to California law for the elements of fraud. See Mot. at 6; Opp. at 7. The sufficiency of Plaintiffs' allegations do not appear to be unique to patent issues, as they merely concern what level of detail Plaintiffs' must include in their pleadings. However, given the broad language in BP Lubricants, the Court will refer to both Ninth Circuit and Federal Circuit law where necessary in the following sections.
Defendants first contend that Plaintiffs have failed to identify any false or misleading statements or omissions and have failed to explain why they were misleading or false. Mot. at 7. However, Plaintiffs' answer identifies numerous misrepresentations Defendants and Lucent allegedly made to SSOs related to the patents-in-suit. Plaintiffs identify specific individual employees of Defendants and Lucent who attended specific SSO meetings; they also identify specific statements that they allege were false or misleading, or omissions they say those persons intentionally made. See, e.g., P's Answer at 18 ¶ 30-20 ¶ 46 (setting forth who allegedly attended IEEE meetings, the dates on which those meetings took place and their location, and the allegedly false statements made by those present at the meetings that no patents were related to the standards under consideration); id. at 23 ¶ 78-25 ¶ 87 (setting forth who allegedly attended ETSI
While Defendants may dispute the falsity of their statements (and, as discussed more below, the scope of their duty to disclose), these allegations are sufficient at this stage to render Plaintiffs' claims plausible and give Defendants particularized notice of the allegedly misleading statements and omissions. Cf. Central Admixture Pharmacy Svcs., 482 F.3d at 1356-57 (finding allegation that "patentee failed to disclose all of the relevant prior art known to it" insufficient because it did not "identify what relevant and undisclosed prior art was known to the patentee"). Some of Defendants' qualms are more suited to a factual inquiry and further development after discovery. For example, the parties seem to dispute whether the date of the patents' issuance or the date of its application is relevant for purposes of determining whether Defendants made false statements to the SSOs; this is relevant because many of the patent applications were filed before the allegedly false statements but the patents were issued after those statements. Compare, e.g., Mot. at 10 ("The Answer on file in this Action shows that the '182 Patent was issued on January 19, 1999."), with P's Answer at 15 ¶ 6 ("The '182 patent issued from Application No. 08/688,574, filed on June 30, 1996."), and id. ¶¶ 29-46 (alleging fraudulent conduct occurring in the spring and summer of 1998, after the '182 patent application was filed but before the patent was issued). The parties also dispute whether Defendants' alleged standards-setting misconduct would render certain continuation patents unenforceable because they refer back to the original patents Defendants allegedly failed to disclose, even though Defendants did not actually apply for these continuation patents until after the alleged misconduct. See, e.g., P's Answer at 15 ¶ 10 (listing a patent for which an application was filed in 2006 as among the patents rendered unenforceable due to previous misconduct before the IEEE because it referred back to a previous patent). At this stage of the litigation, resolving these disputes without factual development and context would be premature.
Where a fraud claim is based on the omission of information, a party must generally demonstrate that there was a duty to disclose such information. See Chamberlan v. Ford Motor Co., 369 F.Supp.2d 1138, 1144 (N.D.Cal.2005) ("To establish a fraud tort claim based on failure to disclose a material fact, a plaintiff must prove, among other things, the existence of a duty of reasonable care and an intentional breach of that duty") (citing LiMandri v. Judkins, 52 Cal.App.4th 326, 336, 60 Cal.Rptr.2d 539 (1997)). The exception to this rule is where a party volunteers information, in which case "the telling of a half-truth calculated to deceive is fraud." Vega v. Jones, Day, Reavis & Pogue, 121 Cal.App.4th 282, 292, 17 Cal.Rptr.3d 26 (2004) ("Even where no duty to disclose would otherwise exist, where one does speak he must speak the whole truth to the end that he does not conceal any facts which materially qualify those stated.") (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).
A duty to disclose may arise out of membership in an SSO. See Rambus Inc. v. Infineon Technologies Ag, 318 F.3d 1081, 1096 (Fed.Cir.2003); Qualcomm Inc. v. Broadcom Corp., 548 F.3d 1004, 1012 (Fed.Cir.2008). Plaintiffs allege that Defendants had a duty to disclose based on their membership in two SSOs, the IEEE
Moreover, as Plaintiffs point out, a disclosure duty may be implied by the conduct of the SSO and its members, not merely from the SSO's written policies. See Rambus, 318 F.3d at 1098 ("[T]his court finds no language-in the membership application or manual excerpts-expressly requiring members to disclose information.... Nevertheless, because JEDEC members treated the language of Appendix E as imposing a disclosure duty, this court likewise treats this language as imposing a disclosure duty."); Qualcomm, 548 F.3d at 1012 ("[T]o the extent the written [SSO] policies are ambiguous, we must determine whether the [SSO] participants understood the policies as imposing such obligations."). Plaintiffs allege that Defendants were present at certain SSO meetings at which the duty to disclose was explained. See P's Answer at 18 ¶¶ 32, 35; 24 ¶ 81; 25 ¶ 86. At this stage of the litigation, then, it would be premature to determine the full scope of the disclosure duty imposed on Defendants. See Qualcomm, 548 F.3d at 1012 ("[O]ne such factual underpinning [to the legal question of whether there is a duty to disclose] is the [SSO] participants' understanding of the meaning of the [SSO's] policies."). Rather, Plaintiffs' allegations that Defendants were members of the relevant SSOs, and that those SSOs required disclosure based on their policies and practices, are sufficient
Defendants argue that Plaintiffs have not sufficiently pled that the patents-in-suit are essential to the SSO standards, such that any of Defendants' statements to the contrary would be misleading or false. However, as Plaintiffs point out, Defendants themselves so plead in their counterclaims, as they use the fact that Plaintiffs practice certain SSO standards as the basis for their infringement claims. See Opp. at 10 (citing D's Answer ¶¶ 25-26, 37-38, 49-50, 61-62, 73-74, 85-86, 97-98, 109-110, 120-121). Thus, it is unclear why Plaintiffs would need to separately plead the essentiality of the patents to these standards, as the whole premise of their defense is to respond to Defendants' counterclaim allegations. Re-pleading facts the opposing party has already pled is not necessary to put Defendants on notice of Plaintiffs' defenses. See Baum v. Faith Technologies, Inc., No. 10-CV-0144 CVE TLW, 2010 WL 2365451, at *3 (N.D.Okla. June 9, 2010) ("The factual allegations contained in the complaint and answer are necessarily incorporated into a defendant's recitation of affirmative defenses. It would be absurd to require a defendant to re-plead every fact relevant to an affirmative defense.")
Defendants next contend that Plaintiffs have failed to sufficiently plead intent. Unlike the factual context of the alleged fraud, intent may be pleaded generally. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 9(b). In the instant case, Plaintiffs allege that Defendants, after knowing the disclosure requirements of the SSOs, intentionally misrepresented and concealed the fact that certain of their patents related to the standards those SSOs were considering so that the SSOs would adopt the standards Defendants proposed. See P's Answer at 20 ¶¶ 48-51 (alleging intentional and knowing misrepresentation to the IEEE in bad faith, with the intent to induce reliance); id. at 25 ¶¶ 87-89 (alleging same with respect to the ETSI/3GPP).
Although prevailing Ninth Circuit law permits a plaintiff to allege the mere existence of intent, the Federal Circuit requires parties to allege facts sufficient to raise the inference of intent. Compare Odom v. Microsoft Corp., 486 F.3d 541, 554 (9th Cir.2007) ("While the factual circumstances of the fraud itself must be alleged with particularity, the state of mind — or scienter — of the defendants may be alleged generally.") (citing In re GlenFed, Inc. Sec. Litig., 42 F.3d 1541, 1547 (9th Cir.1994) (en banc) ("We conclude that plaintiffs may aver scienter generally, just as the rule states — that is, simply by saying that scienter existed.") (emphasis added), superseded on other grounds as stated in Ronconi v. Larkin, 253 F.3d 423, 429 (9th Cir.2001)); Just Film, Inc. v. Merchant Services, Inc., No. C 10-1993 CW, 2011 WL 3809908, at *10 (N.D.Cal. Aug. 29, 2011) ("Scienter may be averred generally, simply by saying that it existed.") (citing GlenFed, 42 F.3d at 1547), with Exergen, 575 F.3d at 1327 ("Although `knowledge' and `intent' may be averred generally, our precedent, like that of several regional circuits, requires that the pleadings allege sufficient underlying facts from which a court may reasonably infer that a party acted with the requisite state of mind.").
Even under the Federal Circuit's more exacting standard, however, Plaintiffs' allegations are sufficient. For example, with respect to the WiFi Coding Patents at issue in the IEEE standards, Plaintiffs allege that three of the patent applications were filed before the relevant IEEE
Defendants also argue that Plaintiffs have failed to allege any intent to deceive Plaintiffs specifically. See Mot. at 14 (citing Shapiro v. Sutherland, 64 Cal.App.4th 1534, 1548, 76 Cal.Rptr.2d 101 (1998) ("[F]or a defendant to be liable for fraud, he or she must intend that a particular representation (or concealment) be relied upon by a specific person or persons.")). However, Plaintiffs have raised the reasonable inference that Defendants intended to deceive not only the SSO's specifically, but all entities that would adopt the SSO's standards and rely on the SSO's proceedings. Indeed, Plaintiffs state specifically that Defendants intended their communications "to be further communicated to the IEEE, its members, and others who rely on 802.11 activities, including the public and relevant third-parties." P's Answer at 20 ¶ 49. It is reasonable to infer that the "persons" to be deceived were those entities that relied on and were bound by the SSO's adopted standards, because deceiving the SSO on its own would have no value unless other entities relied on and adopted the SSO's standards. Further pleading clarity is not necessary on this point.
Finally, Defendants argue that Plaintiffs have failed to plead reliance. With respect to the IEEE's activities, Plaintiffs plead "on information and belief supported by publicly available documents, [that] the IEEE, its members, their successors, and customers throughout the supply chain who rely on 802.11 activities, including BN and relevant third-parties, reasonably and justifiably relied on the foregoing misrepresentations and/or omissions in adopting 802.11 standards and by investing substantial resources designing, developing, and marketing products accused of alleged infringement in this action." P's Answer at 20 ¶ 52. Plaintiffs' allegations regarding the ETSI/3GPP activities are similar. See id. at 25 ¶ 90.
While the Federal Circuit requires parties to explain the basis of their "information and belief," Exergen, 575 F.3d at 1330, Plaintiffs' detailed factual allegations throughout the unenforceability section of their answer (described above) provide the necessary context from which to infer reliance. For example, it is reasonable to infer reliance by the IEEE based on the IEEE's policies requiring disclosure and
Finally, Plaintiffs allege that they designed their products to comply with the relevant standards, see P's Answer at 20 ¶ 52; 25 ¶ 95. Although Plaintiffs do not provide additional detail as to how and when they knew of the relevant standards and Defendants' purportedly misleading statements, the allegation that they adopted the standards in question is sufficient to infer reliance on the propriety of the standards-setting process itself. See Stambler, 1988 WL 95479 at *5-6 (noting in the context of estoppel that an industry, by adopting an SSO's standard, has a reliance interest with respect to patentee's conduct before the SSO); Lucas Aerospace, Ltd. v. Unison Industries, L.P., 899 F.Supp. 1268, 1294 (D.Del.1995) (noting that reliance can be found based on misleading statements to an SSO "because once the industry standard was established, all members of the industry had to conform their purchases to that standard").
Accordingly, Defendants' motion to strike Plaintiffs' claim for unenforceability based on fraud is
Defendants next argue that Plaintiffs have failed to adequately plead unenforceability based on equitable estoppel. Plaintiffs's equitable estoppel claim — and all of their remaining theories of unenforceability — are based on the same facts alleged above; they do not plead them separately from fraud. An equitable estoppel claim requires an alleged infringer to demonstrate the following:
Aukerman, 960 F.2d at 1028. The parties do not address whether Rule 9(b) applies to an equitable estoppel claim, but it is likely that it does. See Vess v. Ciba-Geigy Corp. USA, 317 F.3d 1097, 1103-04 (9th Cir.2003) ("holding that when claims are "grounded in fraud" or [] sound in fraud, [] the pleading of that claim as a whole must satisfy the particularity requirement of Rule 9(b)"); Bayer CropScience AG v. Dow AgroSciences LLC, No. 10-1045 RMB/JS, 2011 WL 6934557, at *3 (D.Del. Dec. 30, 2011) ("Because equitable estoppel has misleading conduct by the patent
Based on the discussion above with respect to fraud, Plaintiffs have adequately alleged each element of equitable estoppel. Defendants' motion to strike the equitable estoppel defense is therefore
Defendants next contend that Plaintiffs have failed to adequately plead laches. "The application of the defense of laches is committed to the sound discretion of the district court." Aukerman, 960 F.2d at 1032. A laches claim requires proof of the following elements:
Id. (citing Costello v. United States, 365 U.S. 265, 282, 81 S.Ct. 534, 5 L.Ed.2d 551 (1961)).
Plaintiffs concede that they have not alleged any facts specific to laches at this time, but contend that Defendants are on notice of the defense and that discovery is appropriate before any motion to strike the defense or motion for summary judgment on the defense. Opp. at 16-17. However, some factual support for their laches claim is both necessary and within Plaintiffs' ability to plead even absent discovery. See Raychem Corp. v. PSI Telecommunications, Inc., Civ. No. C93-20920 RPA, 1995 WL 108193, at *4 (N.D.Cal. 1995) (striking laches defense where, "[a]lthough PSI's opposition to this motion provides specific dates demonstrating Raychem's purported delay in bringing suit, there are no facts stated in PSI's Answer which support a laches defense"), and Hynix Semiconductor Inc. v. Rambus Inc., No. CV-00-20905 RMW, 2007 WL 4062845, at *2 (N.D.Cal. Nov. 15, 2007) (defending utility of striking affirmative defenses in patent cases where no facts are alleged, to ensure that defendant has fair notice of the claims). Unlike other defenses which may turn on the nature of particular infringement claims, the laches defense need not await articulation of the infringement claims. Moreover, many facts relevant to laches should be within Plaintiffs' knowledge. Simply put, there is no excuse not to allege this defense with some degree of specificity. Indeed, at the argument herein, Plaintiffs admitted this defense was asserted only as a placeholder. Accordingly, Defendants' motion to strike Plaintiffs' laches defense is
Defendants next claim that Plaintiffs fail to allege unenforceability due to waiver. A defense of waiver requires a showing of "intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right." United States v. Perez, 116 F.3d 840, 845 (9th Cir.1997). Plaintiffs claim they have adequately pled waiver because they allege Defendants have submitted LOAs to the IEEE and ETSI/3GPP that either disclaim their rights or commit to license the WiFi Coding and 3G Patents. Opp. at 17. Plaintiffs argue that the parties dispute whether Defendants' letters operate to disclaim or commit to license their patents, and whether Defendants have met any commitment to license on a FRAND basis. Although Defendants point out that some
Implied waiver in the context of standard-setting organizations requires a showing that "(1) the patentee had a duty of disclosure to the standard setting organization, and (2) the patentee breached that duty." Hynix Semiconductor Inc. v. Rambus Inc., 645 F.3d 1336, 1348 (Fed. Cir.2011). As discussed above, Plaintiffs have adequately alleged a duty to disclose the relevant patents to the SSOs, and they have alleged a failure to disclose. Although Defendants argue that the disclosure duty can be satisfied by LOAs, which were provided, that merely begs the question whether these particular LOAs, and Defendants' subsequent conduct, actually satisfied the disclosure duty. See Mot. at 18-19. That is an inquiry unsuited to this early stage of the litigation. Defendants' motion to strike the implied waiver defense is
A defense of unclean hands requires a showing "that the plaintiffs conduct is inequitable and that the conduct relates to the subject matter of its claims." Levi Strauss & Co. v. Shilon, 121 F.3d 1309, 1313 (9th Cir.1997) (citations omitted). In the instant case, Plaintiffs' allegations regarding Defendants' misleading conduct before the SSOs are sufficient at this stage to render their defense plausible and put Defendants on notice of the claim. Defendants' motion to strike the unclean hands defense is
"The longstanding doctrine of patent exhaustion provides that the initial authorized sale of a patented item terminates all patent rights to that item." Quanta Computer, Inc. v. LG Electronics, Inc., 553 U.S. 617, 625, 128 S.Ct. 2109, 170 L.Ed.2d 996 (2008). Defendants point out that Plaintiffs have not alleged any particular facts regarding an initial authorized sale (to, e.g., any of Plaintiffs' component suppliers). Plaintiffs argue in response that they believe they either have a license or an irrevocable right to license the WiFi Coding and 3G Patents. They argue further that discovery will reveal whether their "component suppliers may be licensed under such patents," which would render Defendants' patent rights exhausted with respect to Plaintiffs' subsequent purchase of products from those suppliers Opp. at 20; see also 6 Moy's Walker on Patents § 19:33 (4th ed.2011) (describing patent exhaustion as "focus[ing] on the right to control the specific article under patent law, and particularly whether that right of control is no longer with the patent owner, but rather has passed to the purchaser (and subsequent repurchasers) along with the article's physical possession").
The question of whether an authorized sale has taken place is information that is in the hands of Defendants and appropriate for discovery, especially given Defendants' failure to identify which claims of each patent they allege Plaintiffs have infringed. In addition, Plaintiffs' detailed allegations that Defendants committed to the SSOs that they would license their patents make it plausible that such a license has in fact been granted to one or more of Plaintiffs' suppliers. Accordingly, despite the dearth of facts in the answer, striking this defense is not warranted.
"[A]n implied license [] signifies a patentee's waiver of the statutory right to exclude others from making, using, or selling the patented invention." Wang Labs., Inc. v. Mitsubishi Electronics America, Inc., 103 F.3d 1571, 1580 (Fed.Cir.1997). As the Supreme Court has explained, "Any language used by the owner of the patent, or any conduct on his part exhibited to another from which that other may properly infer that the owner consents to his use of the patent in making or using it, or selling it, upon which the other acts, constitutes a license and a defense to an action for a tort." De Forest Radio Tel. Co. v. United States, 273 U.S. 236, 241, 47 S.Ct. 366, 71 L.Ed. 625 (1927). "[I]mplied licenses arise by acquiescence, by conduct, by equitable estoppel (estoppel in pais), or by legal estoppel." Wang, 103 F.3d at 1580 (citations omitted).
Since, as noted above, Plaintiffs have adequately pled waiver and implied waiver at this stage, they have also pled implied license. See Hynix Semiconductor Inc. v. Rambus Inc., 609 F.Supp.2d 988, 1030 (N.D.Cal.2009) ("[An implied license] is asserted on the theory that Rambus either waived its right to assert the patents-in-suit or that it is equitably estopped from doing so."). Defendants' motion to strike the implied license defense is
Defendants argue that Plaintiffs' Fourth Affirmative Defense — the entirety of which is included in the footnote below — is devoid of facts. Plaintiffs fail to identify any facts that would indicate these affirmative defenses apply to the case at bar.
With respect to the judicial estoppel claim, Defendants are correct that Plaintiffs must identify a factual basis for their defense so as to give Defendants fair notice of the claim. Such a claim would be based on public statements made to a court. There is no reason why Plaintiffs should not allege such facts.
However, with respect to the prosecution history defense, Defendants' failure to identify which claims of each patent Plaintiffs have allegedly infringed makes it impossible for Plaintiffs to plead facts supporting this defense at this stage of the litigation. See Vistan, 2011 WL 1544796 at *7. Accordingly, Defendants' motion to strike the judicial estoppel defense is
Defendants assert that Plaintiffs have failed to plead a defense of no injunctive
As Defendants point out, Plaintiffs do not allege the existence of an express, direct license between themselves and Defendants. Defendants therefore contend that the defense should be stricken. Plaintiffs respond that their allegations regarding Defendants' FRAND commitments and potential licenses to component suppliers form the basis of their license defense. They also argue that they are a third-party beneficiary of Defendants' commitments to license its patents. See Opp. at 22 (citing Prouty v. Gores Technology Group, 121 Cal.App.4th 1225, 1232, 18 Cal.Rptr.3d 178 (2004) ("If the terms of the contract necessarily require the promisor to confer a benefit on a third person, then the contract ... may be enforced by him at any time before the parties thereto rescind it.") (internal citations and quotation marks omitted)); see also Hynix Semiconductor Inc. v. Rambus Inc., 441 F.Supp.2d 1066, 1073 (N.D.Cal.2006) (considering on motion for summary judgment a claim that accused infringer was the third-party beneficiary of a contract between the patentee and an SSO); Competitive Technologies v. Fujitsu Ltd., 286 F.Supp.2d 1118, 1138-39 (N.D.Cal.2003) (discussing a claim of third-party beneficiary status and right to a license due to a contract in which a patentee had agreed to license its patents on a non-exclusive basis). As Defendants' own cited authority indicates, a license may be either express or implied; thus, Plaintiffs' failure to plead an express license directly between the parties does not doom their claim. See McCoy v. Mitsuboshi Cutlery, Inc., 67 F.3d 917, 920 (Fed.Cir.1995) (explaining that both express and implied licenses are "contract[s] governed by ordinary principles of state contract law") (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). Other cases in this district have included a similar defense. See, e.g., Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co., No. 11-1846 LHK, Docket No. 124, at 25 ("To the extent that the Declared-Essential Patents are essential to any ETSI standard and to the extent any of the alleged inventions
Accordingly, Defendants' motion to strike the license defense is
Defendants argue that the Eighth Affirmative Defense, for failure to state a claim, is not an affirmative defense. See Scott v. Fed. Bond & Collection Serv., Inc., No. 10-CV-02825-LHK, 2011 WL 176846, at *6 (N.D.Cal. Jan. 19, 2011) ("Defendant's first affirmative defense, based on failure to state facts sufficient to constitute a claim or cause of action, is better understood as a denial of Plaintiff's allegations rather than an affirmative defense."). Although such a defense is permitted by Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(h)(2), there is a split of authority in this District as to whether it is simply a denial of the complaint's allegations and not a separate affirmative defense. Compare J & J Sports Prods. v. Coyne, No. C 10-04206 CRB, 2011 WL 227670, at *2, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 6623, at *6 (N.D.Cal. Jan. 24, 2011) (striking failure-to-state-a-claim affirmative defense "with prejudice because this defense is another way of denying liability"), with Valley Community Bank v. Progressive Cas. Ins. Co., No. 5:11-cv-00574-JF, 2011 WL 1833116, at *3 (N.D.Cal. May 13, 2011) (pointing out that the Federal Rules allow for this affirmative defense and denying motion to strike). Because the Federal Rules expressly allow it, Defendants' motion to strike the failure to state a claim defense is
For the foregoing reasons, Defendants' motion to strike is
This order disposes of Docket No. 71.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
