This appeal is from the decision of the Board of Appeals affirming the examiner's rejection of claims 1 and 2 in appellant's patent application1 for "4-aryl-4-(lower acyloxy)-1-(3-aryl-3-hydroxypropyl)-piperidines and their preparation." Appellant has withdrawn appeal of claim 2.

The appealed subject matter is represented by the chemical compound of claim 1:

1. 1 - (3-Hydroxy-3-phenylpropyl) - 4-phenyl-4-propionoxy-piperidine.

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and is useful as an analgesic.

  Elpern II         2,846,437     August 5, 1958.
  Elpern I          2,850,500     September 2, 1958.
  Pohland II        2,904,550     September 15, 1959.
  Pohland I         2,951,080     August 30, 1960.
  Cutler et al.     2,962,501     November 29, 1960.

The disclosure of those references was reviewed by this court in In re Carabateas, 345 F.2d 1013, 52 CCPA 1386, and need not be further detailed here beyond noting that Cutler and Pohland I disclose an analgesic of the structural formula

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The examiner found appellant's piperidinol ester obvious from a consideration of the Cutler, Elpern and Pohland patents, employing reasoning similar to that used by the examiner in Carabateas.

Appellant contends that an affidavit showing the compound of claim 1 to be nineteen times more active as an analgesic than the "reverse ester" compound of Cutler and Pohland I when administered subcutaneously is persuasive evidence of unobviousness and patentability of the compound.2 As reference to our decision in Carabateas will establish, we thought the Elpern patents collectively suggested that piperidinol esters having the structure of appellant's compounds there claimed would possess greater analgesic activity, perhaps twice as great, than the "reverse esters" which Cutler obtained from the requisite piperidine carboxylic acid. We also referred to a Braenden publication in that record, not relied on by the examiner in his rejection, which showed that in changing from the carboxylate structure of meperidine

NOTE: OPINION CONTAINING TABLE OR OTHER DATA THAT IS NOT VIEWABLE being in the 4-position of the ring, and the remainder of the molecule being kept the same, a five to ten-fold increase in analgesic activity is observed.3

We have re-examined the Elpern references on which heavy reliance was placed in our original Carabateas opinion. While we are of the view that those references, together with Cutler, collectively establish obviousness of the structural formula and analgesic activity both of appellant's compounds claimed there and the present compound, we think we erroneously concluded in Carabateas that the Elpern patents would suggest to one of ordinary skill that any improvement in analgesic activity would necessarily inhere in compounds derived

NOTE: OPINION CONTAINING TABLE OR OTHER DATA THAT IS NOT VIEWABLE compared to otherwise identical compounds of the carboxylate structure, NOTE: OPINION CONTAINING TABLE OR OTHER DATA THAT IS NOT VIEWABLE.4

In the absence of a suggestion in the present record that the nature of appellant's improvement would be expected, we think appellant has presented clear and convincing evidence of the greater effectiveness of the claimed compound over the prior art, sufficient here to establish patentability of the compound. In re Lohr, 317 F.2d 338, 50 CCPA 1274. Under the circumstances, we think the record fails to support a finding that the subject matter as a whole would be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art.

The decision of the board is reversed.

Reversed.

RICH, Judge (concurring).

I am satisfied this is a clear case for reversal, but for reasons other than those stated by the majority.

While I agree that the art of record collectively establishes obviousness of the structural formula and analgesic activity of the compound defined by the claim on appeal, I am unable to agree that a finding of an improvement in activity in esters of the type here involved, obtained from piperidinols, compared to those obtained from piperidine carboxylic acids, would be wholly unexpected to one of ordinary skill in the art with those references before him. To conclude otherwise, it seems to me, is to deny the realities of the situation; for the plain fact is that, without exception, the Elpern II compounds demonstrate potency greater than that possessed by the Elpern I compounds. While those compounds differ structurally in two respects, there is no reason to believe that either is not responsible, at least in part, for that increase in activity.

I would therefore reverse on what to me is a much sounder basis, both in law and on the facts presented, namely that the art makes no suggestion whatever that a reversal of the ester linkage would result in an increased activity approximating the nineteen-fold increase found by appellant. At the very best, the art suggests an increase of the order of four to eight times. This is a far cry from what appellant found.

The question is not, it seems to me, whether the art suggests an improvement, but rather whether it reasonably suggests the particular improvement relied upon for patentability in both its qualitative and quantitative sense. See In re Lunsford decided March 17, 1966, 357 F.2d 380, 53 CCPA —. As in all section 103 cases, the important consideration is: does the prior art make obvious to those of ordinary skill what appellant has found?