ORDER DENYING MOTION TO DISMISS, DENYING DEFENDANTS' MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT, AND GRANTING PLAINTIFF'S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT

RICHARD SEEBORG, UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

I. INTRODUCTION

In this immigration mandamus action, plaintiff Mohammed Sher Islam seeks an order compelling the government to adjudicate his Form I-485 Application for adjustment of citizenship status. The government moves to dismiss, and both parties move for summary judgment. For the reasons set forth below, both of defendants' motions are denied. Further, because Islam has endured an unreasonable delay in the processing of his I-485 petition, his motion for summary judgment is granted. The government must process Islam's application forthwith.

II. BACKGROUND

Plaintiff Mohammad Sher Islam is a native and citizen of Pakistan who entered the United States in April of 2000. (Compl., ECF No. 1 at ¶ 6; Decl. of Gareth R. Canaan, ECF No. 13-1 at ¶ 3). Islam applied for asylum on January 29, 2001 with the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS). An Immigration Judge granted his application on March 27, 2007. Id. On or about May 27, 2008, Islam filed a Form I-485 Application with the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) to adjust his immigration status to that of a lawful permanent resident. (Compl. at ¶ 6; Canaan Decl. at ¶ 5). That application is still pending. Id.

When an alien applies for adjustment of status, USCIS conducts several forms of security and background checks. (Canaan Decl. at ¶ 7). These procedures are not, however, causing any delay in adjudication of Islam's Form I-485. Rather, defendants maintain that because Islam's application would be denied if adjudication went forward, his petition has been placed on hold to determine whether he might benefit from certain discretionary exemptions. Id. at ¶¶ 21, 30. Defendants claim Islam is not admissible to the United States under provisions of the Immigration & Nationality Act (INA), because, among other things, he admitted to having been a member of Muhajir Qaumiwa Movement — Altaf Faction (MQM-A), a "Tier III" terrorist organization. See 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(3)(B)(vi)(III); (Canaan Decl. at ¶¶ 12-17).1

On December 26, 2007, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008(CAA) expanded the discretionary authority of the Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) "to exempt certain terrorist-related inadmissibility grounds as they relate to individual aliens," and to exempt certain Tier III terrorist organizations from being considered terrorist organizations. (Canaan Decl. at ¶ 18). On March 26, 2008, the USCIS issued a memorandum instructing adjudicators to withhold adjudication of cases that could benefit from the Secretary's expanded authority under the CAA. Id. at 20. Pursuant to this policy, Islam's application was placed on hold to determine if he might qualify for an exemption, notwithstanding his associations with MQM-A. Id. at 21.

On September 17, 2010, Islam filed a complaint in this district, assigned to a different judge, challenging the delay in his adjudication. Islam v. Heinauer, C 10-04222 JSW, 2011 WL 2066661, at *2 (N.D.Cal. May 25, 2011) ("Islam I"). Islam alleged violations of the Administrative Procedure Act (APA) based on the unreasonable delay in processing his Form I-485 and sought a writ of mandamus requiring adjudication. Id. The court granted defendant's motion for summary judgment, stating, "Although the Court can foresee a point at which the delay in ruling on Islam's I-485 Application would be unreasonable, based on the existing record, that time has not yet come." Id. at *8.

Nearly two years later, with his I-485 Application still pending, Islam filed this action on May 21, 2013. Islam once again asserts two claims for relief and seeks to compel adjudication.2 Defendants now move to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction and for failure to state a claim. In the alternative, they move for summary judgment on the basis that the delay in processing Islam's I-485 Application is not unreasonable. Islam opposes the motion to dismiss and cross-moves for summary judgment on the basis that Defendants' delay in processing his I-485 Application is unreasonable as a matter of law.

III. LEGAL STANDARD

A. Motion to Dismiss

A motion to dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) challenges a court's subject matter jurisdiction over the plaintiff's claims. A challenge to subject matter jurisdiction "can be either facial, confining the inquiry to allegations in the complaint, or factual, permitting the court to look beyond the complaint." Savage v. Glendale Union High Sch., 343 F.3d 1036, 1039 n. 2 (9th Cir.2003). A complaint may also be dismissed pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. A Rule 12(b)(6) motion may be based on either the lack of a cognizable legal theory or the absence of sufficient facts alleged under a cognizable legal theory. Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep't, 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir.1990).

A complaint must present factual allegations sufficient "to raise a right to relief above the speculative level." Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007). Specifically, the factual allegations must suffice to state a claim that is "plausible on its face," that is, "plausibly suggesting (not merely consistent with)" a right to relief. Id. at 557, 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955. While the factual allegations of the complaint are taken as true and all reasonable inferences are drawn in favor of the plaintiff, "[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice." Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009); see also Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955. Accordingly, "a court discounts conclusory statements, which are not entitled to the presumption of truth, before determining whether a claim is plausible." Chavez v. United States, 683 F.3d 1102, 1108 (9th Cir.2012).

B. Motion for Summary Judgment

Summary judgment is appropriate "if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 56(a). The moving party bears the initial burden of demonstrating the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986); see also Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 56(c)(1)(A). If the movant succeeds, the burden then shifts to the nonmoving party to "set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial." Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322 n. 3, 106 S.Ct. 2548; see also Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 56(c)(1)(B). A genuine issue of material fact is one that could reasonably be resolved in favor of the nonmoving party, and which could "affect the outcome of the suit." Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). The court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party and draw all justifiable inferences in its favor. See id. at 255, 106 S.Ct. 2505. The Ninth circuit has long recognized "that summary judgment is singularly inappropriate where credibility is at issue." S.E.C. v. M & A W., Inc., 538 F.3d 1043, 1054-55 (9th Cir.2008) (quoting SEC v. Koracorp Indus., Inc., 575 F.2d 692, 699 (9th Cir.1978)).

IV. DISCUSSION

A. The Government's Motion to Dismiss

i. Subject Matter Jurisdiction

First, invoking Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1), defendants contend the court lacks subject matter jurisdiction to review Islam's complaint. In particular, the government argues that the REAL ID Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii), precludes judicial review of immigration-related decisions or actions that are committed to agency discretion. The statute provides:

8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B).3 Here, Islam seeks a writ of mandamus to compel the government to adjudicate his pending petition for an adjustment of immigration status. Although the ultimate decision to grant or deny Islam's petition is "unquestionably discretionary" and therefore insulated from judicial review, see Dong v. Chertoff, 513 F.Supp.2d 1158, 1165 (N.D.Cal.2007), Islam contends that § 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii) does not similarly preclude him from challenging the speed with which defendants process his application.

Although the Ninth Circuit has not addressed the issue, several decisions out of this district have held that § 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii) does not deprive federal courts of subject matter jurisdiction over claims alleging unreasonable delay in processing applications for adjustment of immigration status. See Islam v. Heinauer, C 10-04222 JSW, 2011 WL 2066661 (N.D.Cal. May 25, 2011) ("Islam I") (citing cases). Indeed, the government has a non-discretionary duty to adjudicate such a petition "within a reasonable period of time." Beyene v. Napolitano, C 12-01149 WHA, 2012 WL 2911838 (N.D.Cal. July 13, 2012).4 "To hold otherwise would be to sanction the perpetual delay of governmental obligations that are clearly mandated by law." Liu v. Chertoff, C 07-00734 CRB, 2007 WL 2119427 (N.D.Cal. July 23, 2007). Defendants' entreaties to deviate from this trend are unavailing. Accordingly, their motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) is denied.

ii. Failure to State a Claim

Defendants also move to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), contending Islam fails to state a claim for relief because the delay in processing inures to his benefit. In particular, defendants assert that while Islam's application remains pending, he enjoys asylee status. In the meantime, Islam also has obtained travel and work authorization documents, and defendants claim that "there is nothing to indicate that if he applied to renew either [set of documents] in the future, his applications would be denied." (Defendants' Motion, ECF No. 13, at 15:21). Moreover, defendants argue that if Islam's petition were adjudicated, it would likely be denied due to his prior involvement in MQM-A. Accordingly, they contend that plaintiff is only benefitting from the delay. Islam, however, sees it differently. Having applied for a status adjustment in May 2008, he has been waiting almost six years for his petition to be processed. In the meantime, he alleges he has been deprived of the numerous advantages conferred by lawful permanent resident status, including the ability to reside and work permanently in the United States, to travel freely outside the United States, and to petition to immigrate close family members. Well-aware that the adjudication of his petition could result in a denial, Islam nonetheless would rather face such a result than continue to endure uncertainty while his application sits "in limbo." (Plaintiff's Motion, ECF No. 17, at 10:1-3).5

Numerous courts in this district have rejected the same argument the government makes in its motion. See Dosouqi v. Heinauaer, C 12-3946 PJH, 2013 WL 664150 (N.D.Cal. Feb. 22, 2013); Beyene, 2012 WL 2911838; Islam I, 2011 WL 2066661. As in those cases, the plaintiff here avers he suffers irreparable harm due to defendants' delay in processing his petition. Viewing the allegations in the light most favorable to plaintiff, "it is not only possible — it is plausible — that Islam could benefit from a final adjudication on his I-485 Application." Islam I, 2011 WL 2066661 at *4. Accordingly, he states a viable claim upon which relief could be granted.6

B. Cross Motions for Summary Judgment

Both parties seek summary adjudication of Islam's pending claims, disputing whether plaintiff has experienced a delay that is, as a matter of law, unreasonable. The Ninth Circuit has adopted a six-factor test for determining when an agency delay is unreasonable under 5 U.S.C. 706(1). See Brower v. Evans, 257 F.3d 1058 (9th Cir.2001). The six factors are:

Id. at 1068 (quoting Telecomms. Research & Action v. FCC ("TRAC"), 750 F.2d 70, 80 (D.C.Cir.1984). In Islam I, the court applied the TRAC factors and concluded that defendants' then-three-year delay was not unreasonable. It noted, however, that it could "foresee a point at which the delay in ruling on Islam's I-485 Application would be unreasonable[.]" 2011 WL 2066661 at *8. Now, three years after losing at summary judgment in Islam I, plaintiff contends that such a point has arrived.

i. First Factor: Rule of Reason

The first TRAC factor requires that the time an agency takes to make decisions be governed by a "rule of reason." See TRAC, 750 F.2d at 80. Terrorist-related determinations involving immigration applicants are "not made lightly" and "may be time-consuming." Islam I, 2011 WL 2066661, at *7. The undisputed evidence indicates that establishing an exemption to inadmissibility requires a deliberative process between multiple government actors:

(Canaan Decl. ¶ 19). It is also apparent that this deliberative process is not a sham: between mid-2006 and June 2013, USIC granted a total of 15,808 exemptions in cases involving terrorist related inadmissibility grounds. Id. at ¶ 24. Moreover, since June 2010, USCIS released over 3,500 cases from hold. Id.

When assessing the first TRAC factor for holds on Form I-485 Applications due to findings of terrorist-related inadmissibility, courts focus, in part, on the length of the delay. See Qureshi v. Napolitano, C-11-05814-YGR, 2012 WL 2503828, at *4 (N.D.Cal. June 28, 2012). "What constitutes an unreasonable delay in the context of immigration applications depends to a great extent on the facts of the particular case." Gelfer v. Chertoff, C06-06724 WHA, 2007 WL 902382, at *2 (N.D.Cal. Mar. 22, 2007) (citation and quotation marks omitted). In many of the I-485 terrorism-related delay cases decided in this district, however, the underlying facts are often similar: the plaintiff asylee lodges a Form I-485 application, the USCIS imposes a "hold" pursuant to apparent findings of terrorism-related inadmissibility, and the plaintiff sues to compel adjudication of his or her application, alleging unreasonable delay. Accordingly, when either the asylee plaintiff or the government defendants bring a motion for summary judgment, the length of the delay is often one of the most salient facts for a reviewing court to consider. See Dosouqi v. Heinauaer, C 12-3946 PJH, 2013 WL 664150 (N.D.Cal. Feb. 22, 2013) (finding that length of delay was the "dispositive fact" in Beyene, Islam I, and Qureshi).

In this district, courts have generally found delays of four years or less not to be unreasonable. See Islam I, 2011 WL 2066661 (point of unreasonableness had "not yet come" after three-year delay); Sagier v. USCIS, No. C11-05537 JSC, Order Granting Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment and Denying Plaintiff's Cross Motion (ECF No. 19, 13:12) (four year delay "not yet unreasonable"); Dousouqi, 2013 WL 664150 (delay of three and one-half years not unreasonable); Khan v. Scharfen, 08-1398 S.C. 2009 WL 941574 (N.D.Cal. Apr. 6, 2009) (one-year delay not unreasonable).7 By contrast, many courts applying the TRAC factors have declined to find that delays exceeding six years are reasonable. See, e.g., Mugomoke v. Curda, 2:10-CV-02166 KJM, 2012 WL 113800 (E.D.Cal. Jan. 13, 2012) ("Although even a nearly seven-year delay on an I-485 application is not presumptively unreasonable, defendants have not shown that the delay here is not unreasonable.") (emphasis added); Ahrary v. Curda, 2:11-CV-02992-GEB, 2012 WL 1641411 (E.D.Cal. May 9, 2012) (defendants failed to show that eleven-year delay was not unreasonable); Tewolde v. Wiles, 2012 WL 750542, at *9 (W.D.Wash. 2012) (denying defendants' motion for summary judgment for a nearly nine-year delay).

Here, Islam's application has been pending for five years and ten months. To the extent the aforementioned district court cases establish helpful guideposts for determining when I-485 Application delay may or may not be reasonable, Islam's circumstances fall somewhere between these markers. When confronted with delays in the five-year range, courts in this district have come to different conclusions. In Qureshi, the court found that a five-year delay was unreasonable where the defendants provided no indication of when the plaintiff could anticipate adjudication of his petition. 2012 WL 2503828 at *5. Accordingly, the court granted the plaintiff's motion for summary judgment and ordered the defendants to adjudicate the plaintiff asylee's application. Id. at *8. In Beyene, by contrast, the court declined to compel agency action where the plaintiff had been waiting approximately five years and two months.8 2012 WL 2911838. The court in Beyene emphasized, however, that the plaintiff's case presented a "close call" under the TRAC factors. Id. at *9. Like the court in Islam I, the court in Beyene granted defendants' motion for summary judgment while noting that the plaintiff might nonetheless be entitled to relief at some future date:

Id. While Islam has waited nearly six years for resolution of his I-485 request, the government has not indicated if or when it will eventually adjudicate his petition. Instead, it states only that Islam's application was placed on hold "to await the possibility future [sic] exemptions that might allow the application to be approved." (Canaan Decl. ¶ 21). Although the government's time-consuming exemption process "requires careful deliberation" and "the coordination of numerous agencies," Qureshi at *6, there comes a point where the seemingly indefinite delay of an I-485 petition becomes untethered from any discernable "rule of reason." See Mugomoke, 2012 WL 113800, at *7 ("[F]or defendants to hold the application indefinitely in case they might, at some unspecified point in the future, consider an exemption does not constitute a `rule of reason' that allows this court to find the delay reasonable."). In light of the length of delay and defendants' unwillingness to indicate if or when Islam's petition will be adjudicated, the first TRAC factor tips in plaintiff's favor.

ii. Second Factor: Statutory Scheme

The presence of a statutory scheme — a congressionally-mandated timetable with which Congress expects the agency to proceed — may "supply content" for the "rule of reason" mentioned in the first factor. See TRAC, 750 F.2d at 80. Here, there is no congressionally-mandated timetable for adjudicating Form I-485 petitions. It is, however, the "sense of Congress" that an immigration benefit application should be processed within 180 days of the initial filing of the application. 8 U.S.C. 1571(b). While the language of § 1571(b) is not mandatory, it nonetheless suffices to tip the second TRAC factor is Islam's favor. See Beyene, 2012 WL 2911838, *7; Wang Yi Chao v. Gonzales, C07-1562 PVT, 2007 WL 3022548 (N.D.Cal. Oct. 15, 2007).

iii. Third and Fifth Factors: Health, Human Welfare, and Prejudice

The third and fifth factors overlap, requiring the court to consider whether human health and welfare are at stake, and the nature and extent of the interests prejudiced by the delay. Islam I, 2011 WL 2066661, at *7. There is little question that, to some extent, Islam's welfare is at stake while he continues to sit in limbo, precluded from pursuing lawful permanent resident status. While defendants acknowledge that the delay may be inconvenient for Islam, they contend this inconvenience pales in comparison to their interest "in complying fully with the congressional mandates of the CAA and the resulting USCIS policy." (ECF No. 13, 21:18-20).9 As the court noted in Islam I, it is clear that "there are important interests at stake for both parties." Islam I, 2011 WL 2066661, at *8. Accordingly, in these circumstances, these factors do not weigh heavily in either party's favor. See id.; see also Beyene, 2012 WL 2911838, at *8 (same); but see Qureshi, 2012 WL 2503828, at *6 (finding the third and fifth factors favor the plaintiff) ("[A] generalized concern over national security does not provide sufficient justification to hold [plaintiff's] Application indefinitely.").

iv. Fourth Factor: Effect of Expediting Delayed Action

The fourth factor requires the court to consider the effect of expediting adjudication of Islam's application "on agency action of a higher or competing priority." TRAC, 750 F.2d at 80. Defendants contend that an order requiring adjudication of Islam's application would "intrude upon the discretion Congress has granted" the Secretary to exercise his exemption authority. (ECF No. 13 at 23:23-24). Such an order would, defendants claim, "require Defendants to truncate any consideration of a potential exemption that might benefit Islam[.]" (ECF No. 13 at 24:2-3). This argument seems to assume, however, that Islam seeks an order requiring defendants to expedite their deliberation of whether MQM-A members are entitled to an exemption. See Sagier, No. C11-05537 JSC, ECF No. 19 at 12. His request is not so broad in scope. Instead, Islam asks only that defendants, regardless of whether they ultimately invoke an exemption to his apparent inadmissibility, make a decision and process his application. Accordingly, this factor weighs in Islam's favor. See Qureshi, 2012 WL 2503828, *7 (rejecting government's argument that ordering adjudication will intrude on the Secretary's discretion) ("The Court is not directing the USCIS how to adjudicate, but merely to adjudicate.") (emphasis in original); Sagier, No. C11-05537 JSC, ECF No. 19 at 13 (fourth factor weighs in the plaintiff's favor); but see Beyene, 2012 WL 2911838, at *8 (fourth factor tips in defendants' favor).

v. Sixth Factor: Lurking Impropriety

Islam does not contend that defendants have acted in bad faith. Accordingly, this factor weighs slightly in defendants' favor. Even so, a court applying the sixth TRAC factor "need not find that an agency acted in bad faith to conclude unreasonable delay." Qureshi, 2012 WL 2503828, at *7 (citing Independence Min. Co., Inc. v. Babbitt, 105 F.3d 502, 510 (9th Cir.1997)).

vi. Summary

Taken together, under the circumstances of this case, the TRAC factors support a conclusion that Islam has endured an unreasonable delay in the processing of his Form I-485 petition. In Islam I, decided in 2011, the court stated that the time may come when defendants' delay — which was, at that point, still reasonable — would become unreasonable as a matter of law. Now, with Islam's petition pending just shy of six years, and with no indication from defendants of when or whether he can expect any decision in the future, the day prophesied in Islam I has arrived. Defendants must process Islam's application.10

V. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, defendants' motions to dismiss and for summary judgment are denied. Plaintiff's motion for summary judgment is granted. Defendants are hereby ordered to adjudicate Islam's Form I-485 Application forthwith, but in no event later than thirty (30) days from the date of this order.

IT IS SO ORDERED.