WILLIAM H. ORRICK, District Judge.
Plaintiff Guy Saperstein, a resident of this district, brings this breach of contract action against defendants Dumont Aircraft Sales, LLC ("Dumont") and Dumont employee Kevin Wargo, both residents of the District of Delaware. Saperstein's claims arise out of an unsuccessful negotiation between the parties for the purchase of a private jet. Defendants move to transfer venue to the District of Delaware, arguing that the case should be transferred under 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a) "for the convenience of the parties and witnesses" and "in the interest of justice." 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a). Because defendants have not shown that the relevant factors strongly favor transfer, their motion is DENIED.
The following facts are taken from Saperstein's complaint and the declarations submitted by the parties in connection with defendant's motion to transfer venue. Saperstein is a resident of Piedmont, California who began looking to buy a private jet in the fall of 2015. Saperstein Decl. ¶ 2 (Dkt. No. 20-1). Saperstein entered into negotiations with Justin Sullivan, a former salesperson for Dumont, which is headquartered in New Castle, Delaware. Id. ¶¶ 3-4; First Wargo Decl. ¶¶ 3, 6 (Dkt. No. 10-1). The negotiations were eventually taken over by Wargo, and then by the attorneys for Saperstein and Dumont. Saperstein Decl. ¶ 6; First Wargo Decl. ¶ 6. Dumont's two principals are Wargo and Dan Piraino, both residents of Wilmington, Delaware. First Wargo Decl. ¶ 16.
The parties disagree on who initiated the negotiations. According to Wargo, "Mr. Saperstein reached out to Dumont at its offices in Delaware to initiate the purchase." First Wargo Decl. ¶ 8; see also Mot. at 3 (Dkt. No. 10). According to Saperstein, "[d]efendants initiated [their] solicitation communications." Saperstein Decl. ¶ 5.
Saperstein and Wargo both maintain that they conducted the negotiations from their respective home states. Saperstein asserts that he "was located in California for all [communications with defendants]." Id. Wargo contends that "at least some of Mr. Saperstein's communications with me about this transaction did not originate in California as he was on vacation in Hawaii during negotiations, and later in the sale process he was overseas." First Wargo Decl. ¶ 9. Wargo also asserts that "[t]o the best of [his] recollection," he only communicated with Saperstein while he was in Delaware, though he acknowledges that "it is possible that [he] spoke to Mr. Saperstein while on the road traveling for other business." Id. ¶ 7. Wargo states that he "never traveled to California to meet with Mr. Saperstein or otherwise to address this transaction." Id.
A letter of intent ("LOI") was drafted under which Saperstein offered to buy a Dassault-Breguet Falcon 50 business jet (the "Aircraft") for $2.2 million. Compl. ¶ 8 (Dkt. No. 1); see also Compl Ex. A (Dkt. No. 1). The LOI required Dumont to complete some work on the plane, including an "A inspection," interior refurbishment, and the installation of Wifi. LOI at 1. In addition, the LOI required Dumont to deliver the plane (1) "with all its flight, maintenance and parts manuals, weight and balance documents, along with all the aircraft's current wiring diagrams, engine and airframe records;" (2) "free of corrosion, fuel leaks, and hydraulic leaks that exceed the manufacturer's tolerances, and . . . in airworthy condition with all systems in proper working order in accordance with the manufacturers' maintenance manuals;" (3) "free of all liens and encumbrances;" (4) "current on the manufacturer's recommended maintenance program, in compliance with all applicable mandatory service bulletins and FAA airworthiness directives;" and (5) by March 10, 2016. Id. The LOI required Saperstein to give Dumont a "nonrefundable deposit" of $250,000. Id. The LOI is silent as to where the Aircraft was to be delivered. Dumont contends that "the physical delivery of the Aircraft under the LOI was to take place in Delaware, not in California." First Wargo Decl. ¶ 12. Saperstein alleges that "the parties' contract was intended to be performed in California." Compl. ¶ 6.
Saperstein and Wargo signed the LOI on January 15, 2015. Id. ¶ 8. In accordance with the LOI, Saperstein transferred the $250,000 deposit to Dumont in two wire transfers on January 12, 2016 and January 15, 2016. Saperstein Decl. ¶ 10.
Dumont completed the tasks required by the LOI in several different states. Dumont performed the refurbishment work at its Illinois facility, although some "finishing touches" were completed at its Delaware facility. First Wargo Decl. ¶¶ 10, 15. Dumont performed the "A Inspection" at a third-party facility in Florida. Id. ¶ 11. According to Wargo, the Aircraft was never in California "at a time relevant here," and "[n]one of the inspectors or maintenance personnel who worked on the Aircraft did that work in California nor, to my knowledge, do they live or work in California." Id. ¶¶ 18, 25(e).
Saperstein alleges that he discovered several misrepresentations by Wargo, Sullivan, and Dumont after signing the LOI. He asserts that Wargo and Sullivan represented that Dumont had a large charter business that had grown from zero to 21 planes in only a few years, but that in reality Dumont operated only three planes and had been in the charter business for less than a year. Compl. ¶ 9; Saperstein Decl. ¶¶ 7-8. Saperstein states that the nature of Dumont's charter business was important to him because he intended to charter his plane through Dumont to recoup some of his costs. Compl. ¶ 9; Saperstein Decl. ¶ 7.
Saperstein also asserts that Dumont failed to deliver the Aircraft in the condition required by the LOI by March 10, 2016. Compl. ¶ 13. He alleges that Dumont failed to deliver the Aircraft because it required "substantial maintenance and repairs" and because it was not owned by Dumont and was subject to a $1.5 million lien. Id. ¶ 12. Defendants do not dispute that the Aircraft was (and is) owned by James Sipala, a resident of Wilmington, Delaware, or that the Aircraft was subject to a $1.5 million lien. Second Wargo Decl. ¶¶ 4, 11 (Dkt. No. 23-1). According to Wargo, "[t]he structure of the transaction was for Dumont, when [Saperstein] was ready to close on the sale, to purchase the Aircraft from Mr. Sipala, pay off any obligations and remove any associated liens, and then `flip' the Aircraft to [Saperstein] in a subsequent sale, which is how many of these transactions are structured." Id. ¶ 11.
Saperstein informed Dumont that he was still willing to purchase the Aircraft if it passed a visual inspection at Dumont's facility in Delaware and a full inspection at a third-party facility. Compl. ¶ 16. Dumont initially refused, but subsequently consented to the visual inspection. Id. ¶¶ 17-18. Saperstein hired Edward Wetzel, an airplane mechanic and resident of California, to perform the visual inspection. Saperstein Decl. ¶ 16; Wetzel Decl. ¶¶ 2-3 (Dkt. No. 20-3). Wetzel states that during the inspection he "discovered a number of problems with the Aircraft's logbooks, maintenance records, and physical condition, including a fuel leak, exterior corrosion and missing repair records, such as the records necessary to establish compliance with mandatory Airworthiness Directives issued by the Federal Aviation Administration." Wetzel Decl. ¶ 3.
Saperstein alleges that Dumont responded to some of the problems identified by Wetzel but "provided vague and incomplete responses to many other problems and no response at all as to others." Compl. ¶ 19. When Dumont refused to allow a full inspection of the Aircraft, Saperstein requested that Dumont return his $250,000 deposit. Id. ¶¶ 20-21. Dumont refused. Id. ¶ 21.
Saperstein filed his complaint on April 12, 2016. Dkt. No. 1. He brings six causes of action: (1) fraudulent inducement; (2) negligent misrepresentation; (3) breach of contract; (4) rescission; (5) breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing; (6) conversion; and (7) money had and received. Compl. ¶¶ 22-60. The first two causes of action are asserted against both Dumont and Wargo; the remaining five are asserted against only Dumont. Id. Saperstein seeks damages, rescission, disgorgement, and costs of suit. Id. at Prayer for Relief. He does not seek specific performance. Id.
Defendants filed their motion to transfer venue on May 31, 2016. Dkt. No. 10. I heard argument from the parties on July 20, 2016. Dkt. No. 28.
"For the convenience of parties and witnesses, in the interest of justice, a district court may transfer any civil action to any other district or division where it might have been brought or to any district or division to which all parties have consented."
Gerin v. Aegon USA, Inc., No. 06-cv-005407-SBA, 2007 WL 1033472, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 4, 2007); accord Lax v. Toyota Motor Corp., 65 F.Supp.3d 772, 776 (N.D. Cal. 2014); Barnes & Noble, Inc. v. LSI Corp., 823 F.Supp.2d 980, 993 (N.D. Cal. 2011); Vu v. Ortho-McNeil Pharm., Inc., 602 F.Supp.2d 1151, 1156 (N.D. Cal. 2009).
"[T]he district court has discretion to adjudicate motions for transfer according to an individualized, case-by-case consideration of convenience and fairness." Jones, 211 F.3d at 498 (9th Cir. 2000). However, "[t]he general rule is that a plaintiff's choice of forum is afforded substantial weight." Carolina Cas. Co. v. Data Broad. Corp., 158 F.Supp.2d 1044, 1048 (N.D. Cal. 2001); see also Lou v. Belzberg, 834 F.2d 730, 739 (9th Cir. 1987) (noting that "great weight is generally accorded [the] plaintiff's choice of forum"); Kaur v. U.S. Airways, Inc., No. 12-cv-05963-EMC, 2013 WL 1891391, at *3 (N.D. Cal. May 6, 2013) ("Generally, the plaintiff's choice of forum is accorded significant deference.").
Defendants do not contend that Saperstein's choice of forum is entitled to less than substantial weight. See Mot. at 6-7. They argue instead that other considerations "far outweigh' his decision to file in this district. Id. I agree that this action has sufficient contacts with this district for Saperstein's choice of forum to be afforded substantial weight. Accordingly, defendants "must make a strong showing of inconvenience to warrant upsetting [Saperstein's] choice of forum." Decker, 805 F.2d at 843.
Defendants have not made this showing. They make no arguments with respect to the fifth through eighth factors and instead argue that the convenience of the parties, the convenience of the witnesses, and ease of access to the evidence justify transfer to Delaware. For the following reasons, I disagree.
Neither this district nor the District of Delaware is significantly more convenient to the parties, because the parties and their witnesses will need to travel significant distances whichever venue is chosen.
Defendants identify three specific Dumont employees as potential witnesses: Kevin Wargo, Amber Martin, and Dan Piraino. First Wargo Decl. ¶¶ 16-17. Defendants state that they also expect to call as witnesses unidentified Dumont employees based in Delaware and Florida "who flew the Aircraft to and from various facilities for inspections and refurbishment work in connection with the sale to [Saperstein]." Second Wargo Decl. ¶ 19. It appears that defendants may also wish to present testimony from unidentified Dumont employees based in Illinois who inspected and/or worked on the Aircraft. First Wargo Decl. ¶¶ 25(f)-25(h).
Saperstein states that he and Wetzel will testify, as well as "possibly" his negotiating attorneys, who appear to live in Washington state. Oppo. at 8-9 (Dkt. No. 20); see also Reply at 4 (asserting that Saperstein's negotiating attorneys are in "Washington").
Although it would be inconvenient for Wargo, Martin, Piraino, and the Delaware, Florida, and Illinois based Dumont employees to travel to California, it would also be inconvenient for Saperstein, Wetzel, Saperstein's negotiating attorneys, and Dumont's Florida and Illinois based employees to travel to Delaware. Even assuming that all of the potential witnesses identified by the parties are actually likely to testify, the convenience of the parties and their witnesses does not favor transfer.
"In considering the convenience of witnesses, courts have recognized that the convenience of non-party witnesses is more important than the convenience of party witnesses." Kaur, 2013 WL 1891391, at *5 (emphasis omitted); accord Hansell v. TracFone Wireless, Inc., No. 13-cv-03440-EMC, 2013 WL 6155618, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 22, 2013; Brown v. Abercrombie & Fitch Co., No. 13-cv-05205-YGR, 2014 WL 715082, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 14, 2014). Saperstein asserts that there are no third-party witnesses in this case. Oppo. at 8-9. Defendants identify one third-party witness in Delaware: Sipala, the Aircraft's current owner. Reply at 3-4.
Although I agree that Sipala would be inconvenienced by a trial in this district, defendants have not made a strong showing of inconvenience to third-party witnesses. In determining whether the convenience of witnesses favors transfer, courts consider not only how many witnesses each side has and the location of those witnesses, but also the importance of the witnesses. See Saleh v. Titan Corp., 361 F.Supp.2d 1152, 1160-61 (S.D. Cal. 2005); see also Gates Learjet Corp. v. Jensen, 743 F.2d 1325, 1335-36 (9th Cir. 1984) (in forum non conveniens case, finding that the district court "improperly focused on the number of witnesses in each location" and "should have examined the materiality and importance of the anticipated witnesses' testimony and then determined their accessibility and convenience to the forum"). Defendants indicate that they may rely on witnesses from the Banyan entities, see Second Wargo Decl. ¶ 14-17, stating that such witnesses have "knowledge regarding the marketing, pre-purchase inspection . . ., and sale of the Aircraft to Dumont," id. ¶ 15. However, defendants do not identify any specific witnesses from the Banyan entities, nor do they describe any specific testimony that those witnesses would give. See Carolina, 158 F. Supp. 2d at 1049 ("To demonstrate inconvenience of witnesses, the moving party must identify relevant witnesses . . . and describe their testimony and its relevance."). Perhaps the Banyan witnesses would be able to provide some relevant testimony, but it is not clear how their testimony would not be cumulative of the other testimony and documentary evidence in the case. Further, a trial would place a significant burden on the Banyan witnesses whether in this district or in the District of Delaware, as both venues would entail multi-hour flights and, presumably, hotel stays for multi-day visits.
Given Sipala's presence in Delaware, I am persuaded that this factor favors transfer. But given the paucity of evidence regarding the Banyan witnesses, I find that it favors transfer only slightly. Cf. Budget Blinds, Inc. v. Mahmood, No. 10-cv-00552, 2010 WL 3001629, at *6-7 (C.D. Cal. July 29, 2010) (denying motion to transfer venue where the defendant identified three witnesses in the transferee forum, but only specifically identified one of them and did not "describe how [any of the third-party witness's] testimony is relevant to the case or whether the testimony is material").
Defendants contend that "nearly all" of the "documents and other evidence pertaining to the Aircraft and the transaction . . . are located in Delaware." First Wargo Decl. ¶ 25(j). They state that this evidence includes log books, manuals, and other records that are now stored either on the Aircraft itself or at Dumont's Delaware facility. Id. ¶ 13. Saperstein counters that many of the relevant documents are in his or Wetzel's possession, and that, with respect to the other documents, "there is no cognizable burden or inconvenience in copying documents located in Delaware and producing them electronically or by mail in California." Oppo. at 9. Defendants respond that copying and transmitting the documents from Delaware to California is infeasible because "FAA regulations require all such maintenance and certification documents to remain with the aircraft."
Saperstein has the better of these arguments. Defendants assert that all maintenance and certification documents must "remain with the aircraft," but defendants cite no authority indicating that copies of the documents could not be made, transmitted, and used for the purposes of this litigation, while leaving the originals of the documents in place. The FAA regulations cited by defendants, for example, do not prohibit or discourage copying of the airworthiness certificate or flight manual. See 14 C.F.R. § 91.203; 14 C.F.R. § 91.9. Defendants also fail to cite any authority to support their assertion that "any inspector or expert will undoubtedly demand to review the originals of [the] documents." Second Wargo Decl. ¶ 13. Even assuming that this turns out to be true, it is not clear why it would weigh in favor of transfer to Delaware. If defendants' expert demands to review the originals of the documents, he or she presumably will have easy access to them in Delaware. On the other hand, if Saperstein's expert (Wetzel) demands to review the originals, he will have to travel to Delaware, but that is Saperstein's problem, not defendants'. Further, defendants do not dispute that a substantial portion of the relevant documents in this case, such as those concerning the correspondence between Saperstein and Dumont, are not governed by FAA regulations and can be easily copied and transmitted.
In sum, defendants have not shown that there are any relevant documents that cannot be copied and transmitted or otherwise inspected with minimal inconvenience to defendants. The location of the documentary evidence does not favor transfer. Cf. Lax, 65 F. Supp. 3d at 780 ("[T]he location of documents is increasingly irrelevant in the age of electronic discovery, when thousands of pages of documents can be easily digitized and transported to any appropriate forum.").
Defendants also argue that the presence of the Aircraft in Delaware favors transfer. Mot. at 7. Saperstein responds that (1) the current location of the Aircraft is not relevant because the issue at trial will be the condition of the Aircraft at the time of Wetzel's visual inspection, meaning that a jury visit to the Aircraft will not be instructive; (2) if a jury visit to the Aircraft is necessary, the Aircraft can be flown to California; and (3) to the extent that further inspection of the Aircraft during discovery is necessary, it will be Saperstein, not defendants, who will be inconvenienced, in that he will have to fly Wetzel to Delaware to conduct the inspection. Oppo. at 10, 10 n.4. Defendants respond that flying the Aircraft from Delaware to California would be extremely expensive. Reply at 3.
Saperstein again has the better of these arguments. Defendants have not shown that the presence of the Aircraft in Delaware is likely to cause them any meaningful inconvenience. While this would be a much closer question if flying the Aircraft to California was likely to be necessary, I agree with Saperstein that a jury visit to the Aircraft is unlikely to be instructive in this case, and defendants offer no reason to conclude otherwise. Saperstein may still suffer some inconvenience during discovery if he has to fly Wetzel to Delaware for a further inspection, but as Saperstein points out, he is "entitled to choose to live with that inconvenience so that he may sue in his home state." Oppo. at 10.
Defendants' motion to transfer venue to the District of Delaware is DENIED.
