ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART PLAINTIFF'S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT; AND GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART DEFENDANT'S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT

Docket Nos. 35, 39.

EDWARD M. CHEN, District Judge.

Plaintiff Brad Hurst filed suit in California Superior Court on November 5, 2010, against Buczek Enterprises, alleging violations of California wage and hour laws, unfair competition, and breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. Compl., Docket No. 1. Defendant Buczek removed to federal court on the grounds of diversity jurisdiction. Docket No. 1. Buczek asserted counterclaims against Hurst for breach of contract and of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. Id. Pending before the Court are the parties' cross-motions for summary judgment. Docket Nos. 35, 39. After considering the parties' submissions and oral argument, and for the reasons set forth below, the Court GRANTS in part and DENIES in part the parties' motions.

I. FACTUAL & PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Plaintiff is a landscape contractor and handyman residing in California. Defendant Buczek is a "property preservation company" based in New York; it provides clients with property maintenance, repair, and cleaning services, typically for vacant, foreclosed homes. Buczek Depo. at 24-25; DiBello Decl., Docket No. 43, Ex. B (Buczek Decl.), ¶¶ 2-4. It contracts with workers in various states, including California, to provide such services. While many of its clients own properties in California, none of its clients are based in California. Buczek Decl. ¶¶ 3-4. Buczek is not registered to do business in California. Buczek Depo. at 237.

In 2007, Plaintiff Hurst responded to a Craigslist advertisement from Buczek requesting landscape services in Northern California. DiBello Decl., Docket No. 36, Ex. I. Plaintiff offered the services of Gomez Landscape Partnership, a company he operated with one business partner. Plaintiff informed Buczek that he did not hold a general contractor's license. Hurst Decl., Docket No. 45, ¶ 3. After Buczek representatives interviewed Hurst in California, Buczek Depo. at 24, the parties signed an Independent Contractor's Agreement, which provided that Hurst would perform services for Buczek in California. DiBello Decl., Docket No. 36, Ex. E. Beginning in October 2008, Hurst renewed his contract with Buczek under the name of Hurst Home Services, a name he created after his relationship with Gomez Landscaping ended. Id. Ex. G.

From December 2007 until he left Buczek in early 2010, Hurst worked fulltime for Defendant from five to six days per week and had no supplemental work. Hurst Decl., Docket No. 35, ¶ 6; Hurst Depo. at 238; Buczek Depo. at 68. He received work orders from Buczek each day with an assigned due date for said work. Hurst used his own tools and equipment for the job, although Buczek sometimes required him to buy specific tools. Beginning in 2008, Buczek had him purchase a computer from the company with pre-installed software to track the company's work orders. Hurst Depo. at 250, 290-91.

Hurst received between 10-20 work orders per day on average from Buczek. Hurst Decl., Docket No. 45, ¶ 11. The parties dispute whether Mr. Hurst was free to turn down work orders. Buczek provided its contractors with a price matrix listing the prices for different tasks. Hurst Decl., Docket No. 35, ¶ 6. Workers could either accept the prices suggested from clients or submit bids for the work. Buczek Depo. at 177. The parties dispute whether Hurst could submit bids at prices different from Buczek's price matrix. Sometimes Hurst performed the work himself, and sometimes he hired up to a dozen workers to help him complete the tasks when there were too many orders. Hurst Depo. at 324. Buczek paid Mr. Hurst weekly via direct deposit. Hurst Decl., Docket No. 35, ¶ 7. His payments were based on the invoices he submitted for each job, though Buczek sometimes adjusted the prices. Hurst Decl., Docket No. 45, ¶ 9 & Ex. B. Buczek only paid Hurst if and when it received payment from the client. Buczek Depo. at 287, 292.

The work orders contained instructions for tasks to be completed at the subject property. These tasks included, inter alia, lawn mowing and landscaping, sales cleans, winterizing, installation and repair, and debris removal. Hurst Decl., Docket No. 45, ¶¶ 6-7. Some of the tasks required a license under California law. See, e.g., Hurst Decl., Docket No. 45, ¶¶ 7, 27 & Ex. N. Mr. Hurst has never held a general contractor's license during the time in question. The work orders provided instructions as to how to complete each task. See, e.g., Buczek Depo. at 173; Hurst Decl., Docket No. 45, Ex. C. These instructions, and others provided by Buczek, were sometimes pages long, and sometimes specified what products Mr. Hurst had to use (e.g., a certain brand of cleaning product). See, e.g., Hurst Decl., Docket No. 45, ¶¶ 10, 14-15 & Ex. C, E-G. Mr. Hurst was required to take detailed photos documenting his completion of each task. Id. ¶¶ 16-18 & Ex. H. He sometimes submitted hundreds of photos for one job. Id. ¶ 18. Buczek validated Mr. Hurst's work using the photos and other contractors it sent to properties to verify each others' work and conduct quality control. Id.; Buczek Depo. at 89, 106-07. Buczek also provided training and assistance to its workers, including one-on-one meetings, conference calls, instructional memos, and offsite trainings. Hurst Decl., Docket No. 45, ¶¶ 14-15 & Exs. E-G. The parties dispute whether the offsite trainings and conference calls were mandatory or simply recommended.

In 2009, one of Buczek's clients placed Buczek on a three-month probation due in part to concerns about the quality of services offered by Buczek's workers. Buczek Depo. at 224, 255. Buczek attributed half of its losses in Northern California to Hurst, which it "guesstimate[s]" at $125,000-175,000. Buczek Depo. at 251-52 (estimating total losses in Northern California at $250,000-350,000, and attributing 50% of that loss to Mr. Hurst). Buczek informed Mr. Hurst that it was giving him fewer work orders due in part to his quality of work. DiBello Decl., Docket No. 36, Ex. M.

In early 2010, Mr. Hurst ceased working for Buczek. Hurst Depo. at 280-81. He then filed suit in November 2010, asserting claims for unpaid wages and overtime, Cal. Labor Code §§ 200, 1197, 1197.1; failure to provide meal and rest breaks, Cal. Labor Code §§ 226.7, 512; failure to keep accurate wage and time records, Cal. Labor Code §§ 226, 1174; breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing; violation of Cal. Labor Code § 2802; unfair competition, Cal. Bus. & Prof.Code § 17200; and civil penalties under Cal. Labor Code §§ 2698, 2699. Mr. Hurst alleges that Buczek misclassified him as an independent contractor when he was actually an employee. Compl. ¶ 8. Buczek counter-claimed for breach of contract and of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, alleging that Hurst failed to "timely perform services in a good and reasonable workmanlike manner," and failed to "comply with all relevant laws, rules and regulations." Counter-Claim ¶ 17.

The parties' cross-motions for summary judgment are pending before the Court.

II. DISCUSSION

A. Legal Standard

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(a) provides that summary judgment shall be rendered on a claim or defense, or part of a claim or defense, "if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed. R.Civ.P. 56(a). An issue of fact is genuine only if there is sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to find for the nonmoving party. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248-49, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). "The mere existence of a scintilla of evidence ... will be insufficient; there must be evidence on which the jury could reasonably find for the [nonmoving party]." Id. at 252, 106 S.Ct. 2505. At the summary judgment stage, evidence must be viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in the nonmovant's favor. See id. at 255, 106 S.Ct. 2505.

Where the plaintiff has the ultimate burden of proof, he or she may prevail on a motion for summary judgment only if he or she affirmatively demonstrates that there is no genuine dispute as to every essential element of its claim. See River City Mkts., Inc. v. Fleming Foods W., Inc., 960 F.2d 1458, 1462 (9th Cir.1992). In contrast, where the plaintiff has the ultimate burden of proof, the defendant may prevail on a motion for summary judgment by demonstrating the plaintiff's failure "to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to [the plaintiff's] case." Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). The moving party possesses the initial burden of showing the absence of a genuine issue of fact. See Blair Foods, Inc. v. Ranchers Cotton Oil, 610 F.2d 665, 668 (9th Cir.1980).

B. Plaintiff's Motion for Summary Judgment

Plaintiff moves for partial summary judgment on two questions addressed below: (1) whether he was a Buczek employee as a matter of law; and (2) whether Buczek has standing to raise its counterclaims under California law.

1. Hurst's Employee Status

Plaintiff first argues that he was Buczek's employee as a matter of law because he was an unlicensed contractor performing work for which a contractor's license was required.

California Labor Code § 2750.5 provides, in relevant part, that "[t]here is a rebuttable presumption affecting the burden of proof that a worker performing services for which a license is required pursuant to Chapter 9 (commencing with Section 7000) of Division 3 of the Business and Professions Code, or who is performing such services for a person who is required to obtain such a license is an employee rather than an independent contractor." Furthermore, "any person performing any function or activity for which a license is required pursuant to Chapter 9 (commencing with Section 7000) of Division 3 of the Business and Professions Code shall hold a valid contractors' license as a condition of having independent contractor status." Section 2750.5 thus provides that if one performs work for which a license is required, he or she presumptively an employee. This presumption can be rebutted only if, inter alia, the worker has a valid contractor's license. Thus, an unlicensed worker performing work for which a license is required is ipso facto an employee under 2750.5.

However, California Business and Professions Code § 7031(a) provides that "no person engaged in the business or acting in the capacity of a contractor, may bring or maintain any action ... for the collection of compensation for the performance of any act or contract where a license is required by this chapter without alleging that he or she was a duly licensed contractor at all times during the performance of that act or contract, regardless of the merits of the cause of action brought by the person." The only relevant exception to section 7031's bar against actions by unlicensed contractors is that those who are employees under section 7053, as opposed to independent contractors, are exempted from section 7031. Cal. Bus. & Prof.Code § 7053 provides, "this chapter does not apply to any person who engages in the activities herein regulated as an employee who receives wages as his or her sole compensation, does not customarily engage in an independently established business, and does not have the right to control or discretion as to the manner of performance so as to determine the final results of the work performed."

Reading the two sets of statutes together creates an apparent conflict. Namely, under sections 7031 and 7053, an unlicensed contractor cannot bring suit to collect compensation for work unless he is an employee, but 2750.5 provides that all unlicensed contractors are employees. Thus, if 2750.5 applies to §§ 7031 and 7053, the latter sections would be rendered superfluous because the employee exception to 7031's bar created by 2750.5 would swallow the rule. The California Court of Appeal has similarly explained,

Fillmore v. Irvine, 146 Cal.App.3d 649, 657, 194 Cal.Rptr. 319 (1983).

To avoid such a result, Fillmore held that 2750.5 does not apply in the context of suits for unpaid "compensation for the performance of any act or contract." § 7031. Instead, it applies to, e.g., classification for worker's compensation purposes, pension plans, torts, etc. See id. ("We hold that Labor Code section 2750.5 is not applicable to determinations of whether one is an employee or unlicensed contractor under Business and Professions Code sections 7031 and 7053."). Thus, under Fillmore, Plaintiff's status as an employee with a right to sue for wages turns on the application of Section 7053, not the ipso facto rule of Section 2750.5.

Contrary to Plaintiff's argument, Sanders Const. Co., Inc. v. Cerda, 175 Cal.App.4th 430, 432, 95 Cal.Rptr.3d 911 (2009), while seemingly inconsistent in some respects to Fillmore does not dictate a contrary result here. In Sanders, the California Court of Appeal considered a case in which the general contractor, Sanders, hired an unlicensed subcontractor, Humberto, to install drywall. Id. at 432, 95 Cal.Rptr.3d 911. Humberto in turn hired six workers to help him with the job. The six workers later brought wage claims against Sanders, the general contractor. The Court of Appeal concluded that employees of unlicensed subcontractors, unlike the unlicensed subcontractors themselves, could bring suit as statutory employees under § 2750.5 against the general contractor. However, it explicitly endorsed Fillmore's reasoning with respect to someone in Plaintiff's position (Humberto), the first-level unlicensed subcontractor. Indeed, Humberto's wage claim against Sanders had already been dismissed pursuant to § 7031, which the Sanders court found to be correct. See id. at 436, 95 Cal.Rptr.3d 911 ("Under section 7031, for example, Humberto [the unlicensed drywall finisher] was properly denied his wage claim."). Sanders thus distinguished Fillmore only to the extent that it declined to apply Fillmore to the workers of an unlicensed subcontractor, who are one step removed from the general contractor. More importantly, it also distinguished Fillmore on the basis that in Sanders, unlike in Fillmore, the plaintiffs behaved like employees, not like independent contractors. They therefore qualified for the § 7053 exemption from the § 7031 bar, even if § 2750.5 did not apply. Id.

In the case at bar, Plaintiff is in the same position as Humberto, the subcontractor in Sanders whom the court determined could not sue pursuant to Section 7031. He is not an employee of the subcontractor but the subcontractor himself. Thus, even under Fillmore, Section 7031 applies. Moreover, as discussed below there is evidence in the record to suggest Plaintiff could have acted as either an employee or an independent contractor, unlike the plaintiff in Sanders, 175 Cal. App.4th at 436, 95 Cal.Rptr.3d 911 ("The record offers no evidence that the six claimants were not employees as described under Business and Professions Code section 7031 and Sanders makes no such argument.").

Accordingly, under California law, Plaintiff may not rely on the presumption of employee status set forth in § 2750.5 in order to escape the prohibition against suit set forth in § 7031. However, contrary to Defendant's contention, that does not necessarily doom his claims. Instead, Plaintiff can still bring his claims if he satisfies the factors set forth in § 7053 to demonstrate that he is an employee, and thus that § 7031 does not bar his action. Plaintiff explicitly declined to raise any arguments as to those factors in his motion; rather, he focused solely on the question of whether he was a statutory employee under § 2750.5. Thus, the Court cannot determine on this motion whether Plaintiff is an employee as a matter of law under § 7053.1 Accordingly, Plaintiff's motion for summary judgment as to his employee status is DENIED.2

2. Defendant's Standing to Assert Counterclaims

Plaintiff next argues that Defendant has no standing to bring its counterclaims because it is not authorized to conduct intrastate business in California. Under California Corporations Code § 2105(a), "[a] foreign corporation shall not transact intrastate business without having first obtained from the Secretary of State a certificate of qualification." Any corporation that fails to obtain such certificate of qualification "shall not maintain any action or proceeding upon any intrastate business so transacted in any court of this state." Cal. Corp.Code § 2203(c); United Med. Mgmt. Ltd. v. Gatto, 49 Cal.App.4th 1732, 1740, 57 Cal.Rptr.2d 600 (1996) ("If the defendant establishes the bar of the statute, ... the matter should be stayed to permit the foreign corporation to comply. If the foreign corporation plaintiff complies ... by qualifying and paying fees, penalties and taxes, it may maintain the action. If the foreign corporation fails to comply, the matter should be dismissed without prejudice."). Defendant argues that § 2203 does not apply because it conducts only interstate business.

"A [counter-]defendant who seeks to challenge a [counter-]plaintiff's standing under Cal. Corp.Code §§ 2105 and 2203 may do so by motion to dismiss for lack of standing. The [counter-]defendant, as moving party, bears the burden to prove that: 1) the action arose out of [counter]plaintiff's transaction of intrastate business; and 2) the action was commenced prior to [counter-]plaintiff qualifying to transact intrastate business." See LeBlanc Nutritions, Inc. v. Advanced Nutra LLC, CIV. S-05-0581-FCD-JFM, 2005 WL 1398538 (E.D.Cal. June 14, 2005) (citing, e.g., United Sys. of Ark., Inc. v. Stamison, 63 Cal.App.4th 1001, 1007, 74 Cal.Rptr.2d 407 (1998)). "For purposes of qualification under that section, `transact[ing] intrastate business' means entering into repeated and successive transactions of its business in this state, other than interstate or foreign commerce." Id. (citing Cal. Corp.Code § 191(a)). Whether a company transacts intrastate business is a question committed to the "peculiar facts" of each case. See Le Vecke v. Griesedieck W. Brewery Co., 233 F.2d 772, 775 (9th Cir.1956) (citing W. Pub. Co. v. Superior Court of City & County of San Francisco, 20 Cal.2d 720, 727, 128 P.2d 777 (1942)). There is no dispute that Buczek is not qualified to transact intrastate business; thus, the question is simply whether Buczek actually transacts such intrastate business and whether its counterclaims arise out of such business.

The weight of the authority favors Plaintiff's position. First, the plain language of the statute applies to Buczek, as it defines intrastate business as "repeated and successive transactions of [] business in this state." It is undisputed that Buczek has conducted "repeated and successive transactions" in California, as it has entered into multiple yearly independent contractor agreements with Mr. Hurst and other contractors, and has maintained in-state properties for numerous clients since at least 2007. See DiBello Decl., Docket No. 36, Exs. E-I (contractor agreements); Buczek Depo. at 44, 184 (Buczek had six contractors in Northern California in 2007 and 15-25 in 2008-2009); id. at 271-72 (Buczek had 5-10 clients in Northern California).

Second, the available case law weighs in Plaintiff's favor. For example, in Neogard, the California Court of Appeal encountered the following scenario:

Neogard Corp. v. Malott & Peterson-Grundy, 106 Cal.App.3d 213, 216, 226, 164 Cal.Rptr. 813 (1980). The court concluded that Neogard engaged in intrastate commerce even though its in-state activities were still geared toward the ultimate goal of increasing its interstate sales. See id. at 224, 164 Cal.Rptr. 813 ("[The Supreme Court] clearly reject[ed] the contention made here by Neogard that any in-state act whose ultimate objective is an increase in interstate commerce must be classified as an interstate act for purposes of a qualification statute.") (citing Eli Lilly & Co. v. Sav-On-Drugs, Inc., 366 U.S. 276, 290-91, 81 S.Ct. 1316, 6 L.Ed.2d 288 (1961) (Douglas, J. dissenting)).

This case is similar to Neogard in many ways. For example, Buczek has "established relations with and paid ... [contractors] residing in this state" to do Buczek's work for its clients. Id. at 226, 164 Cal.Rptr. 813. Specifically, Buczek employed (whether as independent contractors or as employees) between six and twenty-five workers in Northern California alone during the time Mr. Hurst worked for the company. Buczek Depo. at 44, 184. It sent these contractors intrastate to perform its contracts, and induced them to enter into sub-contracts with other local workers to help them complete their work. Hurst Depo. at 324 (Mr. Hurst sometimes had to hire up to a dozen other people to help him complete the work orders on time). Buczek "supervised the physical in-state" performance of its contracts — through its work orders, photo documentation requirements, and by sending representatives to validate the work and conduct a quality control review — and "provided in-state supervision when defects appeared." Neogard, 106 Cal.App.3d at 226, 164 Cal.Rptr. 813; see Hurst Depo. at 296; Hurst Decl., Docket No. 45, Ex. E; Buczek Depo. at 89, 106-07, 173. Taking the facts in the light most favorable to Buczek, the fact that it performed said supervision is not in dispute, even though the overall extent of its daily control is disputed.

While some aspects of this case involve less intrastate activity than in Neogard (e.g., Buczek did not focus on fostering and inducing contracts between intrastate parties, although its contractors did purchase supplies and supplemental labor in-state), other aspects point to stronger intrastate activity (e.g., the "product" Buczek offered its clients was labor performed solely inside California, whereas Neogard manufactured and shipped its products from out of state). On balance, Neogard thus weighs in favor of requiring Buczek to qualify to do business in California.

Le Vecke provides further support for Buczek's intrastate role. In that case, the court held that one company engaged in intrastate commerce, while another did not. Specifically, one company (Griesedeck) that engaged in only "sporadic and transient sales promotional activities" via, e.g., four annual trips to give tips to retailers selling its products, point of purchase advertising materials, and control over resale prices, was not engaged in intrastate commerce. Le Vecke, 233 F.2d at 776. In contrast, a company (Carling) that maintained an office in the state and employed a regional representative and six field representatives, "four of whom spend substantial amounts of their time in the interests of Carling Brewing Company within the State of California," engaged in intrastate commerce. Id. at 777. Although it does not have an office, Buczek's conduct is more like Carling's than Griesedeck's. Mr. Hurst worked five or more days per week while he worked for Buczek, and he was not Buczek's only contractor in Northern California. Hurst Depo. at 238; Buczek Depo. at 44, 68, 184. Thus, Buczek's activities in California, at least during the period in which Hurst worked for the company, were not "sporadic and transient," but rather "continuing and substantial." Le Vecke, 233 F.2d at 776.

In contrast to the above case law, Buczek seeks to analogize its conduct to cases holding that a company that merely solicits business within a state, but accepts the contract offer out of state, does not transact intrastate commerce. See Cal. Corp. Code § 191(c)(6) ("Soliciting or procuring orders, whether by mail or through employees or agents or otherwise, where those orders require acceptance outside this state before becoming binding contracts," is not transacting intrastate business). In LeBlanc, for example, the court concluded that the corporation had not engaged in intrastate business because it had only "entered into two transactions, between California and Japan." Id. (citing Cal. Corp.Code § 191(c)(6); Thorner v. Selective Cam Transmission Co., 180 Cal.App.2d 89, 4 Cal.Rptr. 409 (1960)). The plaintiff (a Japanese corporation) purchased products from a California defendant which the defendant shipped from California to Japan. The plaintiff then sold the products in Japan. The court found such conduct to be insufficient to constitute intrastate business because the plaintiff simply entered into a contract to purchase products from California. Id. at *3. Similarly, in Thorner, a promissory note executed in California payable to a foreign corporation was not intrastate business, even where the negotiations for said loan took place in California. Thorner, 180 Cal.App.2d at 91, 4 Cal.Rptr. 409; see also Detsch & Co. v. Calbar, Inc., 228 Cal.App.2d 556, 567, 39 Cal.Rptr. 626 (1964) ("Where, as in the present case, there is a solicitation within the State of California of orders for goods by a local distributor or agency acting on behalf of a foreign corporation, such orders being subject to acceptance or rejection by the foreign corporation in another state and where, upon approval of the orders, the goods purchased pursuant thereto are shipped directly from such other state to the purchasers in California, such sales and shipment constitute interstate commerce and the prior solicitation incidental thereto is a part of such interstate transaction and is not intrastate commerce.").

Buczek seeks to read this general rule — that merely soliciting or procuring orders in-state does not constitute intrastate commerce when acceptance of the offer comes from out-of-state — as essentially mandating a finding that businesses do not engage in intrastate commerce anytime a contract has an out-of-state party. Buczek argues that because its in-state workers perform contracts that it entered out of state with clients who are also out of state, there is no intrastate business. However, the above scenarios bear little relationship to the instant case, in which Buczek hired workers to perform work inside the state continuously over a period of years. Unlike LeBlanc and Thorner, here the performance of the contract — not simply its negotiation — took place entirely within the state. Rather than merely shipping goods or money to or from the state, Buczek contracts for workers to perform services inside the state. Thus, instead of performing in-state work for the purpose of facilitating interstate commerce, here the object of the contracts themselves is labor inside the state. Indeed, one could read LeBlanc and Thorner to be inapposite, as their fact patterns are reversed from the instant case. Whereas in LeBlanc and Thorner, companies solicited business inside the state but performed the contracts outside the state, here Buczek has done just the opposite. Le Vecke and Neogard are thus more on point given their discussions of workers' continuous in-state activity.

United States Supreme Court authority construing similar statutes in other states does not mandate otherwise. First, while Buczek argues briefly that Hurst's proposed construction of the statute would run afoul of the Commerce Clause, settled case law is to the contrary. See Union Brokerage, 322 U.S. at 212, 64 S.Ct. 967 ("[I]n denying Union the right to go to her courts because Union did not obtain a certificate to carry on its business as required by the Foreign Corporation Act, Minnesota offended neither federal legislation nor the Commerce Clause."). Thus, so long as Buczek's claims arise from intrastate business, the statutory bar is proper.

Second, the Supreme Court's holdings as to what constitutes intrastate commerce continue to support Plaintiff. For example, in Allenberg, the Supreme Court found that cotton, which had been delivered to and stored in a warehouse in-state, "was still in the stream in interstate commerce" and therefore did not render a company subject to state qualification laws. Allenberg Cotton Co., Inc. v. Pittman, 419 U.S. 20, 30, 95 S.Ct. 260, 42 L.Ed.2d 195 (1974). In contrast, in Eli Lilly, the Supreme Court found that Eli Lilly had engaged in intrastate business in New Jersey because it employed eighteen "detailmen" who worked in an in-state office and not only solicited interstate orders for Lilly's pharmaceutical products, but also fostered business development between hospitals and the in-state wholesalers that carried the company's products. Eli Lilly & Co. v. Sav-On-Drugs, Inc., 366 U.S. 276, 278-81, 81 S.Ct. 1316, 6 L.Ed.2d 288 (1961). Similarly, in Union Brokerage, the Court found that Union — a customhouse brokerage business operating at a port of entry from Canada — had "localized" its business in Minnesota where it bought "materials and services from people in that State" and had entered into business relationships "wholly outside of the arrangements it makes with importers or exporters." Union Brokerage Co. v. Jensen, 322 U.S. 202, 208, 64 S.Ct. 967, 88 L.Ed. 1227 (1944). Notably, the business relationship the Court considered to be "wholly outside" Union's interstate commerce was its suit against its former president for breach of fiduciary duty "in relation to Union's business, that of customhouse brokerage." Id. at 202, 64 S.Ct. 967. Thus, the fact that the local relationships in question were in furtherance of Union's interstate conduct did not preclude the Court from finding that Union also acted intrastate.

Finally, though dated, there is authority for the proposition that a foreign company that performs construction work within the state transacts intrastate business. See Gen. Ry. Signal Co. v. Commonwealth of Virginia ex rel. State Corp. Comm'n, 246 U.S. 500, 509-10, 38 S.Ct. 360, 62 L.Ed. 854 (1918) (finding business transacted intrastate commerce where "[i]n order to construct the[] signals as required by the contract it was necessary to employ in this state labor, skilled and unskilled, to dig ditches in which conduits for the wires are placed, to construct concrete foundations, and to paint the completed structures").

Unlike the commodities involved in Allenberg, here both the service (repair and maintenance) and the object of the service (physical property) are not transferable into interstate commerce. The labor for which Buczek contracts does not move across state lines, nor do the homes on which Buczek's contractors work. Cf. M. & R. Const. Co. v. Nat'l Homes Corp., 286 F.2d 638, 640 (5th Cir.1961) (contract to ship prefabricated homes into the state did not necessarily mean the company was engaged in intrastate commerce). Thus, Buczek's conduct here is arguably even more localized than that discussed in Eli Lilly and Union Brokerage. The only component of the transaction(s) which can be said to be "interstate" is the source of payment for said work. It is thus substantively different from soliciting interstate business, wherein a party enters the state to solicit customers for its out-of-state products. Here, the "products" offered — workers who can clean, maintain, and repair homes — are provided within the state of California. The Court therefore concludes that "[t]o hold under the facts above recited that [Buczek] is not doing business in [California] is to completely ignore reality." Eli Lilly, 366 U.S. at 280, 81 S.Ct. 1316.

The parties' dispute over whether Mr. Hurst was an employee or an independent contractor is also not controlling on this question. While § 191 provides that a corporation cannot be held to transact intrastate business "solely by reason of ... effecting sales through independent contractors," Cal. Corp.Code § 191(c)(5), that provision is of limited relevance in this case because the contractors at issue (assuming they are only independent contractors) not only "effect sales" but also perform the contracts themselves. Cf. Mediterranean Exports, Inc. v. Superior Court, 119 Cal.App.3d 605, 616-17, 174 Cal.Rptr. 169 (1981) (finding that "there is at least a triable issue of fact as to whether Mediterranean's activities in this State amounted to the transaction of `intrastate business'" where Mediterranean had presented evidence that its in-state "activities consisted of the solicitation of orders for ceramic tile [manufactured in and shipped from Italy] by salesmen who were independent contractors; that the orders placed in California required acceptance by Mediterranean in Florida before they became binding contracts; and that the office and its staff were maintained for use by the soliciting salesmen"). Other California cases cited above clarify that the role of the in-state workers, rather than their legal status as employee or independent contractor, is most relevant. See Le Vecke, 233 F.2d at 777 (describing work of "field representatives" without specifying their legal status); Neogard, 106 Cal.App.3d at 226-27, 164 Cal.Rptr. 813 (same with respect to, e.g., "sales representatives").

Accordingly, the Court concludes that there is no genuine issue of fact as to whether Buczek conducts intrastate business in California, and GRANTS summary judgment to Plaintiff on this issue. Typically, the correct course of action would be to stay Defendant's counterclaims pending its completion of qualification requirements under California law. See United Med., 49 Cal.App.4th at 1740, 57 Cal.Rptr.2d 600. However, at oral argument, Defendant represented that it would complete the qualification requirements within three weeks. Therefore, the Court will conditionally recognize its counterclaims and proceed to consider its motion for summary judgment.

C. Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment

Buczek moves for summary judgment on the following twelve grounds: (1) Plaintiff is barred by § 7031 from bringing any action to recover payment for unlicensed work that requires a contractor's license, thus precluding his first through ninth causes of action; (2) Plaintiff is estopped from claiming that he is a statutory employee under § 2750.5; (3) Plaintiff's first cause of action for failure to pay wages fails; (4) Plaintiff's second cause of action for overtime fails; (5) Plaintiff's third cause of action for failing to provide meal and rest breaks fails; (6) Plaintiff's fourth cause of action for failing to provide accurate wage statements fails; (7) Plaintiff's fifth cause of action for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing fails; (8) Plaintiff's sixth cause of action for violation of Labor Code § 2802 fails; (9) Plaintiff's seventh cause of action for unfair competition fails; (10) Plaintiff's eighth cause of action for civil penalties fails; (11) Plaintiff's ninth cause of action for failure to pay minimum wage fails; and (12) Buczek's first and second causes of action for breach of contract and breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing warrant summary judgment.

1. Section 7031 and Plaintiff's Employee Status

Defendant first argues that Plaintiff is barred from bringing his claims by § 7031 of the California Business and Professions Code. However, the Court's analysis with respect to Plaintiff's summary judgment motion disposes of much of Defendant's argument. As discussed above, Plaintiff is not barred by § 7031 from bringing his claims if he can show that he was an employee pursuant to § 7053. See Cal. Bus. & Prof.Code § 7053 (providing that § 7031 does not apply to "any person who engages in the activities herein regulated as an employee who receives wages as his or her sole compensation, does not customarily engage in an independently established business, and does not have the right to control or discretion as to the manner of performance so as to determine the final results of the work performed"). Accordingly, the question is whether Plaintiff can satisfy the § 7053 standard for employee status.

Defendant argues that Plaintiff cannot show that he was an employee. The parties do not dispute that the standard under Section 7053 to determine employee status conforms to the common law test of employee. "The principal test of an employment relationship is whether the person to whom service is rendered has the right to control the manner and means of accomplishing the result desired." Tieberg v. Unemployment Ins.App. Bd., 2 Cal.3d 943, 946, 88 Cal.Rptr. 175, 471 P.2d 975 (1970); S.G. Borello & Sons, Inc. v. Department of Indus. Relations, 48 Cal.3d 341, 350, 256 Cal.Rptr. 543, 769 P.2d 399 (1989) (same). In addition to the factor of the right to control, other factors the Court considers include:

Harris v. Vector Mktg. Corp., 753 F.Supp.2d 996, 1013 (N.D.Cal.2010) (citing Estrada v. FedEx Ground Package System, Inc., 154 Cal.App.4th 1, 10, 64 Cal.Rptr.3d 327 (2007)).

"The question of whether plaintiff was functioning as an unlicensed contractor or merely as an employee hired by defendants to supply material and act as an employee is essentially a question of fact." Vaughn v. Dekreek, 2 Cal.App.3d 671, 677, 83 Cal.Rptr. 144 (1969) (citing Cargill v. Achziger, 165 Cal.App.2d 220, 222, 331 P.2d 774 (1959)). As Vaughn explained,

Id. at 677, 83 Cal.Rptr. 144 (citing Hardin v. Elvitsky, 232 Cal.App.2d 357, 373, 42 Cal.Rptr. 748 (1965); Dahl-Beck Electric Co. v. Rogge, 275 Cal.App.2d 893, 80 Cal.Rptr. 440 (1969)). "In order to establish a fact as a matter of law the state of the evidence must be such that no other conclusion is legally deducible therefrom. Where there is a conflict in the evidence from which either conclusion could be reached as to the status of the parties, the question must be submitted to the jury." Dahl-Beck, 275 Cal.App.2d at 900, 80 Cal.Rptr. 440 (internal citations omitted).

In this case, California and Ninth Circuit authority preclude granting summary judgment on the facts shown thus far. For example, in Dahl-Beck, the court found that there was a jury question as to employment status where evidence indicated that "plaintiff's representative told Stradford where to dig, when to come to work and what degree of care was required. There was no evidence of any supervision by defendant Rogge. From such evidence the jury was entitled to find that Stradford was an employee of plaintiff and under plaintiff's direct control." Dahl-Beck, 275 Cal.App.2d at 900-01, 80 Cal.Rptr. 440 (citing Rodoni v. Harbor Engineers, 191 Cal.App.2d 560, 562, 12 Cal.Rptr. 924 (1961)). Similarly, the Ninth Circuit reversed a district court's order granting summary judgment even though many indicia pointed to an independent contractor relationship, including contracts labeling the workers "independent contractors," plaintiffs' purported ability to pick and choose assignments, and the fact that plaintiffs drove their own trucks, supplied some of their own equipment, received payment on a per-job basis, and determined their own routes. Narayan v. EGL, Inc., 616 F.3d 895, 902-03 (9th Cir. 2010).

In the instant case, there is sufficient evidence to survive summary judgment. For example, the parties' contracts gave Buczek the right to discharge Hurst without cause, a strong indicator of an employment relationship. Borello, 48 Cal.3d at 350-51, 256 Cal.Rptr. 543, 769 P.2d 399 ("Strong evidence in support of an employment relationship is the right to discharge at will, without cause.") (quoting Tieberg, 2 Cal.3d at 949, 88 Cal.Rptr. 175, 471 P.2d 975); DiBello Decl., Docket No. 36, Ex. E, ¶ 2. Hurst worked exclusively for Buczek during the relevant time period, and Buczek sent him work orders daily directing him where to go and what to do. Narayan, 616 F.3d at 902 ("[T]he plaintiff Drivers drove exclusively for EGL during their period of employment."); Hurst Depo. at 238; Hurst Decl., Docket No. 45, ¶¶ 11-12. Although Buczek avers that Hurst could turn down work orders, Hurst claims that he was not able to do so in practice and produces evidence supporting his position. See, e.g., Hurst Decl., Docket No. 45, Ex. D (memo from Buczek telling contractors that they cannot turn down work orders); Narayan, 616 F.3d at 902 ("The plaintiff Drivers also submitted evidence that, although their contracts purportedly gave them the right to pick and choose assignments, in practice, EGL presented them with batches of deliveries that they generally had to accept as an all-or-nothing proposition."). In addition, between the detailed work orders, training sessions, instructional memoranda, conference calls, and substantial photo documentation requirement, a jury could reasonably conclude that Buczek exercised control over both "the manner and means of accomplishing the result desired." Cristler v. Express Messenger Sys., Inc., 171 Cal.App.4th 72, 77, 89 Cal.Rptr.3d 34 (2009) (citing Empire Star Mines Co. v. Cal. Emp. Com., 28 Cal.2d 33, 43-44, 168 P.2d 686 (1946)); Narayan, 616 F.3d at 901-02 ("The drivers used EGL-supplied forms, received company memoranda and attended meetings on company policies. The Handbook also provided guidelines on how to communicate with EGL's dispatch, instructing drivers to notify the dispatcher before leaving EGL's facility dock, to contact the dispatcher after each delivery stop to report that the delivery was completed, and to immediately report any traffic delays.").

Against this evidence, the evidence pointing away from employee status is not sufficient to warrant summary judgment. For example, that Plaintiff supplied his own equipment and even, in some instances, his own supplemental workers, does not necessarily make him a contractor. See Cargill, 165 Cal.App.2d at 223, 331 P.2d 774 ("There is nothing in the chapter [containing § 7053] requiring the licensing of contractors which precludes one from furnishing materials as a supplier and then installing them as an employee."); Dahl-Beck, 275 Cal.App.2d at 901, 80 Cal.Rptr. 440 (collecting cases). Similarly, "[t]hat [Mr. Hurst] here had contracts `expressly acknowledging that [he was an] independent contractor[]' is simply not dispositive under California's test of employment." Narayan, 616 F.3d at 903 (quoting Borello, 48 Cal.3d at 349, 256 Cal.Rptr. 543, 769 P.2d 399).

Defendant also appears to argue that because its supervision of Plaintiff was at the behest of its clients and/or the Department of Housing and Urban Development ("HUD"), it did not actually control Plaintiff. See Mot. at 12. However, it is not clear why the reason for Defendant's control over Plaintiff is relevant, and Defendant cites to no authority so holding. Indeed, Defendant's argument, if accepted, would seem to indicate that any worker who completes tasks that are geared toward implementing client requests would become a contractor rather than an employee. Yet at some level, all company control and supervision over its workers are geared toward satisfying its clients and customers. Defendant's attempt to draw a line between some hypothetical form of supervision it would implement absent client demands or legal requirements, on the one hand, and the actual form of supervision it implemented, on the other, is unpersuasive. Indeed, Ninth Circuit authority suggests that such justifications may be indicative of an employment relationship. See Narayan, 616 F.3d at 902 (considering evidence of employer controls as supporting employment status, including requirements "imposed to meet `the industry standard, the DOT regulation, and ... customer's requirements.'").

Even case law ultimately concluding that workers were independent contractors does not help Defendant, as these cases tend to review only for substantial evidence and highlight the need to determine employment status through the trier of fact. See, e.g., Cristler, 171 Cal.App.4th at 78, 89 Cal.Rptr.3d 34 ("[A]ppellate case law in this area arises primarily in the context of substantial evidence review of the determinations of the relevant fact finder."); Fireman's Fund Ins. Co. v. Davis, 37 Cal.App.4th 1432, 1443, 44 Cal.Rptr.2d 546 (1995) (reviewing a trial court's determination for substantial evidence based on its "resol[ution] [of] conflicting inferences"); Vaughn, 2 Cal. App.3d at 677, 83 Cal.Rptr. 144 (finding jury's conclusion that plaintiff was an independent contractor reasonable where "Defendants stated generally what they wanted in the yard, but the manner and mode, and even the selection of some of the plants and the direction of the workmen, was left to plaintiff.").

Moreover, even if Plaintiff was unable to show that he met the § 7053 requirements for exemption from § 7031's bar, Defendant has not shown that all of the work on which Plaintiff's claims are based required a license and was therefore subject to § 7031 in the first place. Accordingly, Defendant would not be entitled to summary judgment as to any of Plaintiff's claims to the extent they were otherwise valid and not based on work that required a license. See Executive Landscape Corp. v. San Vicente Country Villas IV Assn., 145 Cal.App.3d 496, 501, 193 Cal.Rptr. 377 (1983) (reversing grant of demurrer where "the contract [] can reasonably be interpreted to require Executive to perform work for which no license was required").

Finally, the Court overrules Defendant's objections to Plaintiff's proffered evidence because, while it may dispute Plaintiff's account of events, Plaintiff's statements appear to be based on personal knowledge and conducive to presentation "in a form that would be admissible in evidence." Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c)(2).

Accordingly, the Court DENIES Defendant's motion for summary judgment as to Plaintiff's employment status.

2. Estoppel

Defendant argues that Plaintiff is estopped from arguing that he is a statutory employee under § 2750.5 of the Labor Code. Because, as discussed above, § 2750.5 does not apply here, this argument is moot.

3. First Cause of Action — Wages

Defendant argues that Plaintiff is barred from raising this claim pursuant to § 7031 of the Business and Professions Code. As discussed above in the context of Plaintiff's motion for summary judgment, the Court rejects this argument. Similarly, to the extent Defendant argues that summary judgment is appropriate based on Plaintiff's status as an independent contractor, that claim has also been rejected above. Defendant's motion for summary judgment as to Plaintiff's first cause of action is DENIED.

4. Second Cause of Action — Overtime

Defendant argues that Plaintiff is barred from raising this claim pursuant to § 7031 of the Business and Professions Code. As discussed above in the context of Plaintiff's motion for summary judgment, this argument is rejected. Similarly, to the extent Defendant argues that summary judgment is appropriate based on Plaintiff's status as an independent contractor, that claim has also been rejected above.

Defendant also argues that Mr. Hurst cannot meet his burden to show that he worked overtime because Buczek's workers do not submit timecards and Mr. Hurst has purportedly admitted that he does not have records, time sheets, or schedules. Mot. at 17-18; Hurst Depo. at 390. However, the Court notes that Mr. Hurst did state that while he never submitted time cards to Buczek, he did submit work schedules "several times." Hurst Depo. at 390.

The California Court of Appeal has explained the problem of a lack of accurate records as to overtime as follows:

Eicher v. Advanced Bus. Integrators, Inc., 151 Cal.App.4th 1363, 1377, 61 Cal.Rptr.3d 114 (2007) (quoting Hernandez v. Mendoza, 199 Cal.App.3d 721, 727, 245 Cal.Rptr. 36 (1988)).

Here, Plaintiff states that he routinely worked more than eight hours per day and sometimes worked 12-16 hours per day. Hurst Decl., Docket No. 45, ¶ 24. More specifically, he states that he typically worked from 6:00 a.m. until 5:00 p.m., and frequently again from 8:00 until 10:00 or 11:00 p.m. Id. Buczek confirmed in deposition that Plaintiff worked up to seven days per week. Buczek Depo. at 68. Buczek has not carried its burden of demonstrating the absence of a genuine issue of fact on this question. See Hernandez, 199 Cal. App.3d at 727, 245 Cal.Rptr. 36 (accepting as sufficient evidence testimony "that on most days from November 1983 through July 1984 he was required to be on his employers' premises from 8 a.m. until 9 p.m. or during the store's regular hours"). In addition, Buczek's work system may offer a reasonable basis for a jury to infer Plaintiff's overtime hours. Buczek may be able to attack any overtime award at a later date based on the quality of evidence presented at trial, but summary judgment does not appear warranted. Id. at 726-27, 245 Cal.Rptr. 36 ("Once an employee shows that he performed work for which he was not paid, the fact of damage is certain; the only uncertainty is the amount of damage. In such a case, it would be a perversion of justice to deny all relief to the injured person, thereby relieving the wrongdoer from making any restitution for his wrongful act.") (internal citations omitted) (emphasis in original).

Accordingly, summary judgment is DENIED as to Plaintiff's overtime claim.

5. Third Cause of Action — Meal and Rest Breaks

Defendant argues that Plaintiff is barred from raising this claim pursuant to § 7031 of the Business and Professions Code. As discussed above in the context of Plaintiff's motion for summary judgment, this argument is rejected. Similarly, to the extent Defendant argues that summary judgment is appropriate based on Plaintiff's status as an independent contractor, that claim has also been rejected above.

Defendant also argues that Mr. Hurst cannot meet his burden to show that he was not provided with meal and rest breaks because he cannot demonstrate when he failed to take those breaks and why. The California Supreme Court has recently clarified that an employer need not ensure that employees take meal and rest breaks; rather, it need only make them available. See Brinker Rest. Corp. v. Superior Court, 53 Cal.4th 1004, 139 Cal.Rptr.3d 315, 273 P.3d 513, 532 (2012) ("We conclude that under Wage Order No. 5 and Labor Code section 512, subdivision (a), an employer must relieve the employee of all duty for the designated period, but need not ensure that the employee does not work."). However, the only evidence currently in the record is Plaintiff's testimony that his workload precluded him from taking off-duty breaks, and that he typically ate while working or did not take a break at all. Hurst Decl., Docket No. 45, ¶ 12. Thus, Defendant has not sustained its burden to demonstrate that summary judgment is warranted. See Brinker, 139 Cal.Rptr.3d 315, 273 P.3d at 536 ("[A]n employer may not ... pressur[e] employees to perform their duties in ways that omit breaks."). Defendant's motion for summary judgment as to Plaintiff's third cause of action is DENIED.

6. Fourth Cause of Action — Accurate Wage Statements

As discussed above in the context of Plaintiff's motion for summary judgment, Defendant's arguments regarding § 7031 and Plaintiff's employment status are rejected.

Defendant also contends that Plaintiff cannot prove its failure to provide accurate wage statements was knowing and intentional, and therefore is not entitled to penalties under § 226(e). Mot. at 20; see Cal. Labor Code § 226(e) (awarding penalties where failure to provide accurate statements was "knowing and intentional"). This Court has previously held that when a party makes a good faith claim that a worker is an independent contractor, its failure to provide accurate wage statements is not knowing and intentional. See Harris v. Vector Mktg. Corp., 656 F.Supp.2d 1128, 1146 (N.D.Cal.2009); see also Dalton v. Lee Publications, Inc., 08CV1072 BTM NLS, 2011 WL 1045107, at *5 (S.D.Cal. Mar. 22, 2011) ("Although the Court finds that Defendant has not satisfied its burden of showing that it is entitled to summary judgment on the ground that Plaintiff is an independent contractor, it is clear that a good faith dispute exists as to whether Defendant's newspaper distributors are exempt from the California Labor Code provisions at issue."). As Plaintiff has provided no evidence or argument to the contrary, see Opp. at 19, the Court GRANTS summary judgment to Defendant on Plaintiff's claim for penalties under § 226(e).

7. Fifth Cause of Action — Breach of Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing

As discussed above in the context of Plaintiff's motion for summary judgment, Defendant's arguments regarding § 7031 and Plaintiff's employment status are rejected.

Defendant also seems to argue that no employment contract exists on which Plaintiff could base his implied covenant claim, although its point is not entirely clear. Mot. at 21. However, such a claim appears to be derivative of Defendant's position that Mr. Hurst was merely an independent contractor, not an employee. Accordingly, given the Court's previous conclusions, Defendant offers no basis for summary judgment as to this claim. Defendant's motion is DENIED as to the fifth cause of action.

8. Sixth, Seventh, and Ninth Causes of Action — Labor Code § 2802, Unfair Competition, and Minimum Wage

Defendant's only arguments against these three claims are based on its estoppel and independent contractor theories, which fail as stated above. Defendant's motion is DENIED as to these causes of action.

9. Eighth Cause of Action — Civil Penalties

To the extent Defendant argues against this cause of action based on estoppel and independent contractor theories, its argument fails.

However, Defendant also argues that Plaintiff's claim for civil penalties under Labor Code § 1021.5 is defective because Plaintiff represented that he would follow all applicable laws, including obtaining the necessary licenses. Labor Code § 1021.5 provides, "Any person who holds a valid state contractor's license issued pursuant to Chapter 9 (commencing with Section 7000) of Division 3 of the Business and Professions Code, and who willingly and knowingly enters into a contract with any person to perform services for which a license is required as an independent contractor, and that person does not meet the burden of proof of independent contractor status pursuant to Section 2750.5 or hold a valid state contractor's license, shall be subject to a civil penalty in the amount of two hundred dollars ($200) per person so contracted with for each day of the contract." Defendant seems to argue that because Plaintiff's contract stated that Plaintiff would follow all applicable laws (which Defendant reads to include obtaining any necessary licenses), Defendant could not have acted willingly and knowingly in engaging his services. Mot. at 23-24. However, Plaintiff testifies that he informed Defendant he was unlicensed before he began working for Buczek and never represented otherwise during his tenure with the company. Hurst Decl., Docket No. 45, ¶ 3; Hurst Depo. At 242. Moreover, Hurst provides the Court with a memo from Buczek in February 2010 describing the process for becoming licensed, suggesting Buczek knew he was unlicensed. See Hurst Decl., Docket No. 45, Ex. N. There is thus a disputed issue of fact as to whether Buczek acted knowingly and willingly in hiring an unlicensed contractor.

Accordingly, summary judgment is DENIED as to this claim.

10. Buczek's Causes of Action — Breach of Contract and Implied Covenant

Finally, Buczek argues that summary judgment is warranted on its two counterclaims against Mr. Hurst because: (1) Mr. Hurst has materially breached the Agreement by, inter alia, failing to timely perform services in a good and reasonable workmanlike manner; (2) Mr. Hurst has admitted to performing work which required a license although he had no license, which is a breach of both his contract and the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing.

As noted above, the Court will conditionally recognize Defendant's counterclaims in anticipation that it will comply with California's qualification requirements as represented to the Court at oral argument. See Cal. Corp.Code §§ 2105(a), 2203(c).

With respect to the first claim, the only evidence Defendant has produced regarding Mr. Hurst's poor work is Buczek's own testimony that one of its clients placed it on probation, and that it "guesstimate[d]" Mr. Hurst was responsible for 50% of its losses in Northern California during the ensuing probation. See Buczek Depo. At 251-52. However, as Plaintiff points out, Buczek's documents do not directly link Mr. Hurst with its probation. See DiBello Decl., Docket No. 36, Ex. L (listing client complaints about properties without describing which properties were Mr. Hurst's responsibility, and listing complaints about Mr. Hurst's properties that post-dated the time in which the client placed Hurst on probation). Although Defendant offers one example in Reply of a Hurst work order which was referenced in the client's probation letter as "one of the most recent" of eight or more quality control problems leading to the probation, this single example is a far cry from establishing as a matter of law that Mr. Hurst caused the probation and resulting damage to Buczek. In addition, Plaintiff offers in response evidence that Buczek gave him a large number of work orders during his time with the company, and that he was sometimes tasked with supervising other workers. Hurst Decl., Docket No. 45, ¶ 25. He also offers a letter from Buczek expressing interest in working with him again in the future. Id., Ex. L. Buczek further admits that it has not sued the other worker it claimed was responsible for the other half of its losses. Buczek Depo. at 252-53. Such evidence is sufficient to raise an issue of fact as to whether Hurst was indeed responsible for any losses and whether, even assuming he was responsible, his conduct would constitute a breach of contract or breach of the implied covenant.

As for the second claim, the fact that Hurst performed work requiring a license when he did not possess such a license is only problematic, at the least, if he was not Buczek's employee. Cal. Bus. & Prof.Code § 7053. Because Mr. Hurst's employment status is in dispute, summary judgment is not warranted on this ground.

Accordingly, the Court DENIES Buczek's motion for summary judgment as to its counterclaims.

III. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Court DENIES Plaintiff's motion for summary judgment as to his employment status, and GRANTS the motion as to Defendant's standing to raise counterclaims absent qualifying to do intrastate business in California. The Court GRANTS Defendant's motion for summary judgment as to Plaintiff's claim for penalties under Cal. Labor Code § 226(e), and DENIES its motion for summary judgment as to all other claims.

This Order Disposes of Docket Nos. 35 and 39.

IT IS SO ORDERED.