DAVID H. BARTICK, Magistrate Judge.
On May 16, 2013, the parties filed a Joint Motion for Determination of Discovery Dispute. (ECF No. 36.) On that same day, Plaintiff filed a notice of errata indicating that the last two pages of ECF No. 36 were missing, and attaching a complete version of the parties' joint motion. (ECF No. 37.) After a thorough review of the parties' arguments and evidence, the Court issues the following Order to resolve the issues in dispute.
Plaintiff Nashonna Coleman brings this putative collective and class action against Defendant Jenny Craig, Inc. for alleged violations of the Fair Labor Standards Act ("FLSA"), 29 U.S.C. § 201, et seq., and California state wage and hour laws.
The First Amended Complaint alleges:
(ECF No. 4 at ¶ 19.) Plaintiff further alleges that "[i]n addition to working off the clock before and after their shifts, Plaintiffs often worked without taking meal or rest periods." (Id. at ¶ 20.)
Plaintiff alleges that "Defendant's uniform policy and procedure requires its employees to work `off the clock' without compensation for time spent working for Defendant and/or subject to the control of the Defendant." (Id. at ¶ 32.) Plaintiff further alleges:
(Id. at ¶ 33.) Plaintiff alleges that "Defendant, as a matter of established company policy and procedure, in the State of California, scheduled to work and/or required, suffered or permitted Plaintiffs and other members of the Class to work, without paying them for each and every hour worked during the Class Period." (Id. at ¶ 34.)
The instant discovery dispute concerns whether Defendant should be required to produce to Plaintiff, prior to class certification, "(1) the contact information of putative class members; (2) other records pertaining to class members, to include: payroll records, work schedules, time cards, as well as other computerized records that show the date and time of various transactions; and (3) `Message Board' records (an internal discussion board for [Defendant's] employees)." (ECF No. 37-1 at 4:11-16.)
First, Plaintiff seeks production of the full name, address and telephone number of all 395 putative class members, but Defendant has provided only the last names of 144 of the 395 class members. (Id. at 5:1-4.) Plaintiff contends that pre-certification discovery of the contact information of putative class members is "routinely allowed" in wage and hour actions (id. at 7:16-17), and that the information is relevant in that Plaintiff needs the information to establish whether common questions of law or fact exist and if Plaintiff's claims are typical of those of the putative class members. (Id. at 8:1-21.) Plaintiff further contends that the relevancy of this information outweighs the class members' privacy concerns which can be adequately protected through the use of either a protective order or an "opt-out" procedure. (Id. at 9:18-10:27.)
Second, Plaintiff seeks production of Defendant's records of putative class members including payroll records, time cards, work schedules, schedules of client meetings (known as "Ghant charts") and "SONIC" records.
Third, Plaintiff seeks production of Defendant's internal "Message Board" records, an internal electronic bulletin board system to which all Defendant's employees have access to post comments or concerns. (Id. at 14:25-27.) Plaintiff claims that the records are relevant because she has seen posted complaints that employees were required to work without receiving proper wages at each of Defendant's centers, and this evidence will support Plaintiff's Rule 23 commonality argument. (Id. at 15:7-15.) Plaintiff also contends the "Message Board" database can be easily searched for key words suggesting unpaid overtime, missed or late lunches and rest breaks, and that privacy concerns would be protected because the posts are anonymous and, to the extent they contain personal information, they can be redacted. (Id. at 15:16-26.)
Defendant's primary argument is that the requested discovery should not be compelled because class certification of Plaintiff's overtime and "off the clock" claims is prohibited by applicable law because such claims "require individualized inquiries into the facts as they apply to each potential claimant." (Id. at 17:26-18:1.) Defendant further argues that Plaintiff's First Amended Complaint alleges that Defendant's violations were the result of its corporate policies and procedures, and that "it is misleading and disingenuous for Plaintiff to assert now that individual class member experiences are relevant, much less vital to the successful prosecution of Plaintiff's case." (Id. at 18:9-11.) Defendant also argues that rather than seeking the discovery to corroborate commonality and typicality, "Plaintiff's attorneys are fishing to
Litigants "may obtain discovery regarding any nonprivileged matter that is relevant to any party's claim or defense." FED. R. CIV. P. 26(b)(1). In addition, "[f]or good cause, the court may order discovery of any matter relevant to the subject matter involved in the action. Relevant information need not be admissible at the trial if the discovery appears reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence." Id. The relevance standard is thus commonly recognized as one that is necessarily broad in scope in order "to encompass any matter that bears on, or that reasonably could lead to other matter that could bear on, any issue that is or may be in the case." Oppenheimer Fund, Inc. v. Sanders, 437 U.S. 340, 351 (1978) (citing Hickman v. Taylor, 329 U.S. 495, 501 (1947)). However broadly defined, relevancy is not without "ultimate and necessary boundaries." Hickman, 329 U.S. at 507. Accordingly, district courts have broad discretion to determine relevancy for discovery purposes. Hallett v. Morgan, 296 F.3d 732, 751 (9th Cir. 2002).
Pursuant to Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, a member of a class of individuals may sue on behalf of all class members only if:
FED. R. CIV. P. 23(a).
In addition to the requirements of Rule 23(a), maintenance of a class action also requires satisfaction of one of the three prongs of Rule 23(b).
Washington v. Joe's Crab Shack, 271 F.R.D. 629, 638 (N.D. Cal. 2010) (quoting FED. R. CIV. P. 23(b)).
The Ninth Circuit has addressed the propriety of pre-certification discovery in class action cases on numerous occasions. In Kamm v. Cal. City Dev. Co., 509 F.2d 205 (9th Cir. 1975), the Ninth Circuit recognized that "[w]hether or not discovery will be permitted in a case of this nature lies within the sound discretion of the trial court." Id. at 209 (citing Berland v. Mack, 48 F.R.D. 121, 126 (S.D.N.Y. 1969)); see also Artis v. Deere & Co., 276 F.R.D. 348, 351 (N.D. Cal. 2011) ("Prior to class certification under Rule 23, discovery lies entirely within the discretion of the Court.") (citing Vinole v. Countrywide Home Loans, Inc., 571 F.3d 935, 942 (9th Cir. 2009)). "In determining whether to grant discovery the court must consider its need, the time required, and the probability of discovery resolving any factual issue necessary for the determination" of whether a class action is maintainable. Kamm, 509 F.2d at 210. Kamm further states:
Id.; see also Doninger v. Pac. Northwest Bell, Inc., 564 F.2d 1304, 1312 (9th Cir. 1977) ("It is clear that under some circumstances the failure to grant discovery before denying class treatment is reversible error.").
In Doninger, the Ninth Circuit further addressed whether courts should allow pre-certification discovery:
564 F.2d at 1313 (citations omitted). However, "where the plaintiffs fail to make even a prima facie showing of Rule 23's prerequisites [i.e., numerosity, commonality, typicality and adequacy of representation], . . . the burden is on the plaintiff to demonstrate that discovery measures are likely to produce persuasive information substantiating the class action allegations." Id. (citing Hatfield v. Williams, 64 F.R.D. 71, 75 (N.D. Iowa 1974)); see also Mantolete v. Bolger, 767 F.2d 1416, 1424 (9th Cir. 1985) ("Although in some cases a district court should allow discovery to aid the determination of whether a class action is maintainable, the plaintiff bears the burden of advancing a prima facie showing that the class action requirements of Fed. R. Civ. P. 23 are satisfied or that discovery is likely to produce substantiation of the class allegations. Absent such a showing, a trial court's refusal to allow class discovery is not an abuse of discretion.").
Finally, reviewing Kamm, Doninger and Mantolete, the Ninth Circuit concluded: "Our cases stand for the unremarkable proposition that often the pleadings alone will not resolve the question of class certification and that some discovery will be warranted." Vinole, 571 F.3d at 942.
Although the Mantolete standard is typically addressed at the outset of a case in determining whether any discovery is appropriate, here, discovery has been open since March 2012. (ECF Nos. 10, 17.) The Court issued an order on March 29, 2012 setting an April 8, 2013 deadline to complete discovery. (ECF No. 17 at ¶ 7.) Defendant did not object to the Court's allowance of discovery at that time, nor did Defendant assert that Plaintiff should be required to meet the discretionary burden established by Mantolete. On October 24, 2012, the Court replaced the discovery cutoff with a cutoff to complete discovery specifically related to class certification. (ECF No. 26 at ¶ 3.) At the parties' request, the Court subsequently extended the class certification discovery cutoff to May 31, 2013. (ECF No. 31 at ¶ 2.) Although Defendant arguably waived any argument that no discovery is warranted, the Court will nevertheless address Defendant's objections to Plaintiff's specific discovery requests following a brief analysis of the Mantolete standard.
Initially, the Court concludes that Plaintiff has demonstrated a prima facie showing under Rule 23(a). With respect to numerosity, it is uncontested that there are 395 putative class members. (ECF No. 37-1 at 5:1-4.) With respect to commonality, Plaintiff alleges shared common questions of law and fact in that "Defendant, as a matter of established company policy and procedure, in the State of California, scheduled to work and/or required, suffered or permitted Plaintiffs and other members of the Class to work, without paying them for each and every hour worked during the Class Period." (ECF No. 4 at ¶ 34.) Such allegations are sufficient to meet the prima facie requirement of commonality. See Washington, 271 F.R.D. at 636 ("Plaintiff's claims, as pled, share a common question of law — whether any of the practices [defendant] is alleged to have engaged in constitute violations of California law — and at least some of the facts to be analyzed with respect to this question are the same."). With respect to typicality, Plaintiff "asserts injuries similar to class members, and the evidence suggests other class members have been similarly injured." Soto v. Castlerock Farming & Transport, Inc., 282 F.R.D. 492, 502 (E.D. Cal. 2012). Finally, with respect to adequacy, the Court believes that a sufficient showing has been made. Accordingly, the Court finds that discovery is appropriate based on Plaintiff's prima facie showing of Rule 23(a)'s prerequisites.
Defendant's primary argument is that the requested discovery should not be allowed because class certification is inherently improper in wage and hour cases due to the individualized nature of the class members' claims. In citing to several cases where class certification was denied in wage and hour actions, Defendant essentially argues for a blanket rule that no pre-certification discovery should be allowed in wage and hour putative class actions. However, not only did Defendant not object earlier in this litigation when the Court permitted pre-certification discovery, but Defendant's argument for a blanket rule of this nature has been considered and rejected.
In Kaminske, the district judge reversed the magistrate judge's denial of pre-certification discovery upon concluding "that the magistrate judge's denial of discovery relevant to class certification based upon the application of a blanket rule barring the possibility of class certification in cases involving loan officer wage and hour claims for a lack of predominant factual issues was contrary to law." 2010 U.S. LEXIS 141514, at *15-16. Although the court recognized other wage and hour cases in which class certification had been denied, the Kaminske court found that in that case the plaintiff had "not been given an opportunity to conduct discovery to support her position that common issues predominate. She should not be barred from conducting such discovery because a plaintiff in a different case squandered an opportunity to do so." Id. at *13. The court further stated:
Id. at * 13-14. The court also found that the magistrate judge improperly "went beyond a consideration of a prima facie showing and into a consideration of Plaintiff's likelihood of success at the class certification stage." Id. at * 9. The Ninth Circuit's Vinole decision "did not establish a rule against class certification of wage and hour cases as a matter of law, but simply affirmed a denial of certification on the basis of the evidentiary record before the district court. Indeed, the Vinole court explicitly noted that the district court `did not suggest that the lack of a common policy necessarily defeats certification as a matter of law.'" Id. at * 10-11 (citing Vinole, 571 F.3d at 947).
The Court agrees with the reasoning in Kaminske rejecting the assertion that wage and hour class actions can never be maintained due to the predominance of individualized inquiries. Indeed, in Washington, a case cited by Defendant, the court recognized that "[i]t is true that courts . . . often find wage-and-hour cases to be appropriate for class treatment." 271 F.R.D. at 642. Moreover, the Court notes that several of the cases relied upon by Defendant involve the denial of class certification after the plaintiff had been afforded an opportunity to engage in discovery. See, e.g., id. at 633 (noting that plaintiff had obtained a 20% sampling of defendant's payroll and meal and rest break records). As the Kaminske court recognized, it would be "particularly unfair" to prohibit discovery based upon such cases "given that the plaintiffs in those cases were given the opportunity to conduct discovery with respect to class certification issues before the district court considered certification." 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 141514, at *14 n.3 (citing Vinole, 571 F.3d at 942; In re Wells Fargo Home Mortgage Overtime Pay Litig., 268 F.R.D. 604, 612 n.2 (N.D. Cal. 2010)); see also Artis, 276 F.R.D. at 352 (rejecting argument that discovery should be denied because plaintiff will ultimately be unable to establish that maintenance of a class action under Rule 23 is proper).
Here, Defendant also suggests that Plaintiff be required to prove a likelihood of success at the class certification stage. Such a requirement would go beyond the burden permissible under Mantolete. Moreover, courts are not obligated to require that a plaintiff satisfy the Mantolete burden. Rather, courts may, in their discretion, require such a showing prior to allowing pre-certification discovery. Here, the Court did not require this showing at the outset of discovery, and Defendant did not urge the Court to do so. Moreover, the Court presently concludes that Plaintiff can satisfy her burden. Thus, the Court's attention turns to the particular discovery requests at issue and the remainder of Defendant's asserted objections.
As highlighted above, the relevance standard is very broad and parties "may obtain discovery regarding any nonprivileged matter that is relevant to any party's claim or defense." FED. R. CIV. P. 26(b)(1). Here, the Court finds that all of the information presently in dispute is relevant or, at a minimum, contains relevant information within a larger set of information.
Concerning the contact information of the putative class members, "[a]s a general rule, before class certification has taken place, all parties are entitled to equal access to persons who potentially have an interest in or relevant knowledge of the subject of the action, but who are not yet parties." Wiegele v. FedEx Ground Package Sys., No. 06-CV-01330-JM(POR), 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 9444, at *2 (S.D. Cal. Feb. 8, 2007) (citation omitted). Moreover, discovery of the contact information of putative class members is routinely allowed. See, e.g., Artis, 276 F.R.D. at 352 ("The disclosure of names, addresses, and telephone numbers is a common practice in the class action context.") (citing Currie-White v. Blockbuster, Inc., No. C 09-2593 MMC (MEJ), 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 47071, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 15, 2010); Babbitt v. Albertson's Inc., No. C-92-1883 SBA (PJH), 1992 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 19091, at *6 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 30, 1992); Putnam v. Eli Lilly & Co., 508 F.Supp.2d 812, 814 (C.D. Cal. 2007) ("[I]t seems to the Court that contact with [class members] could well be useful for plaintiff to determine, at a minimum, the commonality and typicality prongs of Rule 23.")); Kaminske, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 141514, at *14-15 (finding contact information of putative class members "relevant to aid in the identification and collection of . . . potentially common evidence, as well as to test Plaintiff's theories regarding the commonality of Defendant's practices.") ("Regardless of whether this is enough to constitute a prima facie showing with respect to Rule 23(b), it is, at a minimum, sufficient to establish that the requested discovery is likely to produce persuasive information substantiating the class action allegations."); see also Gulf Oil Co. v. Bernard, 452 U.S. 89, 101-02 (1981) (recognizing that class counsel in Rule 23 class actions must be allowed to communicate with potential class members for the purpose of notification and gathering information, even prior to class certification). Here, the Court concludes that the name, address and telephone numbers of putative class members are relevant to Plaintiff's claims.
Concerning Defendant's payroll records, "SONIC" records, time cards, work schedules and Ghant charts, the Court concludes that such records are relevant to Plaintiff's claims and whether Plaintiff can establish the commonality and typicality requirements of Rule 23. Indeed, records showing that Jenny Craig employees were working "off the clock" or that they were not paid overtime or provided adequate breaks go to the very heart of Plaintiff's case.
Finally, concerning Defendant's "Message Board" records, according to Plaintiff's deposition testimony, Jenny Craig employees nationwide posted complaints to the "Message Board" about the improper actions alleged in this case. If that is the case, such complaints would be relevant to Plaintiff's claims and whether Plaintiff can establish the commonality and typicality requirements of Rule 23. However, it is very likely that Defendant's "Message Board" records consist mostly of irrelevant information.
Defendant asserts that Plaintiff's discovery requests are overbroad and unduly burdensome. (ECF No. 37-1 at 16:10-11.) The Court agrees, although the Court finds that some limited discovery is appropriate.
In circumstances similar to the instant dispute, numerous district courts in California have "concluded that plaintiffs were not entitled to discovery from branch locations where they never worked absent some evidence to indicate company-wide violations." Nguyen v. Baxter Healthcare Corp., 275 F.R.D. 503, 508 (C.D. Cal. 2011). In Nguyen, the court concluded that "[b]ecause Plaintiff has failed to produce any evidence of company-wide violations, and Defendant admittedly has produced contrary evidence showing company-wide policies consistent with California law, there is no basis at this time to require discovery beyond the Irvine facility where Plaintiff worked." Id. at 508 (citing Martinet v. Spherion Atl. Enters., LLC, No. 07cv2178 W (AJB), 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 48113, at *2 (S.D. Cal. June 20, 2008) (limiting discovery to the office where plaintiff worked until such time that plaintiff can show evidence of company-wide violations); Tracy v. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc., 185 F.R.D. 303, 305 (D. Col. 1998) (same)). The Nguyen court also rejected the plaintiff's argument that "if supervisors at the Irvine facility did not follow company guidelines regarding meal breaks and wage statements, then it is reasonable to assume that supervisors at other facilities must also have violated these same guidelines." Id. at *508. The court found this argument to be "pure speculation and [found] it equally likely that supervisors at other California facilities followed the company guidelines." Id.
In Franco v. Bank of Am., No. 09cv1364-LAB (BLM), 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 111873 (S.D. Cal. Dec. 1, 2009), Magistrate Judge Barbara Major of this district granted in part the plaintiff's motion to compel the contact information of putative class members in a class action alleging wage and hour claims similar to those alleged by Plaintiff in the instant case. Id. at *1-2. In that case, the plaintiff alleged that Bank of America had "a company-wide policy and practice instituted by Defendant's corporate office that results in the nonpayment of overtime hours to employees." Id. at *3. Plaintiff sought the contact information of all Bank of America tellers, senior tellers and sales and service specialists employed in any of Bank of America's California branches. Id. at *4. In opposition, Defendant presented evidence that its company-wide policies were lawful. Id. at *10-11. In concluding that plaintiff's request was overly broad and unduly burdensome, Judge Major stated:
Id. at *10-11 (citing Tracy, 185 F.R.D. at 305-13).
Here, the Court finds that Plaintiff has not provided sufficient evidence to expand discovery beyond those Jenny Craig centers at which she worked. According to Plaintiff's deposition testimony, she was instructed
Although it is not clear how many centers Plaintiff worked at, at a minimum, she worked at the Chula Vista and Point Loma centers. (Id. at 9:22-10:5.) Plaintiff also testified that although she could not confirm whether the improper overtime and break practices occurred at every center in the country, she did testify that she knew "that it happens in — especially every center [she'd] ever been to" in her market. (Id. at 16:18-17:11, 19:20-22.) Plaintiff also testified that Defendant's "Message Board" contained similar complaints from employees at every Jenny Craig center across the country. (Id. at 17:12-19:25.)
Upon review of Plaintiff's deposition testimony, the Court concludes that it is appropriate to limit discovery to only those Jenny Craig centers where Plaintiff worked. Plaintiff's testimony that the alleged improper practices occurred at every center throughout the country is admittedly an assumption that the Court finds insufficient to justify expanding discovery beyond Plaintiff's market. (Id. at 19:20-25.) Due to the overly broad nature of Plaintiff's requests, it follows that requiring Defendant to produce information and documents regarding its employees outside of Plaintiff's market would be unduly burdensome.
In addition, with one exception discussed below, the Court finds that Defendant need not produce its "Message Board" records. Although Defendant does not provide details into the burden and expense that such production would require, the fact that these records are anonymous suggests that verification of the comments would impose a significant burden. However, the Court finds that if Plaintiff will identify her "Message Board" user name, Defendant should produce all messages that Plaintiff posted or commented upon from March 18, 2010 through June 30, 2011. Defendant's suggestion that the posts be limited to address the allegations in this case is rejected.
Now that the Court has found that the requested information is relevant but that discovery is limited to Plaintiff's market, the Court now turns to Defendant's privacy objections.
"When the constitutional right of privacy is involved, `the party seeking discovery must demonstrate a compelling need for discovery, and that compelling need must be so strong as to outweigh the privacy right when these two competing interests are carefully balanced.'" Artis, 276 F.R.D. at 352 (quoting Wiegele, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 9444, at *2). "Compelled discovery within the realm of the right of privacy `cannot be justified solely on the ground that it may lead to relevant information.'" Id. (quoting Wiegele, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 9444, at *2). "Even when discovery of private information is found directly relevant to the issues of ongoing litigation, it will not be automatically allowed; there must then be a `careful balancing' of the `compelling public need' for discovery against the `fundamental right of privacy.'" Wiegele, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 9444, at *2 (quoting Lantz v. Superior Court, 28 Cal.App.4th 1839, 1854 (Cal. Ct. App. 1994)).
On the one hand, it is unlikely that production of time cards, work schedules or Ghant charts would significantly invade anyone's privacy. Accordingly, the Court finds that Defendant should be compelled to produce these records, limited to the employees that also worked in Plaintiff's market.
On the other hand, disclosure of contact information and payroll records of putative class members would infringe upon the individuals' privacy. Moreover, Defendant's "SONIC" records likely contain personal and financial information of Defendant's clients.
Concerning the privacy of contact information of putative class members, the Artis court stated:
276 F.R.D. at 353.
Here, the Court agrees with the reasoning set forth in Artis. Thus, the Court finds that disclosure of the name, address and phone number of the putative class members within Plaintiff's market is discoverable. The Court also finds that "the parties can craft a protective order that limits the use of any contact information to the parties in this litigation and protects it from disclosure. The discovery is to be produced to Plaintiff's counsel only and to be used only in this litigation. Under these circumstances, the potential privacy interests of putative class members are adequately balanced." Id. (citing Khalilpour v. CELLCO Partnership, No. C 09-02712 CW (MEJ), 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 43885, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 1, 2010)); see also Putnam, 508 F. Supp. 2d at 814 ("[T]he Court finds that plaintiff's needs here outweigh the concerns of a defendant. Plaintiff has shown a legitimate need for the requested information to determine, among other things, whether common questions of law or fact exist and if plaintiff's claims are typical. The need is especially compelling here where the information to be disclosed concerns not disinterested third parties, but rather potential plaintiffs themselves.").
Next, the Court concludes that Plaintiff does not need payroll records. In Nguyen, the court concluded that the plaintiff was not entitled to pay check stubs or documents detailing wage payments because such documents
275 F.R.D. at 512-13.
Finally, the Court finds that Defendant should produce its "SONIC" records related to Plaintiff's market. Importantly, these records are solely within Defendant's possession and Plaintiff would have no other means of obtaining the information sought. See Doninger, 564 F.2d at 1313 (recognizing that "the necessary antecedent to the presentation of evidence is, in most cases, enough discovery to obtain the material, especially when the information is within the sole possession of the defendant.") (citation omitted).
In conclusion, the Court finds that privacy concerns justify withholding from production Defendant's payroll records, but that class member contact information, time cards, work schedules and Ghant charts should be produced. Moreover, these documents should be produced subject to a protective order in order to strike the appropriate balance between privacy concerns and Plaintiff's need for the information.
Plaintiff asserts in the joint motion that Defendant has objected to the discovery on grounds that it invades the attorney-client privilege and the attorney work product doctrine. (ECF No. 37-1 at 11:1-8.) In addition, Defendant generally asserts that Plaintiff's discovery requests are vague and ambiguous. (Id. at 16:10.) However, Defendant's portion of the joint motion does not specifically address these objections. The Court recognizes that Defendant did assert these objections to some of the disputed requests when it initially served its responses. (See, e.g., ECF No. 36-2 at 7:6-7, 16:27.) However, Defendant has arguably waived these objections by failing to provide reasons for the objections as required under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 34(b)(2)(B). See Darraj v. Cnty. of San Diego, No. 11cv1657-AJB (BGS), 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 168968, at *2 n.1 (S.D. Cal. Nov. 28, 2012); Soto, 282 F.R.D. at 498 ("When a party resists discovery, he `has the burden to show that discovery should not be allowed, and has the burden of clarifying, explaining, and supporting its objections.'") (quoting Oakes v. Halvorsen Marine Ltd., 179 F.R.D. 281, 283 (C.D. Cal. 1998)). In any event, the Court finds no basis for Defendant's position that the disclosure of the disputed information would violate the attorney-client privilege or the attorney work product doctrine. Nor are any of Plaintiff's requests so vague or ambiguous that Defendant would be unable to form an adequate response. Accordingly, Defendant's objections on these bases are overruled.
For the reasons set forth above, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED:
In addition, in light of the Court's conclusions that some additional discovery is necessary, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED:
"Commonality requires the plaintiff to demonstrate that the class members `have suffered the same injury.'" Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, __ U.S. __, 131 S.Ct. 2541, 2551 (2011) (quoting Gen. Tel. Co. of the Southwest v. Falcon, 457 U.S. 147, 157 (1982)). "Rule 23(a)(2) is permissive, and `[a]ll questions of fact and law need not be common to satisfy the rule.'" Washington v. Joe's Crab Shack, 271 F.R.D. 629, 636 (N.D. Cal. 2010) (quoting Dukes v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 603 F.3d 571, 599 (9th Cir. 2010)). Plaintiffs' "claims must depend upon a common contention. . . . That common contention, moreover, must be of such a nature that it is capable of classwide resolution—which means that determination of its truth or falsity will resolve an issue that is central to the validity of each one of the claims in one stroke." Wal-Mart Stores, 131 S. Ct. at 2551.
"Representative claims are `typical' if they are reasonably co-extensive with those of absent class members; they need not be substantially identical." Hanlon v. Chrysler Corp., 150 F.3d 1011, 1020 (9th Cir. 1998). "Some degree of individuality is to be expected in all cases, but that specificity does not necessarily defeat typicality." Dukes, 509 F.3d at 1184 (citing Staton v. Boeing Co., 327 F.3d 938, 957 (9th Cir. 2003)).
"Adequate representation `depends on the qualifications of counsel for the representatives, an absence of antagonism, a sharing of interests between representatives and absentees, and the unlikelihood that the suit is collusive.'" Crawford v. Honig, 37 F.3d 485, 487 (9th Cir. 1994) (quoting Brown v. Ticor Title Ins. Corp., 982 F.2d 386, 390 (9th Cir. 1992)).
