ORDER GRANTING SUMMARY JUDGMENT AND DENYING MOTION TO EXCLUDE TESTIMONY AS MOOT

Re: Dkt. No. 228

LUCY H. KOH, District Judge.

Before the Court is Defendant Ford Motor Company's ("Ford's") Motion for Summary Judgment on the Individual Claims of William Philips,1 Jaime Goodman, and Alison Colburn, ECF No. 228 ("Mot."), and Motion to Exclude the Report and Testimony of Dr. Allise Wachs, ECF No. 227 (Mot. to Exclude). The Court finds that the instant motions are suitable for resolution without oral argument and therefore VACATES the hearing scheduled for February 23, 2017. Having considered the submissions of the parties, the relevant law, and the record in this case, the Court hereby GRANTS Defendant's motion for summary judgment and DENIES Defendant's motion to exclude testimony as moot.

I. BACKGROUND

A. Factual Background

The following facts are from Plaintiffs' Third Amended Complaint ("TAC"). The following chart summarizes the named Plaintiffs' purchasing information:

Id. ¶¶ 32-53. Power steering systems supplement the torque that the driver must apply to the steering wheel, thus making it easier for the driver to turn the wheel. Id. ¶ 75. Instead of using a traditional power steering pump, Ford's EPAS system uses a power steering control motor, electronic control unit, torque sensor, and steering wheel position sensor. Id. ¶ 2. Plaintiffs allege, however, that Ford's EPAS system suffers from a "systemic defect" that "renders the system prone to sudden and premature failure during ordinary and foreseeable driving situations." Id. Specifically, Plaintiffs claim that "[w]hen developing the requirements for its EPAS system, Ford . . . ignored sound engineering judgment by incorporating unreliable electromechanical relays, which are foreseeably prone to failure, into the design." Mot. at 1-2. This defect, Plaintiffs contend, causes drivers of the Class Vehicles to "experience significantly increased steering effort and an increased risk of losing control of their vehicles when the EPAS system fails" and "defaults to manual steering." Id. ¶¶ 3, 100.

1. Plaintiffs' Personal Experiences with EPAS Failure

i. Plaintiff Philips

In their Third Amended Complaint, Plaintiffs allege that they paid more for their vehicles than they would have if Ford has disclosed that their vehicles' EPAS systems were defective. Specifically, William Philips ("Philips") states that he "reviewed Ford's promotional materials and other information" and that he "would not have purchased his 2011 Ford Fusion, or would not have paid the purchase price charged" had Ford "disclosed the EPAS system defects and failures." Id. ¶ 34. Philips also alleges that he experienced "problems with the steering system in his Fusion." Id. ¶ 36. After lodging multiple complaints with Ford, Plaintiff Philips was informed during a dealership visit in 2013 "that it would cost approximately $2,000 to fix the problem," through an EPAS system replacement. Id. Plaintiff Philips declined to repair his vehicle at that time. In July 2015, Plaintiff Philips received a notice from Ford that alerted him that his "vehicle [was] subject to a safety recall," and asked Plaintiff Philips to bring his vehicle to a dealership for further inspection. ECF No. 97-5 at 192. After receiving this notice, Plaintiff Philips brought his vehicle in for an inspection, at which time Ford replaced the EPAS system in Plaintiff Philips's vehicle.

ii. Plaintiff Goodman

Jaime Goodman ("Goodman") claims that, prior to "purchasing her 2011 Ford Fusion," she "(a) viewed television advertisements concerning the vehicles; (b) viewed material concerning the Fusion on Ford's website; (c) reviewed the window sticker on the vehicle she would purchase; and (d) received and reviewed a brochure concerning the Fusion." TAC ¶ 40. "The window sticker," Plaintiff Goodman says, "indicated that the vehicle she would purchase was equipped with power steering." Id. "Nowhere in these materials did Ford disclose the EPAS system defects and failures," and had Ford done so, Plaintiff Goodman alleges that she "would not have purchased her 2011 Ford Fusion, or would not have paid the purchase price charged." Id. ¶¶ 40-41. In addition, Plaintiff Goodman claims that in 2014 she "began having intermittent problems with the steering system in her 2011 Ford Fusion and experienced difficulty steering." Id. ¶ 43.

Ultimately, Plaintiff Goodman "took [her] vehicle to a Ford dealership [in December 2014] and was told that it would cost $1,800 to fix the problem with the steering system." Id. As with Plaintiff Philips, the dealership recommended that the EPAS system in Plaintiff Goodman's vehicle be replaced. Although Plaintiff Goodman contended that her power steering problems were a safety issue, Ford refused to defray the cost of an EPAS system replacement. ECF No. 94-8 at 47. Citing financial hardship, Plaintiff Goodman declined to undertake any repairs to her vehicle at this time and continued to experience problems with her vehicle.

In July 2015, Plaintiff Goodman received "a letter from Ford Motor Company concerning the 2011 Fusion and a recall for the [Fusion's] EPAS [system]." Id. at 49. Pursuant to this letter, Plaintiff Goodman took her vehicle to a Ford dealership in August 2015 with the expectation that Ford would replace the EPAS system in her vehicle free of charge. During this August 2015 visit, however, the dealership declined to perform a system replacement and instead simply reprogrammed the computer in Plaintiff Goodman's vehicle.

In October 2015, Plaintiff Goodman once again experienced problems with her vehicle's power steering. "On November 2, 2015, Ford's counsel contacted Plaintiffs' counsel to inform them that based on a review of the attached service records . . . , it appears that Jaime Goodman is eligible for a steering gear replacement." ECF No. 94-6 at 10. Plaintiff Goodman thereafter scheduled an appointment to replace her vehicle's EPAS system on November 12, 2015. "A few hours after dropping off [her] vehicle" on November 12, 2015, however, Plaintiff Goodman "received a call from a service associate . . . and was informed that . . . [her vehicle] was no longer eligible for a free replacement under Ford's recall program." ECF No. 95-4 at 2. After "Ford refused to replace [Goodman's] EPAS system," Plaintiffs' counsel once again reached out to Ford. Id. at 3. On November 24, 2015, Ford finally replaced the EPAS system in Plaintiff Goodman's vehicle.

iii. Plaintiff Colburn

Prior to "purchasing her 2010 Ford Fusion," Alison Colburn ("Colburn") claims that, like Plaintiff Goodman, she "(a) viewed television advertisements concerning the vehicles; (b) viewed material concerning the Fusion on Ford's website; (c) reviewed the window sticker on the vehicle she would purchase; and (d) received and reviewed a brochure concerning the Fusion," and that "[t]he window sticker indicated that the vehicle she would purchase was equipped with power steering." TAC ¶ 47. "Nowhere in these materials did Ford disclose the EPAS system defects and failures." Id. Had Ford done so, Plaintiff Colburn alleges that she "would not have purchased her 2010 Ford Fusion, or would not have paid the purchase price charged." Id. ¶ 48. Plaintiff Colburn alleges that the power steering in her vehicle failed in October 2014. Id. ¶ 52. Later that month, she took her vehicle to a Ford dealership and paid $990.19 to replace her vehicle's EPAS system. Id. ¶ 53.

2. The Nature of the Alleged Defect

In the TAC, Plaintiffs point to various possible defects in EPAS systems in Ford vehicles: problems with the EPAS system's conformal coating, misalignment of ribbon cable pins, design defects in the contact plating used in the EPAS system, problems with the EPAS system's sensors, and defects in the gear assembly. Id. ¶ 79. Plaintiffs allege that "[t]hese defects, individually and/or collectively, render the EPAS System prone to failure." Id. However, after considerable discovery, Plaintiffs narrowed their theory of defect. As relevant to the instant motion, Plaintiffs assert that the EPAS systems in 2010-2012 Fusion vehicles and 2012-2014 Focus vehicles are defective because the EPAS systems contain unreliable electro-mechanical relays.

Ford began to use electro-mechanical relays in EPAS systems in 2009 to produce the 2010 Fusion. Pascarella Rpt., Ex. A to Mot., at 3. The EPAS system is manufactured by a Ford supplier called TRW and includes two electro-mechanical relays: a "link relay" and a "star point" relay. Arora Rpt., Ex. E to Mot., at 28. The link relay controls power to the EPAS system, and the star point relay controls power to the steering motor. Id. at 36, 40. These relays control power through a circuit that is completed when two metal plates in the relays make contact. Ex. 31 to Opp., at 6-9. When the metal plates are in contact, the circuit is closed, and power is engaged. Id. When the metal plates are separated, the circuit is opened, and power is cut off. Id. Occasionally, these relays experience "faults," meaning the circuits open and power is cut off at unexpected times. When a fault occurs, power steering is cut off and the vehicle reverts to manual steering. Ex. E to Mot., at 36-40. These faults are indicated by "diagnostic trouble codes" to assist in diagnosis and repair. A code number B43 indicates a fault in the link relay, and a code number B3A indicates a fault in the star point relay. Id. at 40.

Plaintiffs claim that Ford knew as early as 2007 that electro-mechanical relays were unfit for use in EPAS systems. ECF No. 225, at 2. Plaintiffs point to Ford emails suggesting that Ford employees believed that electro-mechanical relays were subject to issues such as thermal expansion and sensitivity to variations in manufacturing. Id. at 4. Other internal Ford emails suggested that Ford hoped to "remove electro-mechanical relays out of EPS products." Ex. 31 to Opp., at 26. Nevertheless, Plaintiffs claim that because of budgetary issues, Ford decided not to change the design to omit electro-mechanical relays. ECF No. 225, at 5.

Ford continually diagnosed and assessed relay problems, and Ford began to make some changes to the EPAS systems in 2011. ECF No. 225, at 5. However, according to Plaintiffs, none of these changes addressed the ultimate cause of the EPAS system's unusually high failure rates: inclusion of unreliable electro-mechanical relays. During this time, Ford also received an unusual number of complaints regarding sudden and unexpected failures of power steering systems. Ex. E at 48-49. At the time, Ford concluded that there were several causes for the power steering issues, but the main cause was the fact that "ribbon cables" in the EPAS systems were sometimes damaged during assembly. Id. After the National Highway Transportation Safety Administration (NHTSA) opened an investigation into reports of power steering failures in Fusion vehicles, Ford began a recall of certain Fusion vehicles based on the ribbon-cable issues. Id. However, according to Plaintiffs, this recall does not address their concerns because even after replacement, the EPAS systems are still defective because they incorporate unreliable electro-mechanical relays. Plaintiffs claim that Ford knew that inclusion of the unreliable relays posed safety concerns and that other feasible alternative designs would not pose the same dangers. ECF No. 225, at 7-9.

Based on the evidence outlined above, Plaintiffs allege that Ford fraudulently concealed the alleged defect in the EPAS systems. Despite press releases and web-based "promotional materials" touting "EPAS as a reliable and beneficial product," Ford knew as early as 2007 that the EPAS system was "prone to sudden, premature failure," and yet took no remedial action. TAC ¶ 11. Plaintiffs further claim that "Ford concealed the fact that the EPAS system [was] prone to sudden and premature failure from consumers so that the warranty period on the Defective Vehicles would expire before consumers became aware of the problem." Id. ¶ 24. Had Ford disclosed the alleged defect, Plaintiffs "would not have purchased . . . th[e] vehicles, or would have paid substantially less for the vehicles than they did." Id. ¶ 25. Moreover, "Ford's failure to disclose to consumers and the public at large the material fact that the EPAS system is prone to premature failure . . . recklessly risked the safety of occupants of the Defective Vehicles and the public at large." Id. ¶ 6.

B. Procedural History

On June 27, 2014, Plaintiffs filed the original complaint in this putative class action. ECF No. 1. Plaintiffs filed the first amended complaint ("FAC") on September 8, 2014. ECF No. 15 ("FAC"). Plaintiffs' FAC was 108 pages long and asserted 51 causes of action, including 49 claims specific to the laws of six states and two nationwide claims based on the laws of 44 additional states. ECF No. 15.

On October 24, 2014, Ford filed a motion to dismiss all 51 causes of action. ECF No. 22. At a hearing on February 12, 2015, the Court granted Ford's motion to dismiss the FAC with leave to amend. ECF No. 46. Specifically, as to Plaintiffs' implied warranty claims, brought under California's Song-Beverly Consumer Warranty Act ("Song-Beverly Act") and the Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act ("Magnuson-Moss Act"), the Court found "that Plaintiffs ha[d] sufficiently alleged that the EPAS system defect made the [Vehicles] unfit for their ordinary purpose." ECF No. 48, at 5. However, the Court also found that an "implied warranty claim is [also] limited in duration . . . and Plaintiffs [had] not allege[d] a defect within the warranty period." Id. In reaching this decision, the Court declined to follow the California Court of Appeal's decision in Mexia v. Rinker Boat Co., Inc., 95 Cal.Rptr.3d 285 (Ct. App. 2009), which the Court characterized as being an "outlier." ECF No. 48, at 5. The Court instead found more persuasive several federal district court decisions, including Daniel v. Ford Motor Company, 2013 WL 2474934 (E.D. Cal. June 7, 2013). The Court granted Plaintiffs leave to amend their implied warranty claims because "there [we]re factual allegations that the Plaintiffs could allege that could cure th[e] deficienc[ies] [identified]." ECF No. 48, at 10.

In light of the unwieldy nature of the FAC and the first motion to dismiss, the parties agreed at the February 18, 2015 case management conference to move forward only on the California claims for any subsequent motions to dismiss. ECF No. 51. If any of the California claims survived, the parties would continue to litigate those claims to resolution before this Court. ECF No. 54 at 9. If none of the California claims survived, then the Court would confer with the parties regarding how to proceed on the remaining claims, with the possibility of transferring this action to a more appropriate jurisdiction. Id.

With this understanding in mind, Plaintiffs filed a second amended complaint ("SAC") on March 27, 2015. The SAC asserted four causes of action under California law: (1) violation of the unlawful and unfair prongs of California's Unfair Competition Law ("UCL"); (2) violation of the fraud prong of the UCL; (3) violation of California's Consumer Legal Remedies Act ("CLRA"); and (4) common law fraudulent concealment. The SAC did not assert a claim under the Song-Beverly Act or under the Magnuson-Moss Act.

On April 30, 2015, Ford moved to dismiss the SAC, ECF No. 58, which the Court granted in part and denied in part, ECF No. 69. Specifically, the Court granted with prejudice Ford's motion to dismiss Plaintiffs' UCL claims and Plaintiffs' CLRA claim for injunctive relief, holding that Plaintiffs were not entitled to equitable relief because they had an adequate remedy at law. Id. at 30. The Court also granted with prejudice Ford's motion to dismiss Ian Colburn, the son of Alison Colburn, as a named Plaintiff. Id. at 31. Two claims—the common law fraudulent concealment claim and the CLRA claim for damages—survived Ford's second round motion to dismiss. Id. Ford answered the SAC on August 6, 2015. ECF No. 78.

On October 28, 2015, Ford filed a second motion to dismiss the SAC. ECF No. 84. In this motion, Ford argued for dismissal under the prudential mootness and primary jurisdiction doctrines based on Ford's safety recall of the vehicles at issue. ECF No. 105 at 8. Ford also argued that Plaintiffs lacked "standing to pursue their claims as to the 2012-2014 Focus and 2013-2014 Fusion." Id. at 9. The Court denied this motion in its entirety. Id. at 25.

On February 18, 2016, the parties filed a joint case management statement in advance of the February 25, 2016 case management conference. ECF No. 104. In this statement, Plaintiffs stated their intent to file a "motion for leave to amend to reassert their claims for breach of [implied] warranty." Id. at 2. According to Plaintiffs, in light of the Ninth Circuit's December 2, 2015 decision in Daniel v. Ford Motor Company, 806 F.3d 1217 (9th Cir. 2015), the Court had erred in dismissing Plaintiffs' implied warranty claims on February 12, 2015. After reviewing the Daniel decision, the Court agreed with Plaintiffs, and granted Plaintiffs leave to amend at the February 25, 2016 case management conference. ECF No. 108.

Plaintiffs filed the TAC on March 4, 2016. The TAC includes two new claims: an implied warranty claim asserted under the Song-Beverly Act, TAC ¶¶ 154-170, and an implied warranty claim asserted under the Magnuson-Moss Act, id. ¶¶ 140-153. On March 24, 2016, Ford moved to dismiss these implied warranty claims. On May 3, 2016, the Court denied Ford's motion to dismiss. ECF No. 134. The Court held that under the Ninth Circuit's recent decision in Daniel v. Ford Motor Company, 806 F.3d 1217 (9th Cir. 2015), Plaintiffs had stated a claim for relief under the Song-Beverly Act and the Magnuson-Moss Act for breach of implied warranty. Id. at 16. The Court also found that Plaintiffs had not waived these claims by failing to replead the claims in the SAC, id. at 20, and that Plaintiff Colburn's claims fell within the applicable four year statute of limitations because Plaintiff Colburn had sufficiently alleged tolling of the statute of limitations because of fraudulent concealment, id. at 26.

On July 29, 2016, Plaintiffs filed a motion for class certification under Federal Rule of Procedure ("Rule") 23. ECF No. 173. Ford filed an opposition to the motion for class certification on September 19, 2016. ECF No. 194. On September 26, 2016, Ford filed a motion to exclude the expert report of Dr. Jonathan Arnold, ECF No. 196, and a motion to exclude the expert report of Dr. Marthinius van Schoor, ECF No. 197. On December 8, 2016, the Court held a hearing on Plaintiffs' motion for class certification and on Ford's motions to exclude. ECF No. 219.

On December 22, 2016, the Court denied Plaintiffs' motion for class certification. ECF No. 225. The Court found that Plaintiffs had not submitted a damages model that was consistent with Plaintiffs' theory of liability, as required by Comcast Corp. v. Behrend, 133 S.Ct. 1426, 1432 (2013). Id. at 37-43. The Court also found that because Ford had made certain disclosures in its owner's manuals, the Court could not determine under Mazza v. American Honda Motor Company, 666 F.3d 581 (9th Cir. 2012), on a classwide basis whether class members relied on Ford's alleged failure to disclose the alleged defect. ECF No. 225, at 29-32. Thus, the Court determined that common issues did not predominate and that class certification was inappropriate under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure ("Rule") 23(b)(3). The Court found that certifying an injunctive class under Rule 23(b)(2) was inappropriate because Plaintiffs had an adequate remedy at law. Id. at 44-48.

In the December 22, 2016 order, the Court also granted Ford's motion to exclude the testimony of Dr. Arnold and denied Ford's motion to exclude the testimony of Dr. van Schoor. Id. at 48-50. The Court found that Dr. Arnold's damages report did not reliably measure damages attributable to Plaintiffs' theory of liability. ECF No. 225, at 49. Specifically, Plaintiffs' theory of damages was that Plaintiffs had overpaid for their vehicles because if Plaintiffs had known that the EPAS systems in the vehicles had defects, Plaintiffs would not have paid full price for the EPAS systems or the vehicles. Id. at 38. However, Dr. Arnold made no attempt to measure what a reasonable consumer would have been willing to pay for a defective EPAS system. Id. at 39. Instead, Dr. Arnold assumed, without any justification, that the EPAS systems had no value at all. Id. Therefore, the Court held that Dr. Arnold's report did not reliably apply the "expected utility" theory that Dr. Arnold advocated, and thus the Court excluded Dr. Arnold's report under Daubert and Federal Rule of Evidence 702. Id. at 49. However, the Court found that the report of Dr. van Schoor was reliable and aided the Court in understanding Plaintiffs' theory of defect, and therefore the report met the standard of Daubert and Rule 702. Id. at 49-50.

Plaintiffs never sought review of the Court's class certification decision under Federal Rule of Procedure 23(f). Instead, on January 1, 2017, Plaintiffs filed a Motion for Leave to File Motion for Reconsideration of Class Certification Order, or in the Alternative, for Leave to File a Renewed Motion for Class Certification. ECF No. 226. On January 16, 2017, the Court denied the motion for leave to file a motion for reconsideration because the motion repeated Plaintiffs' arguments in their motion for class certification. ECF No. 230.

In the alternative, Plaintiffs' motion sought leave to file a renewed motion for class certification with an amended damages report. ECF No. 226, at 4-6. However, as the Court explained in denying this motion, the Court's denial of class certification was based on more than the deficient damages model. ECF No. 230, at 3. The Court also denied class certification on the ground that individual issues of reliance would predominate because the class members were not exposed to uniform representations. Id. Thus, in the January 16, 2017 order, the Court denied Plaintiffs' request in the alternative to file an amended motion for class certification because "even if Plaintiffs filed an amended damages report, a renewed motion for class certification would be futile." Id.

After the Court denied Plaintiffs' motion for leave to file either a motion for reconsideration or a renewed motion for class certification, the Court held a case management conference on January 18, 2017. ECF No. 232. On the morning before the case management conference, Plaintiffs filed a notice of voluntary dismissal of all of the Plaintiffs outside California. ECF No. 231. At the case management conference, Plaintiffs offered to stipulate to entry of summary judgment in favor of Ford on the grounds that Plaintiffs had no admissible evidence of damages. Specifically, Plaintiffs argued that when the Court denied Plaintiffs' motion to submit a renewed motion for class certification with an amended damages model, this ruling "effectively result[ed] in entry of judgment on Ford's motion for summary judgment on grounds that plaintiffs cannot prove damages, thereby obviating the need for any further briefing on the motion for summary judgment or the motion to exclude Dr. Allise Wachs." ECF No. 229 at 4.

As discussed further below, this statement is inaccurate. The Court's ruling on the motion for leave did not render Plaintiffs unable to oppose summary judgment. Plaintiffs were free to pursue their individual claims. The Court denied Plaintiffs leave to file a renewed motion for class certification, but Plaintiffs never requested leave to introduce any further evidence of damages at the summary judgment stage. Thus, it was Plaintiffs' own choice to concede the issue of damages and to offer to stipulate to summary judgment on that basis. Plaintiffs' choice forfeits relief on Plaintiffs' individual claims.

If Plaintiffs had requested leave to present a new expert damages report on Plaintiffs' individual claims, or if Plaintiffs had cited any non-expert evidence demonstrating damages on Plaintiffs' individual claims, Plaintiffs would likely have been able to survive summary judgment. Instead, Plaintiffs offered to stipulate to summary judgment on the basis of Plaintiffs' inability to prove damages. Ford declined to accept such a stipulation unless Plaintiffs were willing to stipulate to all the grounds on which Ford moved for summary judgment. Plaintiffs did not agree to this broader stipulation.

Ford filed the instant motion for summary judgment on January 9, 2017. ECF No. 228. After the parties failed to reach a stipulation regarding the motion for summary judgment, Plaintiffs filed an opposition to the motion on January 30, 2017. ECF No. 235. Ford replied on February 9, 2017. ECF No. 240. On January 9, 2017, Ford also filed the instant motion to exclude the testimony of Dr. Allise Wachs. ECF No. 227. Plaintiffs filed an opposition to the motion on January 30, 2017. ECF No. 234. Ford filed a reply on February 9, 2017. ECF No. 239.

II. LEGAL STANDARD

Summary judgment is appropriate if, viewing the evidence and drawing all reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, "there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-23 (1986). At the summary judgment stage, the Court "does not assess credibility or weigh the evidence, but simply determines whether there is a genuine factual issue for trial." House v. Bell, 547 U.S. 518, 559-60 (2006). A fact is "material" if it "might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law," and a dispute as to a material fact is "genuine" if there is sufficient evidence for a reasonable trier of fact to decide in favor of the nonmoving party. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). "If the evidence is merely colorable, or is not significantly probative, summary judgment may be granted." Id. at 249-50 (citations omitted).

Additionally, "the plain language of Rule 56(c) mandates the entry of summary judgment, after adequate time for discovery and upon motion, against a party who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party's case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial." Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). Thus, if a party bears the burden of proof on an essential element of its claim and makes no showing to establish that element, summary judgment is warranted even if there are genuine issues of fact regarding other elements of the party's claim.

The moving party bears the initial burden of identifying those portions of the pleadings, discovery, and affidavits that demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. at 323. Where the party opposing summary judgment will have the burden of proof at trial, the party moving for summary judgment need only point out "that there is an absence of evidence to support the nonmoving party's case." Id. at 325; accord Soremekun v. Thrifty Payless, Inc., 509 F.3d 978, 984 (9th Cir. 2007). If the moving party meets its initial burden, the nonmoving party must set forth, by affidavit or as otherwise provided in Rule 56, "specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial." Anderson, 477 U.S. at 250.

III. DISCUSSION

Ford offers several arguments in support of its motion for summary judgment. First, Ford argues that Plaintiffs have no admissible evidence to prove damages for any of their claims. Second, Ford argues that all three individual Plaintiffs' claims are at least partially moot because their EPAS systems were replaced. Third, Ford argues that Plaintiffs have failed to produce evidence showing the alleged defect has caused or will cause their EPAS systems to fail. Fourth, Ford argues that Plaintiffs have not produced any evidence that Ford breached a duty to disclose a material fact for the purposes of Plaintiffs' fraudulent concealment or CLRA claims. The Court finds that Ford's first argument is sufficient to warrant granting Ford's motion for summary judgment in its entirety, and therefore the Court need not consider Ford's remaining arguments.

A. Plaintiffs' Concessions

Plaintiffs' FAC was 108 pages long and asserted 51 causes of action, including 49 claims specific to the laws of six states and two nationwide claims based on the laws of 44 additional states. ECF No. 15. Defendants filed a motion to dismiss all 51 causes of action, which the Court granted with leave to amend. ECF No. 46.

In light of the unwieldy nature of the FAC and the first motion to dismiss, the parties stipulated that the SAC could include both California and non-California claims, but that subsequent motions to dismiss would address only the California claims. ECF No. 51, at 1. The SAC was filed on March 27, 2015. ECF No. 55. The TAC was filed on March 4, 2016. ECF No. 114. After three more rounds of motions to dismiss, Plaintiffs moved for class certification on their California and federal claims on July 29, 2016. ECF No. 172.

As discussed above, the Court denied Plaintiffs' motion for class certification in part because Plaintiffs failed to offer a damages model that was consistent with Plaintiffs' theory of liability. ECF No. 225, at 39. Plaintiffs offered two theories of damages: benefit-of-the-bargain damages and out-of-pocket damages.

The benefit-of-the-bargain damages theory of Plaintiffs' expert, Dr. Jonathan Arnold, was that Plaintiffs had overpaid for their vehicles because if Plaintiffs had known that the EPAS systems in the vehicles had defects, Plaintiffs would not have paid full price for the EPAS systems or the vehicles. Id. at 38. However, Dr. Arnold made no attempt to measure what a reasonable consumer would have been willing to pay for an EPAS system if the consumer knew of the alleged defects, which is called an expected utility theory. Id. at 39. Instead, Dr. Arnold assumed, without justification or even explicitly stating the assumption, that the EPAS systems had no value at all, and that a reasonable consumer would have paid $0 for the EPAS system. Id. Therefore, the Court held that Dr. Arnold's report did not reliably apply the expected utility theory that Dr. Arnold advocated, and thus the Court excluded Dr. Arnold's report under Daubert and Federal Rule of Evidence 702. Id. at 49.

Additionally, the Court found that similar concerns made class certification inappropriate for Plaintiffs' alleged out-of-pocket damages. ECF No. 225, at 42. Specifically, Plaintiffs requested full compensation for all repairs or replacements of the EPAS systems in class members' vehicles. However, this theory of liability assumed that "the replacement EPAS systems or the repairs were completely valueless," and Plaintiffs provided "no support, either in Dr. Arnold's report or elsewhere, for the unstated assumption that no class member received any benefit from the replacements or repairs." Id. For example, Plaintiffs did not take account of the fact that some class members might have repaired or replaced their EPAS systems for reasons totally unrelated to the alleged defect — such as damage from a collision — for which Ford could not be held responsible. Therefore, the Court found that Plaintiffs had failed to offer a damages model consistent with their theory of liability for out-of-pocket damages, and the Court denied class certification partly on this basis. Id. at 41-42.

On January 1, 2017, Plaintiffs filed a Motion for Leave to File Motion for Reconsideration of Class Certification Order, or in the Alternative, for Leave to File a Renewed Motion for Class Certification ("motion for leave"). ECF No. 226. The motion for leave repeated Plaintiffs' arguments for class certification. For example, the motion for leave argued that the Court had overlooked the fact that Dr. Arnold adequately justified the conclusion that a reasonable consumer would value the EPAS systems at $0. Id. at 2-3. In ruling on the motion for leave, the Court reiterated that Dr. Arnold had never even stated such an assumption, let alone justified the assumption. Thus, the Court denied the motion for leave to file a motion for reconsideration on January 16, 2017. ECF No. 230.

In the alternative, Plaintiffs' motion for leave sought leave to file a renewed motion for class certification with an amended damages report. ECF No. 226, at 4-6. However, as the Court explained in denying this motion, the Court's denial of class certification was based on more than the deficient damages model alone. ECF No. 230, at 3. The Court also denied class certification on the ground that individual issues of reliance would predominate because the class members were not exposed to uniform representations. Id. Specifically, in denying class certification, the Court found that under Mazza v. American Honda Motor Company, 666 F.3d 581 (9th Cir. 2012), the Court could not determine on a classwide basis whether class members relied on the alleged omissions. ECF No. 225, at 30. A warning about sudden EPAS system failure was present in the owner's manuals for all class vehicles, and it would require extensive individualized inquiries to know which class members had the opportunity to read these portions of the owner's manuals before purchasing their vehicles. Id. As in Mazza, a class member who was exposed to this warning would know that limitations existed in the EPAS systems; thus, the information to which class members were exposed was not uniform. Id. Therefore, the Court found that it could not determine reliance on a classwide basis. Id. Thus, in the January 16, 2017 order, the Court denied Plaintiffs' request in the alternative to file an amended motion for class certification because "even if Plaintiffs filed an amended damages report, a renewed motion for class certification would be futile." Id.

After the Court denied Plaintiffs' motion for leave to file a motion for reconsideration or a renewed motion for class certification, the Court held a case management conference on January 18, 2017. ECF No. 232. At the case management conference, Plaintiffs offered to stipulate to entry of summary judgment on the grounds that Plaintiffs had no admissible evidence of damages. Specifically, Plaintiffs argued that when the Court denied Plaintiffs' motion to submit a renewed motion for class certification with an amended damages model, this ruling "effectively result[ed] in entry of judgment on Ford's motion for summary judgment on grounds that plaintiffs cannot prove damages, thereby obviating the need for any further briefing on the motion for summary judgment or the motion to exclude Dr. Allise Wachs." ECF No. 229 at 4. As discussed above, Ford declined to accept a limited stipulation and therefore the parties briefed the motion for summary judgment.

Plaintiffs are incorrect when they claim that the Court "effectively entered judgment on Ford's motion for summary judgment" by denying Plaintiffs' motion for leave to file a renewed motion for class certification. Opp. at 1. Plaintiffs moved only to submit an amended damages report as part of a renewed motion for class certification. ECF No. 226. As discussed above, the Court denied that motion because class certification would have been inappropriate even with an amended damages report. ECF No. 230, at 2. However, Plaintiffs never moved to submit an amended damages report to support the individual claims of Plaintiffs Philips, Goodman, and Colburn. Additionally, Plaintiffs did not cite any non-expert evidence demonstrating damages for the individual Plaintiffs. Plaintiffs chose to forfeit any relief on their individual claims. Indeed, on January 18, 2017, Plaintiffs also voluntarily dismissed the claims of all individual non-California Plaintiffs. ECF No. 231.

In short, it is clear that Plaintiffs are most concerned with class claims in their TAC. After the motion for class certification was denied, Plaintiffs made no attempt to defend the claims of any of the individual Plaintiffs. If Plaintiffs had submitted any evidence of damages, either by requesting leave to file an amended damages report or by citing non-expert evidence, the Court likely would have denied Ford's motion for summary judgment. Plaintiffs evidently would prefer to appeal the Court's grant of summary judgment rather than either file a motion for Rule 23(f) review of the class certification order or litigate Plaintiffs' individual claims. The Court's order denying the motion for leave to file a renewed class certification motion did not compel Plaintiffs to concede the issue of damages. It was Plaintiffs' decision to concede the issue of damages on summary judgment and to forfeit their individual claims.

B. Plaintiffs' Concession on the Issue of Damages Warrants Granting Ford's Motion for Summary Judgment

Ford argues that summary judgment is warranted because Plaintiffs have no admissible evidence to prove damages. Damages are an essential element of each of Plaintiffs' claims. TAC ¶¶ 140-96.2 Plaintiffs will have the burden of proof at trial on the issue of damages. See McGlinchy v. Shell Chem. Co., 845 F.2d 802, 808 (9th Cir. 1988) (holding that plaintiffs bore the burden to prove damages for breach of contract and tortious interference claims). Under United States Supreme Court precedent, a district court must enter summary judgment "against a party who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party's case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial." See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). Therefore, in order to meet the initial burden in moving for summary judgment, Ford need only point out "that there is an absence of evidence to support the nonmoving party's case." Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 325 (1986); accord Soremekun v. Thrifty Payless, Inc., 509 F.3d 978, 984 (9th Cir. 2007). If Ford meets this initial burden, Plaintiffs must set forth, by affidavit or as otherwise provided in Rule 56, "specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial." Anderson, 477 U.S. at 250.

Plaintiffs have conceded that they have no admissible evidence to prove damages. See Opp. at 1. Additionally, because damages are an essential element of each of Plaintiffs' claims, Plaintiffs also concede that the damages issue alone is sufficient to justify granting the motion for summary judgment in its entirety. See id. (conceding that in light of the damages issue, "any additional briefing on the motion for summary judgment [is] futile."). Thus, Plaintiffs have not set forth any "specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial." Anderson, 477 U.S. at 250. Therefore, if Ford has met its initial burden of pointing out "that there is an absence of evidence to support the nonmoving party's case," Celotex, 477 U.S. at 325, then the Court will grant Ford's motion for summary judgment in its entirety.

In order to meet its initial burden, Ford first argues that Plaintiffs have failed to produce any admissible evidence of benefit-of-the-bargain damages sustained at the time Plaintiffs purchased their vehicles. As explained in the order denying class certification, Plaintiffs' theory of benefit-of-the-bargain damages is that "because Ford failed to disclose known defects in the vehicles' EPAS system to Class members, which put their safety at risk, Ford unlawfully forced Class members to accept a risk they did not bargain for." ECF No. 224, at 38 (quoting Report of Dr. Jonathan Arnold, Ex. 43 to Mot. for Class Certification, at 297). Consistent with the Court's ruling on the motion for class certification, Ford points that Plaintiffs have produced no admissible evidence to quantify Plaintiffs' damages under such a theory. The Court excluded Dr. Arnold's damages report because the report offered "no evidence that could establish what portion of the total amount they paid was supposedly due to deception—which is the material fact that matters with regard to damages." Mot. at 9. Furthermore, since the exclusion of Dr. Arnold's report, Plaintiffs have not pointed to any other evidence — from expert witnesses, lay witnesses, or documents — that could measure the individual Plaintiffs' benefit-of-the-bargain damages.

This is sufficient to meet Ford's initial burden to point to a lack of evidence regarding Plaintiffs' damages at the time of purchase. See McGlinchy, 845 F.2d at 808 (affirming a district court's grant of summary judgment because the plaintiffs "did not make a showing sufficient to establish the amount, causation, or fact of damages"). As discussed above, Plaintiffs concede the issue of damages, and therefore Plaintiffs have failed to meet their burden of demonstrating "specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial." Anderson, 477 U.S. at 250.

Ford also argues that Plaintiffs have failed to demonstrate that "the $990 [Plaintiff Colburn] paid to replace the EPAS system in her son's vehicle" qualified as "`out-of-pocket' damages." Mot. at 9. As with alleged damages at the time of purchase, Ford argues that "Plaintiffs have never offered any . . . way they might establish what proportion of any out-of-pocket repair cost could be attributed to some wrongful act." Id. at 10.

This is sufficient to meet Ford's initial burden to point to a lack of evidence regarding Plaintiffs' out-of-pocket damages. Here again, however, Plaintiffs make no attempt to argue that Colburn's $990 out-of-pocket payment was the proper measure of damages caused by Ford's alleged misrepresentations. Instead, Plaintiffs concede that they cannot raise a triable issue of fact on the question of damages. Therefore, Plaintiffs have failed to meet their burden to point to "specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial" regarding Plaintiffs' out-of-pocket damages. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 250.

The Ninth Circuit faced somewhat similar circumstances in McGlinchy v. Shell Chem. Co., 845 F.2d 802, 808 (9th Cir. 1988). In McGlinchy, the plaintiff asserted claims for breach of contract and tortious interference. Id. at 806. The district court excluded plaintiffs' expert damages reports and then granted summary judgment because plaintiffs had not produced any admissible evidence of damages. The Ninth Circuit affirmed because "[i]n the absence of another study besides those the district court had properly excluded, . . . [the plaintiffs] could make no showing about the amount of damages." Id. at 808. Thus, by pointing to this absence of expert testimony, defendants had met their initial burden and "the burden was on [the plaintiffs] to come forward with specific facts showing there was a genuine issue for trial." Id. at 809. The plaintiffs failed to meet this burden because "they produced no evidence at all to contradict [the] defendants' showing." Id.

The same is true in the instant case. The Court has excluded Plaintiffs' only expert report regarding damages. In Ford's motion for summary judgment, Ford meets its initial burden by pointing to the lack of any evidence for damages. In response, Plaintiffs offer no evidence of damages. Indeed, Plaintiffs concede that they have no admissible evidence of damages and concede that summary judgment is therefore proper. Thus, as in McGlinchy, in the instant case Plaintiffs have not met their burden to demonstrate a triable question of fact on the issue of damages.

As the United States Supreme court held in Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986), "the plain language of Rule 56(c) mandates the entry of summary judgment, after adequate time for discovery and upon motion, against a party who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party's case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial." In the instant case, Plaintiffs bear the burden of proof at trial to prove damages, which are an essential element of each of Plaintiffs' claims. Plaintiffs concede that they have not met this burden, and therefore summary judgment is appropriate.

Because damages are an essential element of each of Plaintiffs' claims, the finding that Plaintiffs have not presented a triable question of fact on the issue of damages is sufficient to justify granting Ford's motion for summary judgment in full. Therefore, the Court need not consider Ford's additional arguments for summary judgment. Additionally, because summary judgment is warranted based on the damages issue alone, the Court need not decide Ford's motion to exclude the testimony of Dr. Allise Wachs. The Court finds, and Plaintiffs concede, that summary judgment is proper even without considering Dr. Wachs's expert report, which does not relate to the issue of damages. ECF No. 227. Therefore, the Court DENIES Ford's motion to exclude the testimony of Dr. Wachs as moot.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS Ford's motion for summary judgment. ECF No. 228. The Court DENIES Ford's motion to exclude the report and testimony of Dr. Allise Wachs as moot. ECF No. 227.

IT IS SO ORDERED.