SAUNDRA BROWN ARMSTRONG, United States District Judge.
Curtis D. Williams ("Plaintiff") brings the instant civil rights action against the County of Alameda (the "County") and six law enforcement officers
The following facts, which are taken from the SAC, are accepted as true for purposes of resolving the motions presently before the Court. On May 8, 2011, Plaintiff and his fiancé, Rickea Butler ("Butler"), were arguing about their daughter's behavior. SAC ¶ 14. During their argument, the Alameda County Sheriff's Office was notified by the California Highway Patrol dispatch of a 911 call from a person they thought was a "young boy" who stated that his parents were "about to fight." Id. ¶ 15. The Sherriff's Office attempted to return the phone call from the young boy, but there was no response. Id.
Alameda County Sherriff Deputies were dispatched to the origin of the call, 22322 Center Street in Castro Valley, i.e., Plaintiff's residence. SAC ¶ 15. Lieutenant Madigan directed Sergeant Felix and Deputy Estep to head an "Immediate Action Team" composed of themselves and Deputy Fernandez, Deputy Giammalvo, and Deputy Miguel. Id. ¶ 19.
Approximately 30 minutes after the 911 call, Plaintiff and Butler heard pounding on the front door. SAC ¶ 16. As the two of them approached the door, Deputy Estep "smashed in the door and forced it
Meanwhile, Plaintiff was directed to get on his knees. SAC ¶ 17. He complied with this command by putting his hands up and kneeling on the floor. Id. Plaintiff was then directed to get on the ground. Id. As he was doing so, several deputies slammed him down, using their body weight to pin his right side and arm against a couch and the floor. Id. One of the officers yelled at Plaintiff while pressing his firearm against his face, causing Plaintiff to bleed. Id. In response to his question: "what did I do?" Plaintiff was told to "shut the Fuck up." Id. Plaintiff was then ordered to place his right arm behind his back, but was unable to do so because of the weight of the officers on top of him. Id. ¶ 17. As a consequence, Plaintiff's arm was "wrenched" behind his back, causing injury to his shoulder. Id. ¶¶ 17-18.
Deputy Miguel handcuffed Plaintiff while he was on the ground. SAC ¶ 18. After Plaintiff was escorted to a patrol car, id., the officers interrogated his family members, who confirmed that there had only been an argument, not a fight, id. ¶ 21. Butler displayed no physical signs of an altercation, and the home showed no indication of a disturbance outside of the conduct of the officers. Id.
Plaintiff was taken to Valley Care Hospital in Pleasanton, but declined treatment. SAC ¶ 22. He was then taken to Santa Rita County jail and booked. Id. Plaintiff remained in custody overnight and was released in the morning. Id. Upon his release, Plaintiff returned to the hospital. Id. He was subsequently charged with a violation of California Penal Code § 148(a)(1) — resisting arrest, and California Penal Code § 273a(b) — child endangerment. Id. ¶ 23. However, after several months and multiple court appearances, the charges against Plaintiff were dropped in the interests of justice. Id. ¶¶ 23-24.
On May 16, 2012, Plaintiff commenced the instant action. See Compl., Dkt. 1. On May 30, 2013, Plaintiff filed a SAC alleging six claims for relief under § 1983: (1) unlawful entry and damage to property; (2) unnecessary force; (3) violation of equal protection; (4) unlawful arrest; (5) malicious prosecution; and (6) municipal liability under Monell v. Department of Social Services, 436 U.S. 658, 98 S.Ct. 2018, 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978). Dkt. 44. The parties are presently before the Court on Defendants' motion to dismiss and motion to strike. Dkt. 46, 47.
"Dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) is proper when the complaint either (1) lacks a cognizable legal theory or (2) fails to allege sufficient facts to support a cognizable legal theory." Somers v. Apple, Inc., 729 F.3d 953, 959 (9th Cir.2013). Rule 8 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure requires a complaint to contain "a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief." Fed.R.Civ.P. 8(a)(2). "To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to `state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.'" Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007)). A claim has facial plausibility when a plaintiff "pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged." Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937.
Where a complaint or claim is dismissed, "[l]eave to amend should be granted unless the district court determines that the pleading could not possibly be cured by the allegation of other facts." Knappenberger v. City of Phoenix, 566 F.3d 936, 942 (9th Cir.2009). Leave to amend is not required where permitting further amendment to the pleadings would be futile. See Deveraturda v. Globe Aviation Sec. Servs., 454 F.3d 1043, 1049-1050 (9th Cir.2006).
As a preliminary matter, the Court notes that Defendants have submitted portions of Plaintiff's deposition testimony in support of their motion to dismiss. "As a general rule, a district court may not consider any material beyond the pleadings in ruling on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion."
Here, the evidence submitted by Defendants is not subject to judicial notice or otherwise appropriate for the Court to consider without converting Defendants' motion to dismiss into a motion for summary judgment. Given the relatively early stage of this litigation, the Court exercises its discretion and declines to convert Defendants' motion to dismiss into a motion for summary judgment. The Court finds that the evidence submitted by Defendants is more appropriately considered after the parties have had an adequate opportunity to fully develop the factual record. Neither party has suggested that the factual record is sufficiently developed such that a motion for summary judgment is appropriate at this stage of the proceedings.
Additionally, the Court will not consider any facts in the first amended complaint ("FAC") that are not pled in the SAC. In their motion papers, Defendants rely on allegations in the FAC that are not present in the SAC to support their arguments for dismissal. However, it is well-established that an amended pleading supersedes the original pleading and renders it of no legal effect, unless the amended complaint incorporates by reference portions of the prior pleading.
Section 1983 "provides a cause of action for the `deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws' of the United States.'" Wilder v. Virginia Hosp. Ass'n, 496 U.S. 498, 508, 110 S.Ct. 2510, 110 L.Ed.2d 455 (1990) (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 1983). Section 1983 is not itself a source of substantive rights, but merely provides a method for vindicating federal rights elsewhere conferred. See Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 393-394, 109 S.Ct. 1865, 104 L.Ed.2d 443 (1989). To state a claim under § 1983, a plaintiff must allege two essential elements: (1) that a right secured by the Constitution or laws of the United States was violated; and (2) that the alleged violation was committed by a person acting under the color of state law. See West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 48, 108 S.Ct. 2250, 101 L.Ed.2d 40 (1988); Ketchum v. Alameda County, 811 F.2d 1243, 1245 (9th Cir.1987).
Plaintiff's first claim for relief alleges that Sergeant Felix, Deputy Estep, Deputy Fernandez, Deputy Giammalvo, and Deputy Miguel violated his Fourth Amendment
The Fourth Amendment provides: "The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated...." U.S. Const. amend. IV. "It is a basic principle of Fourth Amendment law that searches and seizures inside a home without a warrant are presumptively unreasonable." Payton v. New York, 445 U.S. 573, 586, 100 S.Ct. 1371, 63 L.Ed.2d 639 (1980). There are two general exceptions to the warrant requirement for home searches: exigency and emergency. United States v. Martinez, 406 F.3d 1160, 1164 (9th Cir. 2005). "These exceptions are `narrow' and their boundaries are `rigorously guarded' to prevent any expansion that would unduly interfere with the sanctity of the home." Hopkins v. Bonvicino, 573 F.3d 752, 763 (9th Cir.2009). "[W]arrants are generally required to search a person's home or his person unless the exigencies of the situation make the needs of law enforcement so compelling that the warrantless search is objectively reasonable under the Fourth Amendment." Brigham City, Utah v. Stuart, 547 U.S. 398, 403, 126 S.Ct. 1943, 164 L.Ed.2d 650 (2006) (quotation marks omitted).
"Under the exigency doctrine, a warrantless search of a home is permitted if there is probable cause to believe that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found at the premises and that exigent circumstances exist." Martinez, 406 F.3d at 1164; see United States v. Johnson, 256 F.3d 895, 905 (9th Cir.2001) ("[W]hen the government relies on the exigent circumstances exception, it still must satisfy two requirements: first, the government must prove that the officer had probable cause to search the house; and second, the government must prove that exigent circumstances justified the warrantless intrusion."). As a general rule, exigent circumstances are defined as those circumstances that would cause a reasonable person to believe that entry was necessary to prevent physical harm to the officers or other persons, the destruction of relevant evidence, the escape of the suspect, or some other consequence improperly frustrating legitimate law enforcement efforts. Martinez, 406 F.3d at 1164; see Brigham City, Utah, 547 U.S. at 403, 126 S.Ct. 1943 ("One exigency obviating the requirement of a warrant is the need to assist persons who are seriously injured or threatened with such injury.").
Here, viewing the allegations in the SAC in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, the Court finds that he has alleged sufficient facts to withstand Defendants' motion to dismiss. Plaintiff has alleged facts establishing that the search of his residence was presumptively unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment. The SAC alleges that Deputy Estep "smashed in [Plaintiff's] door and forced it open" without a warrant, probable cause, exigent circumstances or consent, approximately 30 minutes after a young boy called from Plaintiff's residence stating that his parents were "about to fight." SAC ¶¶ 15-16, 26.
Contrary to Defendants' contention, the facts alleged in the SAC do not demonstrate that the officer Defendants had probable cause to search Plaintiff's residence, and that exigent circumstances justified the warrantless intrusion. Defendants have not cited any specific and articulable facts alleged in the SAC supporting their position. For instance, Defendants have not cited any allegations establishing that the officer Defendants had an objectively reasonable basis for believing that a person inside the residence was seriously injured or threatened with such injury. Other than the 911 call from a young boy alerting police to a potential for domestic abuse, and the failure of the boy to answer a return phone call by the Sheriff's Office, there are no facts in the SAC creating an exigency justifying entry into Plaintiff's residence without a warrant. While the Ninth Circuit has recognized that domestic violence cases present a unique set of dangers
Defendants contend that they are insulated from liability for their warrantless entry under the doctrine of qualified immunity. Defs.' Mot. at 5. "The doctrine of qualified immunity protects government officials from liability for civil damages insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known." Stanton v. Sims, ___ U.S. ___, 134 S.Ct. 3, 187 L.Ed.2d 341 (2013) (quotation marks omitted); Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 231, 129 S.Ct. 808, 172 L.Ed.2d 565 (2009). "Qualified immunity gives government officials breathing room to make reasonable but mistaken judgments, and protects all but the plainly incompetent or those who knowingly violate the law." Stanton, 134 S.Ct. at 5 (quotation marks omitted). "Qualified immunity shields an officer from suit when she makes a decision that, even if constitutionally deficient, reasonably misapprehends the law governing the circumstances she confronted." Brosseau v. Haugen, 543 U.S. 194, 198, 125 S.Ct. 596, 160 L.Ed.2d 583 (2004).
An officer is entitled to qualified immunity unless (1) the facts that a plaintiff has alleged make out a violation of a constitutional right, and (2) the right was "clearly" established at the time of the alleged misconduct. Pearson, 555 U.S. at 232, 129 S.Ct. 808. If the answer to the first prong is "no," then the inquiry ends and the plaintiff cannot prevail; if the answer is "yes," the court must address the second prong of the analysis. See Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 201, 121 S.Ct. 2151,
Whether a right is clearly established must be "undertaken in light of the specific context of the case, not as a broad general proposition." Saucier, 533 U.S. at 201, 121 S.Ct. 2151. In making this determination, the court considers the state of the law at the time of the alleged violation, but it is unnecessary for the precise conduct in question to have been previously held unlawful. See Inouye, 504 F.3d at 712. Further, the court considers the "information possessed" by the officer at the time of his conduct. See Hunter v. Bryant, 502 U.S. 224, 227, 112 S.Ct. 534, 116 L.Ed.2d 589 (1991). An officer will receive qualified immunity if a reasonable officer could have believed the action to be lawful, in light of clearly established law and the information the officer possessed. Id. Even an officer who reasonably, but mistakenly, believed that his conduct did not violate a clearly established constitutional right will receive qualified immunity. See Saucier, 533 U.S. at 205-206, 121 S.Ct. 2151.
Here, the Court has found that the SAC alleges sufficient facts to state a violation of Plaintiff's constitutional right to be free from an unreasonable search of his residence under the Fourth Amendment. As noted above, it is well-established that, absent exigent circumstances or the applicability of the emergency doctrine, the Fourth Amendment requires that a search warrant be obtained prior to entering a private residence. Defendants have not cited any allegations in the SAC demonstrating that a reasonable police officer, in the officer Defendants' position, could have believed that the Fourth Amendment permitted them to enter Plaintiff's residence without a warrant. At the time of the entry into Plaintiff's residence, a reasonable officer, possessing knowledge of the facts alleged in the SAC, would have known that he or she lacked reasonable grounds to believe that exigent circumstances existed to justify a warrantless entry. The law existing at the time of the warrantless entry provided the officer Defendants with fair warning that their conduct was unlawful. The SAC alleges that a young boy placed a 911 call to the police from Plaintiff's residence stating that his parents were "about to fight," a return phone call from the Sheriff's Office was not answered, and that, approximately 30 minutes later, Deputy Estep "smashed in the door [to Plaintiff's residence] and forced it open." The SAC does not allege any facts known to the officer Defendants disclosing danger and creating an exigency justifying a warrantless entry. Accordingly, Defendants' motion to dismiss Plaintiff's unlawful entry claim on qualified immunity grounds is DENIED.
Plaintiff's third claim for relief alleges that the officer Defendants arrested him for child endangerment solely because he is an African-American male in violation of his Fourteenth Amendment rights. SAC ¶ 35. Plaintiff alleges that, "[d]espite specific knowledge" that his fiancé "had engaged in the same conduct" as he did, the officer Defendants arrested him but not her in violation of his equal protection rights. Id. Defendants contend that dismissal of this claim is appropriate because Plaintiff has failed to adequately plead a "class-of-one" equal protection claim; specifically, they argue that Plaintiff has not pled sufficient facts to establish that he was treated differently from others similarly situated. Defs.' Mot. at 7-8.
The Equal Protection Clause guarantees, "No state shall ... deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws," U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1, which is essentially a direction that all persons similarly situated should be treated alike. City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, Inc., 473 U.S. 432, 439, 105 S.Ct. 3249, 87 L.Ed.2d 313 (1985); Serrano v. Francis, 345 F.3d 1071, 1081 (9th Cir.2003). The equal protection guarantee protects not only groups, but individuals who would constitute a "class-of-one." Village of Willowbrook v. Olech, 528 U.S. 562, 564, 120 S.Ct. 1073, 145 L.Ed.2d 1060 (2000). Here, it is undisputed that Plaintiff's equal protection claim is a "class of one claim." According to Plaintiff, the officer Defendants intentionally treated him differently from another similarly situated person — his fiancé. Pl.'s Opp. at 8.
An equal protection claim based on a "class of one," which does not depend on a suspect classification such as race or gender, requires a plaintiff to allege that he has been (1) "intentionally treated differently from others similarly situated" and (2) "there is no rational basis for the difference in treatment." Village of Willowbrook, 528 U.S. at 564, 120 S.Ct. 1073; see also Gerhart v. Lake County, Mont., 637 F.3d 1013, 1022 (9th Cir.2011). "Such circumstances state an Equal Protection claim because, if a state actor classifies irrationally, the size of the group affected is constitutionally irrelevant." Lazy Y Ranch Ltd. v. Behrens, 546 F.3d 580, 592 (9th Cir.2008). The rationale is that "[w]hen those who appear similarly situated are nevertheless treated differently, the Equal Protection Clause requires at least a rational reason for the difference, to assure that all persons subject to legislation or regulation are indeed being `treated alike, under like circumstances and conditions.'" Engquist v. Oregon Dep't of Agric., 553 U.S. 591, 602, 128 S.Ct. 2146, 170 L.Ed.2d 975 (2008).
Class-of-one equal protection claims are not cognizable with respect to all state decisions. In Engquist, the Supreme Court held that "the class-of-one theory of equal protection has no application in the public employment context" because the "class of one" theory is a "poor fit" in a context involving discretionary decision-making. Engquist, 553 U.S. at 605, 607, 128 S.Ct. 2146. In that case, a former state employee brought a class-of-one equal protection claim on the ground that she had been fired for "arbitrary, vindictive, and malicious reasons." Id. at 594-595, 128 S.Ct. 2146. The Court found that employment decision-making stands in contrast to legislative or regulatory classifications, where "the existence of a clear standard against which departures, even for a single plaintiff, [can] be readily assessed." Id. at 602, 128 S.Ct. 2146. The Supreme Court explained:
Id. at 603, 128 S.Ct. 2146. The Supreme Court concluded that class-of-one equal protection claims are prohibited in the employment context because "employment decisions are quite often subjective and individualized, resting on a wide array of factors that are difficult to articulate and quantify." Id. at 604, 128 S.Ct. 2146.
Since Engquist, some courts have held that class-of-one claims cannot be brought in the law enforcement context. See, e.g., Flowers v. City of Minneapolis, 558 F.3d 794, 799-800 (8th Cir.2009) ("[W]hile a police officer's investigative decisions remain subject to traditional class-based equal protection analysis, they may not be attacked in a class-of-one equal protection claim."); United States v. Moore, 543 F.3d 891, 901 (7th Cir.2008) (holding that class-of-one claims cannot challenge the exercise of prosecutorial discretion). In contrast, the Seventh Circuit has held that a plaintiff stated a class-of-one equal protection claim against police officers that repeatedly arrested him solely for reasons of personal animus. See Hanes v. Zurick, 578 F.3d 491, 492 (7th Cir.2009). The parties have not cited, and the Court is not aware of, any Ninth Circuit authority addressing whether a plaintiff can bring a class-of-one equal protection claim against police officers based on their law enforcement decision-making.
Here, Defendants do not argue that Plaintiff cannot bring a class-of-one claim as a matter of law under Engquist.
Plaintiff's fourth claim for relief alleges that Sergeant Felix, Deputy Estep, Deputy Fernandez, Deputy Giammalvo, and Deputy Miguel arrested him without probable cause in violation of his Fourth Amendment rights. SAC ¶ 39. Defendants contend that dismissal of this claim is appropriate because Plaintiff has failed to allege facts which plausibly suggest that his arrest was unlawful, that is, without probable cause. Defs.' Mot. at 8-9. In addition, Defendants argue they are entitled to qualified immunity. Id. at 9.
A law enforcement officer must have probable cause to make a warrantless arrest. See Tennessee v. Garner, 471 U.S. 1, 7, 105 S.Ct. 1694, 85 L.Ed.2d 1 (1985). "A claim for unlawful arrest is cognizable under § 1983 as a violation of the Fourth Amendment, provided the arrest was without probable cause or other justification." Dubner v. City and Cnty. of San Francisco, 266 F.3d 959, 964 (9th Cir.2001). An arrest is supported by probable cause if, under the totality of the circumstances known to the arresting officer, a prudent person would have concluded that there was a fair probability that the defendant had committed a crime. Luchtel v. Hagemann, 623 F.3d 975, 980 (9th Cir.2010); see also Ramirez v. City of Buena Park, 560 F.3d 1012, 1023 (9th Cir. 2009). The inquiry is not whether the suspect actually committed the offense, but rather whether a reasonable officer, based on information known to him/her at the time, had probable cause to think that the suspect could have committed the offense. See Blankenhorn v. City of Orange, 485 F.3d 463, 475 (9th Cir.2007). A plaintiff can make a prima facie case of unlawful arrest simply by showing that the arrest was conducted without a valid warrant. Dubner, 266 F.3d at 964.
Here, Plaintiff has alleged sufficient facts to state a prima facie case for false arrest in violation of his Fourth Amendment rights. The SAC alleges that Plaintiff was arrested inside his residence without a warrant and without probable cause approximately 30 minutes after a young boy called from his residence stating that his parents were "about to fight." SAC ¶¶ 15-18, 39. There are no allegations in the SAC demonstrating that the officer Defendants could have believed, based on the information known to them, that Plaintiff had committed a crime or was committing a crime at the time they entered his residence without a warrant and arrested him. Accordingly, Defendants' motion to dismiss Plaintiff's unlawful arrest claim for failure to state a claim is DENIED.
Defendants contend that they are insulated from liability under the doctrine of qualified immunity for their warrantless arrest of Plaintiff. Defs.' Opp. at 9-10. Specifically, Defendants argue that they are entitled to qualified immunity because, under the totality of the circumstances, the officer Defendants had probable cause to believe that Plaintiff committed the crime of child endangerment. Id. at 10. According to Defendants, the facts alleged in the SAC "are sufficient for the Defendants to believe that Plaintiff was inflicting mental suffering on his fiancé's children by willfully fighting with their mother in their presence." Id. The Court disagrees.
Having determined that Plaintiff has pled sufficient facts to state a cognizable claim for false arrest in violation of the Fourth Amendment, the issue is whether, at the time of the violation, the constitutional right was "clearly established." Saucier, 533 U.S. at 201, 121 S.Ct. 2151. "The relevant, dispositive inquiry in determining whether a right is clearly established is whether it would be clear to a reasonable officer that his conduct was unlawful in the situation he confronted." Id. at 202, 121 S.Ct. 2151. Other than the 911 call alerting the police that Plaintiff and his fiancé were "about to fight," and the failure of the 911 caller to answer a return phone call from the Sheriff's office, there are no facts in the SAC that would lead a reasonable officer to believe that probable cause existed to arrest Plaintiff for any crime, including child endangerment. Based on the facts alleged in the
Plaintiff's fifth claim for relief alleges that Sergeant Felix, Deputy Estep, Deputy Fernandez, Deputy Giammalvo, and Deputy Miguel are liable for malicious prosecution for supplying the prosecutor with false information and leading the prosecutor to maintain charges against him without a reasonable basis. SAC ¶ 44. Defendants contend that the officer Defendants are "immune" from liability for this claim on two grounds: (1) Plaintiff has failed to allege sufficient facts to rebut the presumption that the prosecutor exercised independent judgment in deciding to bring charges against him; and (2) the officer Defendants are immune from malicious prosecution claims under California Government Code § 821.6. Defs.' Mot. at 11-12.
"[A] claim for malicious prosecution is not generally cognizable under ... § 1983 if process is available within the state judicial system to provide a remedy." Usher v. City of Los Angeles, 828 F.2d 556, 561 (9th Cir.1987). The exception is "when a malicious prosecution is conducted with the intent to deprive a person of equal protection of the laws or is otherwise intended to subject a person to denial of constitutional rights." Id. at 562 (quotation marks omitted).
Under § 1983, a "criminal defendant may maintain a malicious prosecution claim not only against prosecutors but also against others-including police officers and investigators-who wrongfully caused his prosecution." Smith v. Almada, 640 F.3d 931, 938 (9th Cir.2011); see Awabdy v. City of Adelanto, 368 F.3d 1062, 1066 (9th Cir.2004). To maintain a § 1983 action for malicious prosecution, a "plaintiff must show that the defendants prosecuted her with malice and without probable cause, and that they did so for the purpose of denying her a specific constitutional right." Smith, 640 F.3d at 938; Awabdy, 368 F.3d at 1066.
The decision to file a criminal complaint is presumed to result from an independent determination on the part of the prosecutor, and thus, precludes liability for those who participated in the investigation or filed a report that resulted in the initiation of proceedings. Awabdy, 368 F.3d at 1067. However, the presumption of prosecutorial independence does not preclude a § 1983 claim against state or local officials who improperly exerted pressure
Here, the Defendants have not demonstrated that dismissal of Plaintiff's malicious prosecution claim is warranted on the ground that Plaintiff has failed to allege sufficient facts to rebut the presumption that the prosecutor exercised independent judgment in deciding to bring charges against him. As an initial matter, the Court notes that the presumption of prosecutorial independent judgment is an evidentiary presumption that is applicable at the summary judgment stage to direct the order of proof; "it is not a pleading requirement to be applied to a motion to dismiss, before discovery has taken place." Galbraith, 307 F.3d at 1126. Moreover, although devoid of specific details about the false information that the officer Defendants provided to the prosecutor, the allegations in the SAC are sufficient to withstand Defendants' motion to dismiss.
Plaintiff has pled facts that, if established, rebut the presumption of prosecutorial independence. The SAC alleges that Sergeant Felix, Deputy Estep, Deputy Fernandez, Deputy Giammalvo, and Deputy Miguel violated Plaintiff's Fourth Amendment rights by "arresting [him] without probable cause, providing the prosecutor with false information as to the events in question," and by "causing the prosecutor to maintain a prosecution against [him] for cruelty to child by endangering health[,] and [for] resisting, obstructing and delaying a peace officer knowing there was not even a reasonable basis for bringing said charges...." SAC ¶ 44. The SAC further alleges that Plaintiff was charged with these violations "based solely on the information supplied by defendants," id. ¶ 23, and that the officer Defendants "subjected [him] to [constitutional] deprivations by malice and a reckless and conscious disregard of his rights," id. ¶ 45. Defendants, for their part, have not cited any authority holding that the facts are insufficient to survive a motion to dismiss.
Finally, as for Defendants' contention that Plaintiff's § 1983 malicious prosecution claim is subject to dismissal on the ground that it is barred by California Government Code § 821.6,
Plaintiff's sixth claim for relief alleges that the County failed, with deliberate indifference, to properly and adequately hire, train, retain, supervise, and discipline its law enforcement officers to prevent the violation of Plaintiff's constitutional rights. SAC ¶ 49. Defendants contend that dismissal of this claim is appropriate because Plaintiff has failed to allege sufficient facts to state a cognizable claim for municipal liability. Defs.' Mot. at 13-15.
A local government may be liable under § 1983 if the governmental body itself "subjects" a person to a deprivation of rights or "causes" a person "to be subjected" to such deprivation. Monell, 436 U.S. at 692, 98 S.Ct. 2018. Because there is no respondeat superior liability under § 1983, "Plaintiffs who seek to impose liability on local governments under § 1983 must prove that `action pursuant to official municipal policy' caused their injury." Id. at 691, 98 S.Ct. 2018.
"In limited circumstances, a local government's decision not to train certain employees about their legal duty to avoid violating citizens' rights may rise to the level of an official government policy for purposes of § 1983." Connick v. Thompson, ___ U.S. ___, 131 S.Ct. 1350, 179 L.Ed.2d 417 (2011). "To satisfy the statute, a municipality's failure to train its employees in a relevant respect must amount to `deliberate indifference to the rights of persons with whom the [untrained employees] come into contact.'" Id. (quoting City of Canton, Ohio v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378, 388, 109 S.Ct. 1197, 103 L.Ed.2d 412 (1989)). Deliberate indifference is established when "the need for more or different training is so obvious, and the inadequacy so likely to result in the violation of constitutional rights, that the policymakers of the city can reasonably be said to have been deliberately indifferent to the need." Clouthier v. County of Contra Costa, 591 F.3d 1232, 1249 (9th Cir.2010).
"[W]hen city policymakers are on actual or constructive notice that a particular omission in their training program causes city employees to violate citizens' constitutional rights, the city may be deemed deliberately indifferent if the policymakers choose to retain that program." Connick, 131 S.Ct. at 1360. "The city's `policy of inaction' in light of notice that its program will cause constitutional violations `is the functional equivalent of a decision by the city itself to violate the Constitution.'" Id.
"A pattern of similar constitutional violations by untrained employees is `ordinarily necessary' to demonstrate deliberate indifference for purposes of failure to train." Connick, 131 S.Ct. at 1360. "Policymakers' continued adherence to an approach that they know or should know has failed to prevent tortious conduct by employees may establish the conscious disregard for the consequences of their action-the deliberate indifference-necessary to trigger municipal liability." Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). "Without notice that a course of training is deficient in a particular respect, decisionmakers can hardly be said to have deliberately chosen a training program that will cause violations of constitutional rights." Id. In City of Canton, however, the Court did not foreclose the possibility that, "in a narrow range of circumstances," the unconstitutional consequences of failing to train could be "so patently obvious" that a municipality could be liable under § 1983 without proof of a pre-existing pattern of violations.
In the Ninth Circuit, a plaintiff alleging a Monell claim based on inadequate training must show: (1) that the plaintiff was deprived of a constitutional right, (2) the municipality had a training policy that "amounts to deliberate indifference to the [constitutional] rights of the persons' with whom [its police officers] are likely to come into contact;" and (3) that the constitutional injury would have been avoided had the municipality properly trained those officers. Blankenhorn v. City of Orange, 485 F.3d 463, 484 (9th Cir.2007).
As an initial matter, the Court notes that Plaintiff's opposition contains no argument in response to Defendant's motion to dismiss his Monell claim. Instead, Plaintiff directs the Court to the arguments he made in opposition to Defendants' motion to dismiss the FAC. Pl.'s Opp. at 15. Plaintiff states that because the arguments are "identical," he "relies on [his] prior opposition." Id. It is wholly improper for Plaintiff to incorporate by reference legal arguments made in a brief filed in connection with a motion that is not before the Court. The Court refuses to allow Plaintiff to engage in such conduct as it would provide an effective means of circumventing page limits on briefs set forth in the Civil Local Rules and this Court's Civil Standing Orders. Therefore, the Court will not consider the arguments that Plaintiff improperly seeks to incorporate by reference. This Court only considers arguments that are specifically and distinctively raised by the parties in their briefs. See Indep. Towers of Wash., 350 F.3d 925, 929 (9th Cir.2003) (noting that courts need not consider arguments that were not actually made in a party's brief).
The above notwithstanding, the Court must determine whether Defendants have demonstrated that Plaintiff has failed to state a cognizable Monell claim. In support of this claim, Plaintiff alleges that the officer Defendants "do not know what constitutes reasonable force or proper warrantless entry, arrest, seizure or search because of inadequate training and or tolerance by [the] County ... or its Sheriff's Office." SAC ¶ 49. Plaintiff further alleges that the County has "no policy in place directing its law enforcement officers ... to know when and how to make a warrantless entry into a residence, search a residence, seize, or arrest occupants," and has "failed to train its law enforcement officers in proper warrantless entry, search, seizure, and arrest, and particularly when to point their guns at individuals they encounter and when to physically take persons into custody with force who are lawfully in their homes." Id. ¶ 51. Plaintiff asserts that "[s]aid lack of policy and failure to train has exposed those who are in compliance with the law to deprivations of their Fourth Amendment rights," id. ¶ 52,
Here, while Plaintiff has not alleged a pattern of similar violations demonstrating the County's deliberate indifference to his constitutional rights, Plaintiff has alleged sufficient facts that, if proven, may establish that the consequences of the County's failure to train were so "patently obvious" that the County can be held liable under § 1983 without proof of a preexisting pattern of violations. Viewing the allegations in the SAC in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, the Court finds that he has stated a Monell claim that is plausible on its face. It is plausible that the County's failure to train was so obviously deficient that the County could be subject to liability under § 1983 as a result of a single incident. Accordingly, Defendants' motion to dismiss Plaintiff's Monell claim is DENIED.
Pursuant to Rule 12(f) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Defendants move to strike Plaintiff's request for punitive damages against Sergeant Felix and Lieutenant Madigan. Defs.' Mot. at 4-6, Dkt. 46-1. In response, Plaintiff filed a statement of non-opposition. Dkt. 48.
Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(f), a court "may strike from a pleading an insufficient defense or any redundant, immaterial, impertinent, or scandalous matter." Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(f). Although Plaintiff does not oppose Defendants' motion to strike, the Court finds that it is improper to strike Plaintiff's request for punitive damages against Sergeant Felix and Lieutenant Madigan under Rule 12(f). See Whittlestone, Inc. v. Handi-Craft Co., 618 F.3d 970, 971 (9th Cir.2010) ("Rule 12(f) does not authorize a district court to strike a claim for damages on the ground that such damages are precluded as a matter of law."); see also Martensen v. Koch, 942 F.Supp.2d 983 (N.D.Cal.2013) (denying a Rule 12(f) request to strike a request for punitive damages under Whittlestone); Finuliar v. BAC Home Loans Servicing, L.P., 2011 WL 4405659, at *14 (N.D.Cal. 2011) (same). A Rule 12(f) motion is not a proper method to procure dismissal of all or part of a complaint. Whittlestone, 618 F.3d at 973-975; see also Consumer Solutions REO, LLC v. Hillery, 658 F.Supp.2d 1002, 1020 (N.D.Cal.2009) (the proper medium for challenging the sufficiency of factual allegations in a complaint is through Rule 12(b)(6), not Rule 12(f)).
Where a motion is in substance a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, but is incorrectly denominated as a Rule 12(f) motion, a court may convert the improperly designated Rule 12(f) motion into a Rule 12(b)(6) motion. Hillery, 658 F.Supp.2d at 1021 (treating a Rule 12(f) motion arguing that the complaint contained insufficient
For the reasons stated above, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED THAT:
1. Defendants' motion to dismiss is DENIED.
2. Defendants' Rule 12(f) motion to strike Plaintiff's claims for punitive damages against Sergeant Felix and Lieutenant Madigan is DENIED. The Court converts Defendants' Rule 12(f) motion to strike into a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss and DISMISSES Plaintiff's claims for punitive damages against Sergeant Felix and Lieutenant Madigan.
3. This Order terminates Docket 46 and Docket 47.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
