UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR VETERANS CLAIMS

                                            No. 17-3766

                               ROCCO V. PERCIAVALLE, APPELLANT,

                                                 V.

                                     ROBERT L. WILKIE,
                          SECRETARY OF VETERANS AFFAIRS, APPELLEE.

                         On Appeal from the Board of Veterans' Appeals

(Argued February 12, 2019                                             Decided September 27, 2019)

       Kenneth H. Dojaquez, of Columbia, South Carolina, for the appellant.

        Shereen M. Marcus, with whom James M. Byrne, General Counsel; Mary Ann Flynn, Chief
Counsel; and Christopher W. Wallace, Deputy Chief Counsel, were on the brief, all of Washington,
D.C., for the appellee.

       Before BARTLEY, GREENBERG, and TOTH, Judges.

       TOTH, Judge: Clear and unmistakable error (CUE) "does not include the otherwise correct
application of a statute or regulation where, subsequent to the Board decision challenged, there has
been a change in the interpretation of the statute or regulation." 38 C.F.R. § 20.1403(e) (2019).
Army veteran Rocco Perciavalle's CUE motion was denied after the Board determined that the
allegation of error was based on a changed interpretation of regulation. Finding that § 20.1403(e)
foreclosed his challenge, the Board discussed the issue no further. This case examines whether our
holding in Esteban v. Brown, 

(1994), along with a VA General Counsel opinion
pertaining to the appropriate use of separate ratings for certain conditions at issue here, effected a
change in interpretation of law within the meaning of § 20.1403(e). Because a changed
interpretation necessarily requires the existence of an antecedent interpretation from which a later
interpretation departs, and because no prior interpretation existed, we hold that Esteban and the
VA opinion did not amount to a change in interpretation.
                                        I. BACKGROUND
                                        A. Separate Ratings
       "Ordinarily, separately diagnosed injuries are rated individually." Amberman v. Shinseki,

, 1380 (Fed. Cir. 2009). There are instances, though, where "the medical evidence
is such that reasonable arguments may be made for rating the disability under two or more possible
diagnostic codes." Brady v. Brown, 

, 206 (1993). In these situations, the Board must
"weigh the evidence and make an informed choice as to which diagnostic code provides the most
appropriate method for rating the veteran's disability." 

difficulties inherent in
such circumstances," 

regulations that "caution against making multiple awards for
the same physical impairment simply because that impairment could be labeled in different ways,"

. In short, awarding compensation for the same impairment under
various diagnostic codes is known as "pyramiding," and under VA regulations, this practice "is to
be avoided." 38 C.F.R. § 4.14 (2019).
       In Esteban, this Court recognized that separate ratings were permissible for different
diagnoses of the same disability as long as the conditions diagnosed shared no 

. VA assigned the veteran in that case a single 10% rating for facial scars from
an accident in service. 

When he later brought an increased rating claim, the Board
conceded that he could satisfy the minimum rating criteria for any of three diagnostic codes
because his injury resulted in different functional problems: disfigurement, painful scars, and
muscle damage. 

Yet the Board determined that he could only be rated under one of the
diagnostic codes. 

the Board's decision because none of the relevant diagnostic codes
provided that he could not be rated separately for the other conditions, and his conditions were "to
be rated separately unless they constituted the 'same disability' or the 'same manifestation' under
38 C.F.R. § 4.14." 

element," we held, was that none of the symptomatology for
any one of the conditions was duplicative of or overlapping with the symptomatology of the other
two. 

       Three years later, in 1997, VA's General Counsel issued a guidance opinion interpreting
the ratings schedule as allowing separate ratings for the conditions at issue here—arthritis and
instability in the same knee. VA Gen. Coun. Prec. 23-97 (July 1, 1997). The narrow question at
issue was whether 38 C.F.R. § 4.71a authorized multiple ratings under diagnostic codes (DC)



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5003-5260 (limitation of motion due to arthritis) and 5257 (instability of the knee). The agency
determined that, since "the plain terms of DC 5257 and 5003 suggest that those codes apply either
to different disabilities or to different manifestations of the same disability, the evaluation of knee
dysfunction under both codes would not amount to pyramiding under section 4.14." 

that it was the first time the agency assumed an official position on the matter, as the
opinion acknowledged that it was aware "of no formal position taken by the Veterans Benefits
Administration on this issue" before then. 

          Mr. Perciavalle served in the Army from 1962 to 1964 and underwent surgery during that
period to treat his injured left knee. VA awarded service connection in 1966 for residuals of the
injury and assigned a 10% rating under DC 5259, which, then as now, compensates veterans for
removal of cartilage from the knee. See 38 C.F.R. § 4.71a, DC 5259 (2019). In 1971, he filed a
claim for an increased rating; VA reexamined him that year but denied his request. He did not
appeal.
          In 2015, Mr. Perciavalle filed a motion to revise the 1971 decision. Final decisions may be
revised if they contain CUE. Simon v. Wilkie, 

, 407 (2018). CUE, in turn, is
established if "the correct facts, as they were known at the time, were not before VA, or the
statutory and regulatory provisions extant at the time were incorrectly applied." 

alleged error must be "undebatable, rather than a mere disagreement with how the facts were
weighed," and it must have "manifestly changed the outcome of the decision." 

          Mr. Perciavalle grounded his CUE motion on the contention that he should have been rated
under DC 5257 for slight instability of the knee and separately under DC 5003-5260 for limitation
of motion of flexion and discomfort (pain) secondary to arthritis. He alleged that an x-ray report
obtained during a 1971 VA examination clearly indicated arthritis in his left knee that decreased
his range of motion. R. at 102. He also claimed that the evidence in 1971 showed that he had slight
instability in the knee, and so, while a rating based solely on residuals of the surgery may have
been appropriate in 1966, the Board was obligated to rate him separately for slight instability and
limitation of motion based on the evidence of record in 1971.
          VA denied his CUE motion, stating that, in 1971, a policy "allowing us to assign separate
evaluations for instability was not in effect at that period of time." R. at 94. Mr. Perciavalle
appealed to the Board, maintaining his CUE theory and arguing that the plain language of the



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regulations has always allowed for separate ratings for instability and limitation of motion.
R. at 13–14.
                                               C. Board Decision
         In a September 2017 decision, the Board found Mr. Perciavalle's argument foreclosed by
§ 20.1403(e) and denied his CUE motion as a matter of law.1 The Board centered its analysis on
§ 4.14, the anti-pyramiding regulation prohibiting the evaluation of the same disability or
manifestation under different diagnostic codes. It found that not until this Court's holding in
Esteban was § 4.14 interpreted to permit separate ratings for distinct, non-overlapping
symptomatology of the same underlying injury. It further found that VA did not issue its General
Counsel opinion permitting separate ratings for arthritis and instability until 1997.
         The Board did not discuss the language of the relevant diagnostic codes as they stood in
1971. It merely said that the veteran had not offered "any evidence that, in July 1971, VA
interpreted the rating schedule to allow for separate ratings for limitation of motion and instability
of the same knee." R. at 5. The Board concluded that Esteban and the General Counsel opinion
constituted a changed interpretation of VA regulations. And, because a changed interpretation of
an existing regulation cannot constitute CUE and that was the only basis on which Mr. Perciavalle
sought revision of the 1971 decision, the Board denied his motion as a matter of law.


                                                 II. ANALYSIS
         In reviewing Board decisions evaluating allegations of CUE in prior final decisions, the
Court "cannot conduct a plenary review of the merits of the original decision." 

(quotes omitted). Instead, review of a Board decision finding no CUE is limited to
determining whether that finding was "arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise


         1
           The Court notes that the regulation cited by the Board, 38 C.F.R. § 20.1403(e), governs in cases where the
Board is reviewing a prior Board decision for CUE. Where the Board (or VA) reviews a prior VA decision for CUE,
the appropriate regulation is 38 C.F.R. § 3.105(a). That is the case here. However, § 20.1403 was promulgated after
§ 3.105(a) and reflects congressional intent to codify the body of law that had developed over many years interpreting
the more general provisions of § 3.105(a). See Disabled American Veterans v. Gober, 

, 698–99 (Fed.
Cir. 2000) (discussing the unique history of the regulations governing CUE). Accordingly, § 20.1403 provided more
specific guidance as to the evaluation of CUE and, for that reason, the two regulations have often been used
interchangeably—even by this Court. See, e.g., Lamb v. Peake, 

, 235 (2008). As of February 19, 2019,
however, § 3.105(a) was amended to reflect the same language found in § 20.1403, including the specific provision
at issue here, § 20.1403(e). See 84 Fed. Reg. 138, 167–68 (Feb. 19, 2019); 38 C.F.R. § 3.105(a)(1)(iv) (2019). Neither
party has suggested that §§ 3.105 and 20.1403(e) have been or should be interpreted differently or that § 3.105(a)'s
modification impacts our analysis today. Accordingly, we cite to § 20.1403(e).



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not in accordance with law," 38 U.S.C. § 7261(a)(3)(A), and whether it was supported by adequate
reasons and bases on all material issues of fact and law, 38 U.S.C. § 7104(d)(1).
                                    A. Change in Interpretation
       On its face, the question of whether there has been a change in interpretation with respect
to VA's regulations appears to be a mixed question of fact and law. Normally, in such cases, the
Board's "determination of disputed facts or the application of established law to the facts of a
particular case without creating precedent are issues of material fact subject to review by the Court
. . . under the clearly erroneous standard." Lennox v. Principi, 

, 945 (Fed. Cir. 2003).
However, where, as here, there is no "established law" in the form of statute, regulation, or
precedential court decision determining what constitutes a change in interpretation, the Board's
factual ruling involves the application of a novel legal question. In such cases, the "relevant legal
principle" is "given meaning through its application to the particular circumstances of the case"
and the clearly erroneous standard does not apply. 

factual findings in dispute—whether a prior interpretation existed and whether
there was a change in interpretation of VA's regulation, are determinations that the Board could
only make by addressing legal questions in the first instance, rather than merely applying
"established law" to disputed facts. We thus review the Board's findings de novo.
       Neither federal statute nor VA regulations define what constitutes a "change in the
interpretation" of a statute or regulation. With no express statutory or regulatory guidance, we
employ the basic practice of textual construction whereby words assume "their ordinary,
contemporary, common meaning," which may be derived from general use dictionaries.
Sandifer v. U.S. Steel Corp., 

, 227 (2014).
       In its basic definition, "change" means "to make different in some particular; alter;
transform; to give a different position, course, or direction to; to replace with another; to make a
shift from one to another; switch . . . ." MERRIAM-WEBSTER'S COLLEGIATE DICTIONARY 206 (11th
ed. 2014). Another dictionary provides an even simpler formulation, defining "change" as: "make
or become different" and presents an example of the term used with a direct object: "a proposal to
change the law." NEW OXFORD AMERICAN DICTIONARY 289 (3d ed. 2010) (emphasis in original).
       In plain terms, then, a "change in the interpretation" necessarily requires the existence of a
prior interpretation that is changed in some fashion—whether modified, further developed, or
replaced in whole. As a matter of plain language, a changed interpretation cannot be the "first



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commentary" on a regulation or statute as there exists no precursor interpretation that the latter
modifies, alters, or replaces. See Jordan v. Nicholson, 

, 1298 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (noting
that VA's regulation interpreting 38 U.S.C. § 1111 constituted its "initial interpretation" of that
statute). And, although it can be argued that an initial interpretation constitutes a change from
having no formal definition at all, this is not the same as a change in the substance of a preexisting
interpretation.
       VA's General Counsel opinion readily acknowledged that it was the first occasion where
the agency interpreted the rating schedule to allow for separate ratings for limitation of motion and
instability of the same knee. To that end, the opinion noted that: "We know of no formal position
taken by the Veterans Benefits Administration on this issue." R. at 55. This point is dispositive:
there can be no "change" in interpretation absent an existing interpretation from which a later
interpretation deviates. In glossing over this admission, the Board erred in finding that the General
Counsel opinion constituted a change in interpretation when the opinion itself acknowledged that
no antecedent interpretation existed.
       Likewise, our holding in Esteban cannot be deemed a change in interpretation. On its own
terms, Esteban did not purport to introduce a definitive interpretation of § 4.14 but merely held
that the Board's reading of the regulation was too broad in that case, as rating the veteran's
condition under separate diagnostic codes did not constitute pyramiding under the plain language
of the regulation. Esteban did not cite to any formal interpretation on VA's part that it repudiated
but, citing to the factual findings in that case, merely noted earlier cases from this Court that read
the regulation the same way when applied to similar facts. 

(discussing
Fanning v. Brown, 

(1993)). In short, Esteban neither proposed an interpretation of
a regulation nor cited any existing interpretation.
       Additionally, Esteban presents a marked contrast to our ruling in Lamb v. Peake,

, 234–36 (2008), where the Court suggested that an intervening court decision
constitutes a change in the law that forecloses a CUE motion. In Lamb, the veteran's CUE motion
rested upon this Court's holding in Hyson v. Brown, 

, 265 (1997), which imposed
a duty on VA under 38 C.F.R. § 3.655 to show that the veteran lacked good cause to miss a medical
appointment. The regulation itself did not expressly impose such a burden on VA and so the Court's
holding was deemed a change in interpretation of that regulation insofar as it imported an
adjudicatory factor into the regulation that did not derive from the plain language. The Court



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rejected Mr. Lamb's argument in that case because the rule expressed in Hyson didn't reflect "the
law as it was understood at the time of the decision" being challenged. 

-
35. By contrast, Esteban did not introduce a new burden of proof or impose a new factor into how
a regulation should be applied—it merely ruled that the Board erred by reading § 4.14 as mandating
an outcome that did not derive from the plain language of the regulation.
                                   B. Prejudicial Error and CUE
       The Board erred when it concluded that § 20.1403(e) foreclosed Mr. Perciavalle's motion
as a matter of law. Merely finding an error, however, is not enough for him to prevail. The Court
is required by statute to consider whether this error prejudiced him. 38 U.S.C. § 7261(b)(2);
Simmons v. Wilkie, 

, 277 (2018). The veteran generally carries the burden of
demonstrating such prejudice. 

       In determining whether a claimant has shown prejudicial error, the Court assesses whether
the error disrupted the essential fairness of the adjudication, either by preventing effective
participation in the adjudicative process (procedural prejudice) or by affecting the outcome of the
determination (substantive prejudice). 

This inquiry is case-specific and based on
examination of the individual record rather than rigid rules or presumptions, although the Court
can make non-binding generalizations about the types of errors that typically prove harmful to
claimants and may consider the "natural effects" of such error within the specific factual
circumstances in which the error arose. Shinseki v. Sanders, 

, 411-12 (2009);

.
       In Simmons, the Court noted a nonexhaustive list of errors that affect the essential fairness
of the adjudicative process, as they deprive claimants of a meaningful opportunity to participate in
the adjudication of their claims. See 

(compiling cases). Specifically, the Court noted
that VA's failure to provide notice of the evidence necessary to substantiate a claim, see Vazquez-
Flores v. Shinseki, 

, 105-07 (2010); Overton v. Nicholson, 

, 435
(2006), and failure to provide a required hearing, see Arneson v. Shinseki, 

, 388-
89 (2011), had the natural effect of depriving claimants of meaningful participation in the VA
adjudicatory process. See 

. The Court found these errors prejudicial
because they prevent claimants from availing themselves of their opportunity to be heard during
the adjudicative process. 

                                                 7
       We use this nonexhaustive list to guide our case-specific prejudicial error analysis here and
conclude that the Board's error with respect to his CUE motion prejudiced Mr. Perciavalle. The
Board wrongly foreclosed Mr. Perciavalle's CUE motion because it determined that § 20.1403(e),
as a matter of law, precluded an assertion of error based on a change of law. As a result, the Board
did not consider the merits underlying his motion, but instead concluded that Mr. Perciavalle was
legally barred from making such an allegation of error because, by definition, his allegation could
not be CUE. However, as we explained above, the Board erred in categorically disregarding the
motion—Mr. Perciavalle's CUE motion was not, contrary to the Board's conclusion, based on a
change of law.
       The Court finds the Board's error prejudicial in this case because the Board wrongly
categorized his motion as precluded by law, thus preventing him from receiving a meaningful
opportunity to participate in the adjudicative process. See 

(stating
that the Court's case-specific analysis "must be guided by whether essential fairness was disrupted
by the error, usually demonstrated by determining whether the error affected the Board's ultimate
decision or prevented the claimant for effectively participating in the process") (emphasis added).
For this reason, remand is the appropriate course for the Board to properly adjudicate the CUE
motion. See Tucker v. West, 

, 374 (1998) (holding that remand is the appropriate
remedy "where the Board has incorrectly applied the law"); see also 

(remanding appeal when the Board error deprived the veteran of meaningful participation in the
processing of his claim).


                                       III. CONCLUSION
       We REVERSE the Board's determination that Mr. Perciavalle's CUE motion was
prohibited as a matter of law because it depended on a changed interpretation of law. The
September 18, 2017, Board decision is VACATED and the matter REMANDED for further
consideration consistent with this opinion.




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