Slip Op. 03-15

               UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Before: Judge Judith M. Barzilay
_________________________________________ x
FMC Corporation,                          :

                      Plaintiff,                   :      PUBLIC VERSION
                                                          Court No. 01-00807
       v.                                          :

UNITED STATES,                                     :
                      Defendant.
                                                 :
_________________________________________ x
[Plaintiff’s Motion for Judgment upon an Agency Record Denied.]

                                                          Decided: February 11, 2003

Perkins Coie LLP, (Thomas V. Vakerics), Alyssa Chumnanvech, for Plaintiff.

Robert D. McCallum, Jr., Assistant Attorney General, United States Department of Justice,
David M. Cohen, Director, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, (Lucius B. Lau),
Assistant Director, (John N. Maher), Trial Attorney; Augusto Guerra, Office of the Chief
Counsel for Import Administration, United States Department of Commerce, of Counsel, for
Defendant.


                                          OPINION

BARZILAY, JUDGE:

                                      I. INTRODUCTION

       Plaintiff’s Motion for Judgment upon an Agency Record under USCIT Rule 56.2

challenges two elements of the Department of Commerce’s final results of the third

administrative review in Persulfates From the People’s Republic of China: Final Results of

Antidumping Duty Administrative Review (“Final Results”), 66 Fed. Reg. 42,628 (Aug. 14,

2001), with regard to persulfates exported from the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”) by the

Respondent Shanghai Ai Jian Import and Export Corporation (“Ai Jian”). Plaintiff FMC
Court No. 01-00807                                                                   Page 2


Corporation (“FMC”) is a domestic manufacturer of the subject merchandise. FMC contends

that the decision of the Department of Commerce (“Department” or “Commerce”) was wrong to

base the selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expense ratio on the financial statements

of the surrogate company because it “contraven[ed] the Department’s duty, when conducting an

antidumping investigation, to calculate margins as accurately as possible.” Pl.’s Mem. in Supp.

of Mot. for J. on the Agency R. (“Pl.’s Br.”) at 4 (citing Rhone-Poulenc, Inc. v. United States,

, 1191 (Fed. Cir. 1990)). Plaintiff claims the calculations were not accurate due

to the dissimilar cost structure between the company’s subject and non-subject merchandise,

which resulted in a severe understating of SG&A expenses. Id. at 4-5. Plaintiff also argues that

Commerce’s decision to rely on Respondent’s market economy ocean freight rates was

“unsupported by substantial evidence and is otherwise contrary to law” because there were

indications the invoices were fictitious. Pl.’s Br. at 7. For the reasons detailed below, the court

denies Plaintiff’s motion and upholds Commerce’s determination.


                                        II. BACKGROUND

       Commerce, in the 1997 final determination of an antidumping investigation, found that

persulfates imported from China were being sold in the United States at less-than-fair-market-

value. See Notice of Final Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value: Persulfates From

the People’s Republic of China (“Final Determination”), 62 Fed. Reg. 27,222 (May 19, 1997).

No other company with publically available financial statements in an economy comparable to

the PRC produced persulfates at the time of the initial investigation. Id. at 27,228. FMC is the

sole producer in the United States of persulfates. Pl.’s Br. at 2. Commerce initiated its original
Court No. 01-00807                                                                   Page 3


investigation of persulfates in 1996, in response to an antidumping petition filed by FMC. See

Initiation of Antidumping Duty Investigation: Persulfates From the People’s Republic of China,

61 Fed. Reg. 40,817 (Aug. 6, 1996). The investigation set an antidumping duty rate of 34.41

percent for Ai Jian. See Notice of Amended Antidumping Duty Order: Persulfates From the

People’s Republic of China, 62 Fed. Reg. 39,212 (July 22, 1997). There have been three

subsequent reviews. It is the third review that is the subject of this case. See Final Results, 66

Fed. Reg. at 42,628. The third review set a duty rate of 0.04 percent, which is de minimis. See

id. at 42,629. Over the course of the three reviews the dumping margin has fallen with each

review. The first review set a rate of 5.54 percent. See Persulfates From the People’s Republic

of China: Amended Final Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review (“First Amended

Administrative Review”), 65 Fed. Reg. 1,356 (Jan. 10, 2000). The second review set a rate of

2.62 percent. See Persulfates from the People’s Republic of China: Final Results of

Antidumping Duty Administrative Review and Partial Rescission of Administrative Review

(“Second Administrative Review”), 65 Fed. Reg. 46,691, 46,692 (July 31, 2000).

       During the initial investigation, Commerce had used the financial statements of National

Peroxide (“NPL”), an Indian company that produces similar, but not identical merchandise to

calculate surrogate values. See Final Determination, 62 Fed. Reg. at 27,229. During the first

annual review, Commerce found that another Indian company had begun producing persulfates.

Citing a traditional practice of using surrogate companies that manufacture the subject

merchandise, Commerce switched and began using the financial statements from Calibre

Chemicals Pvt. Ltd. (“Calibre”). See Persulfates from the People’s Republic of China: Final

Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review (“First Administrative Review”), 64 Fed.
Court No. 01-00807                                                                 Page 4


Reg. 69,494, 69,499-500 (Dec. 13, 1999).

       Selling, general and administrative expenses are one element that Commerce uses to

establish a total cost of goods sold in a non-market economy. To establish a market-economy

value for those elements, Commerce will use the financial data of a surrogate producer. The first

step is for Commerce to establish an SG&A ratio, which is derived “by dividing the company’s

general expenses by its total costs of sales.” Issues and Decision Memorandum for the

Antidumping Duty Administrative Review of Persulfates from the People’s Republic of China for

the Period July 1, 1999 through June 30, 2000; Final Results (“Issues and Decision Memo”) at

13. The cost of sales includes labor, materials, factory overhead, and energy costs. See

Preliminary Results Factors Valuation Mem., Attachment 11: SG&A Expenses and Profit (Apr.

2, 2001). This ratio for SG&A is then applied to the cost of manufacturing the subject

merchandise to determine an SG&A expense amount for the subject merchandise. According to

Commerce,“general expenses are so indirectly related to a particular production process that the

most reasonable allocation basis is the company’s total cost of manufacturing.” Issues and

Decision Memo at 13.

       Plaintiff, in the administrative proceedings below, challenged the use of Calibre’s

financial data for surrogate values. Id. at 11. Calibre produces multiple product lines. One is

subject merchandise, and the others are non-subject merchandise. FMC argued that the high cost

of raw materials to produce the non-subject merchandise resulted in an overstatement of the

SG&A ratio for non-subject merchandise, and an understatement of those costs for persulfates.

Id. Commerce rejected this argument. Id. at 13. However, Commerce did accept Plaintiff’s

argument that Calibre was not an accurate source for financial information related to factory
Court No. 01-00807                                                                   Page 5


overhead (“FOH”) costs, and agreed to reallocate Calibre’s FOH expenses to correct

inaccuracies. Persulfates from the People’s Republic of China: Preliminary Results of

Antidumping Duty Administrative Review, 66 Fed. Reg. 18,439, 18,443 (Apr. 9, 2001). Plaintiff

now appeals Commerce’s use of Calibre’s SG&A expenses, which Plaintiff claims are distorted

in a manner similar to the FOH expenses. Pl.’s Br. at 4.

       After the third review preliminary results, Plaintiff raised objections to Ai Jian’s

submission of freight invoices. See Issues and Decision Memo at 2. FMC argued that the freight

invoices were probably fraudulent because two of the four submitted had dates that differed by

eleven months from the actual invoice payment date. Pl.’s Br. at 18. In addition, the mistake

was made by two different shipping companies and the date was the same on both misdated

invoices. See id. In response to this discrepancy, Commerce requested an explanation and

supporting documentation from Respondent Ai Jian. Issues and Decisions Memo at 2. Ai Jian

claimed that the dates were incorrect due to a clerical error by the shipping companies. Id. at 2.

To support its claim of market economy freight costs, Ai Jian provided an internal accounting

voucher, an operating sub-ledger, a bank deposit sub-ledger, and a bank statement. Id. at 5. It

also provided a foreign exchange voucher, which was reconciled to the company’s internal

documents. Id. In the final results, Commerce rejected Plaintiff’s argument and found that Ai

Jian paid market economy prices for ocean freight expenses. Id. Plaintiff appeals this decision

as well. This court has jurisdiction over this matter under 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c).
Court No. 01-00807                                                                  Page 6


                                   III. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       The court must evaluate whether Commerce’s decisions are supported by substantial

evidence on the record or are otherwise in accordance with law. See 19 U.S.C. §

1516a(b)(1)(B). Substantial evidence is “such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might

accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Consolidated Edison Co. of New York v. NLRB,

, 229 (1938) (citations omitted); Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v. United States,

, 933 (Fed. Cir. 1984). This Court noted, “[i]n applying this standard, the court

affirms [the agency's] factual determinations so long as they are reasonable and supported by the

record as a whole, even if there is some evidence that detracts from the agency’s conclusions.”

Olympia Indus., Inc. v. United States, 22 CIT 387, 389, 

, 1000 (1998) (citing

Atlantic Sugar, Ltd. v. United States, 

, 1563 (Fed. Cir. 1984)).

       The court may not reweigh the evidence or substitute its own judgment for that of the

agency. See Granges Metallverken AB v. United States, 13 CIT 471, 474, 

, 21

(1989). Substantial evidence is "something less than the weight of the evidence, and the

possibility of drawing two inconsistent conclusions from the evidence does not prevent an

administrative agency's finding from being supported by substantial evidence." Id., 716 F. Supp.

at 21 (citations omitted). Additionally, absent a showing to the contrary, the agency is presumed

to have considered all of the evidence in the record. Nat'l Ass'n of Mirror Mfrs. v. United States,

12 CIT 771, 779, 

, 648 (1988) (citations omitted).

       To determine if the agency’s interpretation of the statute is in accordance with law “we

must first carefully investigate the matter to determine whether Congress’s purpose and intent on

the question at issue is judicially ascertainable.” Timex V.I. v. United States, 

, 881
Court No. 01-00807                                                                   Page 7


(Fed. Cir. 1998) (citing Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 

, 842-43 (1984)). The expressed will or intent of Congress on a specific issue is

dispositive. See Japan Whaling Association v. American Cetacean Society, 

, 233-

237 (1986) (citing Chevron, 467 U.S. at 843.). If the court determines that the statute is silent or

ambiguous, the question to be asked is whether the agency’s construction of the statute is

permissible. See Chevron, 467 U.S. at 843. This deference is due “when it appears that

Congress delegated authority to the agency generally to make rules carrying the force of law, and

that the agency interpretation claiming deference was promulgated in the exercise of that

authority.” United States v. Mead Corp., 

, 226-27 (2001). This deference is not

limited to notice and comment rulemaking but is also given to those “statutory determinations

that are articulated in any ‘relatively formal administrative procedure.’” Pesquera Mares

Australes Ltda., v. United States, 

, 1381 (Fed. Cir. 2001). Therefore, statutory

interpretations articulated by Commerce during antidumping proceedings are entitled to judicial

deference under Chevron. Id. at 1382.


                                         IV. DISCUSSION

       Establishing antidumping duty rates begins by comparing the normal value of the product

in its home market with the export price of the goods sold in the United States. See 19 U.S.C. §

1677b(a) (1999). In the case of a non-market economy like the PRC, if Commerce cannot rely

on the information available from the respondent, it will determine normal value “on the basis of

the value of the factors of production . . . based on the best information available regarding the

values of such factors in a market economy country.” § 1677b(c)(1). In this case, Commerce
Court No. 01-00807                                                                  Page 8


established India as the appropriate surrogate country. Within that surrogate country, Commerce

will then choose among various sources to value specific elements of normal value. See e.g.,

Final Determination, 62 Fed. Reg. at 27,229.



A.     Commerce’s Use of Calibre’s SG&A Expenses Is Permissible.

       Commerce is charged under the antidumping laws with establishing dumping margins

that are as accurate as possible. See Rhone-Poulenc, 899 F.2d at 1191. Consistent with this

charge, Commerce has developed various methodologies for assessing the likely market value of

goods that are produced in non-market economies. See, e.g., First Administrative Review, 64

Fed. Reg. at 69,499. As part of this practice, Commerce has developed a preference for selecting

surrogate value sources that rely on financial statements of companies that produce the subject

merchandise of an investigation. Id. at 69,500. However, if the surrogate data is distorted or

otherwise unreliable, Commerce will not rely on that data. Id.

       During the initial period of investigation Commerce did not have access to the financial

statements of a foreign persulfates manufacturer existing in an economy comparable to the PRC.

See Final Determination, 62 Fed. Reg. at 27,229. Commerce, unable to rely on Ai Jian’s non-

market economy data, and unable to use a producer of the subject merchandise, used the

financials of NPL, an Indian based company that produces similar merchandise. First

Administrative Review at 69,500. After the initial investigation, Calibre, also an Indian

company, began producing persulfates. Id. Commerce, citing its preference to use companies

that produce the subject merchandise as surrogates, began to use Calibre’s financial statements to

calculate the SG&A expenses for a persulfate producer in calculating Ai Jian’s normal value and
Court No. 01-00807                                                                   Page 9


export price. FMC, during the administrative process and before this court, argues that Calibre’s

financial statements are not representative and, therefore, are not reliable as a surrogate value for

SG&A expenses. Pl.’s Br. at 9. FMC points out that 90 percent of Calibre’s raw material costs

are exclusively related to the material used in production of non-subject merchandise. Id.

Plaintiff claims that this results means:

       Calibre’s cost of goods sold will greatly exaggerate the amount of SG&A
       expenses attributable to the company’s production of non-subject merchandise,
       i.e., potassium bromate and potassium iodate, causing the SG&A expenses
       attributable to the company’s production of persulfates to be severely understated.

Id.

       In this case, Commerce did acknowledge that for the purposes of calculating the FOH

costs, the use of Calibre’s financial statements produced results that required adjustment because

of the disparity in the cost structure differences between subject and non-subject merchandise.

In the preliminary results, Commerce explained how those adjustments were made:

       During the first administrative review, we determined that it was appropriate to
       allocate Calibre’s overhead expenses between its product lines because of the
       differing cost structures between Calibre’s production of subject and non-subject
       merchandise . . . . For purposes of this analysis, we considered Calibre’s raw
       material groups “sulfates” and “acids” to be related to its production of potassium
       persulfates, and the raw material groups “halogens” and “alkalis” to be related to
       its production of potassium bromate and potassium iodate. Because of the
       differing cost structures attributable to subject and non-subject merchandise, we
       allocated Calibre’s factory overhead expenses between subject and non-subject
       merchandise on the basis of raw material consumption.

Prelim. Results Factors Valuation Mem. at 7-8.

       Plaintiff claims that like the FOH calculation, the SG&A ratio calculation is not reliable

without adjustment. Pl.’s Br. at 11. However, unlike in the FOH numbers, there is no “cost

driver” which can be relied on to correct the distortions. For that reason FMC asked that
Court No. 01-00807                                                                    Page 10


Commerce return to using the financial statements of another Indian company, NPL, but

Commerce rejected that request. Issues and Decision Memo at 11.

       FMC points to at least one other occasion where Commerce has refused to use the

financial statements of a company that produced the subject merchandise for surrogate purposes,

because “the product mix” made the financials unreliable. Pl.’s Br. at 12. In Certain Non-

Frozen Apple Juice Concentrate from the People’s Republic of China, Commerce determined,

according to Plaintiff, that “the nature of the operations of the company, unrelated to production

of the subject merchandise, made it unsuitable as a source of surrogate value . . . .” Id. at 12

(citing the Issues and Decision Memo for Notice of Final Determination of Sales at Less Than

Fair Value: Certain Non-Frozen Apple Juice Concentrate from the People’s Republic of China,

65 Fed. Reg. 19,873 (Apr. 13, 2000)).

       FMC contends that because Commerce decided that NPL’s financial data were

sufficiently accurate for surrogate purposes in the initial investigation, for Commerce to now use

Calibre’s data, which includes non-correctable distortions, is unsupported by substantial

evidence and otherwise not in accordance with law. See id. at 15.

       Defendant replies that using Calibre’s financial information is consistent with past

practice and the statute, and that there is ample justification for the policy. The statute requires

that when products are imported into the United States from a non-market economy Commerce

will determine the normal value of the “subject merchandise on the basis of the value of the

factors of production utilized in producing the merchandise and to which shall be added an

amount for general expenses and profit plus the cost of containers, coverings, and other

expenses.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(c)(1). The statute does not specify how to calculate the
Court No. 01-00807                                                                  Page 11


individual factors of production. Through practice Commerce has enunciated a policy of

calculating the general and administrative expenses “based upon the company-wide G&A costs

incurred by the producing company allocated over the producing company’s company-wide cost

of sales.” Def.’s Br. at 19. Commerce uses a company-wide calculation for general expenses

because they do not relate to a specific product line. Id. (citing, inter alia, Large Newspaper

Printing Presses and Components Thereof, Whether Assembled or Unassembled, From Japan:

Final Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review, 66 Fed. Reg. 11,555 (Feb. 26, 2001)).




        1.     Calculating FOH and SG&A Costs Differently Is Permissible.

        Commerce grants that it does not treat the calculations for FOH and SG&A costs in the

same manner. As Commerce explained in its Issues and Decision Memo, FOH costs are

traditionally calculated to factor in specific product costs for subject merchandise. SG&A costs,

in contrast, are not traditionally based on product specific costs:

        Unlike factory overhead costs, SG&A expenses are not considered to be directly
        related to the production of merchandise. In fact, in most cases, general expenses
        are so indirectly related to a particular production process that the most
        reasonable allocation basis is the company’s total cost of manufacturing. Thus,
        while it may be appropriate to allocate the factory overhead costs between subject
        and non-subject merchandise on a basis other than cost, we find no basis to
        allocate SG&A expenses to specific product lines using any other method.

Issues and Decision Memo at 13-14 (citing First Administrative Review, 64 Fed. Reg. at 69,499-

500).

        FMC’s argument that the acknowledged distortions in the FOH costs, due to the

disparity in production costs for subject and non-subject merchandise, require discounting the
Court No. 01-00807                                                                   Page 12


value of the SG&A expenses is not supportable. FOH costs are directly tied to material costs.

However, raw material costs do not generally directly impact the SG&A ratio, which is

calculated on a company-wide basis. This Court has previously upheld Commerce’s policy to

base SG&A costs on a company-wide determination when a company produces subject and non-

subject merchandise. See U.S. Steel Group A Unit of USX Corp. v. United States, 22 CIT 104,

106, 

, 1154 (1998) (citing Rautaruukki Oy v. United States, 19 CIT 438, 444

(1995)). That distinction is rooted in a consistent practice that this Court has found is proper

under the statute. Therefore, it is not contrary to law for Commerce to employ different

methodologies for calculating FOH and SG&A costs.



       2.      Significant Raw Materials Variations.

       While Commerce is able to justify its different calculation methodologies for FOH and

SG&A costs, Commerce must also address Plaintiff’s claim that the SG&A ratio is distorted on

its own terms, not just in relation to the FOH costs.

       In the administrative proceeding below, FMC challenged the use of Calibre as a surrogate

for calculating SG&A costs despite the fact that Calibre produces the subject merchandise. FMC

claimed that the “characteristics of the goods manufactured by Calibre” and Calibre’s “product

mix” made its financial information “unreliable.” Perkins Coie Case Brief on behalf of

Petitioner FMC (“Pet.’s Br.”) (May 9, 2001) at 23, in Def.’s Proprietary App. Tab C, at 69.

FMC pointed out that two other products Calibre produced, potassium bromate and potassium

iodate, accounted for “90 percent of Calibre’s 1999-2000 raw material costs” and for “over 68

percent of Calibre’s cost of sales for the 2000 fiscal year.” Pet.’s Br. at 24. To explain the
Court No. 01-00807                                                                   Page 13


“characteristics of the goods manufactured” and “product mix” of Calibre, which FMC claims

make the financials unreliable, FMC points to Commerce’s own findings in the third review

which found:

       . . . Calibre consumed a relatively low quantity of raw materials related to non-
       subject merchandise (i.e., potassium bromate and potassium iodate) which
       incurred high raw material costs. On the other hand, the majority of Calibre’s
       consumption of raw materials is attributable to subject merchandise (i.e.,
       potassium persulfates) with relatively low costs.

Prelim. Results Factors Valuation Mem. at 7-8.

       Commerce rejected FMC’s challenge to Calibre’s financials. As a preliminary matter,

Commerce pointed to its “long-standing practice in market-economy cases with respect to

allocating general expenses to individual products is to calculate a rate by dividing the

company’s general expenses by its total cost of sales.” Issues and Decision Memo at 13.

Commerce justifies using company-wide expenses because “general expenses are costs that

relate to the company’s overall operations.” Id. Commerce noted that the “company-wide”

calculation was developed for investigations involving market economies, and the investigation

of Ai Jian involves a non-market economy. However, “the issue at hand involves deriving an

SG&A ratio using the financial data of a market-economy company.” Id. Commerce also states

that “in most cases, general expenses are so indirectly related to a particular production process

that the most reasonable allocation basis is the company’s total cost of manufacturing.” Id.

Commerce’s position can be summarized as follows: it has a “preference” for using producers of

the subject merchandise, and it has a “long-standing practice” of using company-wide costs for

general expenses, which is based on a general observation that “in most cases” SG&A expenses

are only “indirectly related” to a particular product line, and, therefore, the “most reasonable
Court No. 01-00807                                                                   Page 14


allocation basis is the company’s total cost of manufacturing.” Commerce concludes its

explanation of its general practice by observing that it “find[s] no basis to allocate SG&A

expenses to specific product lines using any other method.” Id. at 14.

       FMC does not challenge Commerce’s interpretation of the antidumping statute to permit

these general principles and practices. FMC is pointing to specific evidence in the record that

indicates that the general practice should not be applied in this circumstance. FMC argues that

there is a “basis” for allocating SG&A costs along product lines, because the material costs of

non-subject merchandise are so large in comparison to subject merchandise that they cannot be

considered merely “indirectly related” to a specific product line. See Pl.’s Br. at 11.

       The task before this court is to determine if there is “substantial evidence” to justify

Commerce’s decision to use the financials of Calibre over NPL. Responding to FMC’s

contention that Calibre’s data is unreliable, Commerce states that “petitioner has presented no

new evidence.” Issues and Decisions Memo at 14. Commerce explains further in a footnote:

               The petitioner’s argument relies solely on the fact that Calibre produces
       more non-subject than subject merchandise. We find that this fact does not lead
       to the automatic conclusion that it is distortive to allocate SG&A expenses on the
       basis of cost of sales. On the contrary, we find that the two other products
       produced by Calibre are comparable to persulfates.

Issues and Decision Memo at 14 n.7 (citations omitted). Commerce found the various product

lines to be comparable because they are used for similar purposes. See id. (citing Aug. 7, 2001,

memorandum from Shawn Thompson to the file entitled “Source Data Used to Identify the Uses

of Potassium Persulfates, Potassium Iodate and Potassium Bromate in the 1999-2000

Antidumping Duty Administrative Review of Persulfates from the [PRC]”).

       Commerce also distinguishes two instances when it did not rely on the financial
Court No. 01-00807                                                                   Page 15


statements of a surrogate producer of the subject merchandise. In Certain Helical Spring Lock

Washers From the People’s Republic of China: Final Results of Antidumping Duty

Administrative Review (“Lock Washers”), Commerce rejected using data from a company that

produced both subject and non-subject merchandise because the company produced only a

“minuscule” amount of the subject merchandise. See Def.’s Br. at 22 n.1 (citing 61 Fed. Reg.

41,994 (Aug. 13, 1996)). Defendant points out that, unlike in Lock Washers, Calibre produces

the subject merchandise in commercial quantities. See id. In Apple Juice Concentrate, cited by

Plaintiff in its brief, Commerce rejected the use of a producer because the primary business of

the proposed surrogate company was not manufacturing. See Comment 8 to Issues and Decision

Mem. for the Investigation of Certain Non-Frozen Apple Juice Concentrate from the People’s

Republic of China, 65 Fed. Reg. 19,873 (Apr. 6, 2000) (finding that the total revenues of the

proposed surrogate company were primarily derived from service-oriented rather than

manufacturing operations).

       If this were all that were in the record to provide a foundation for Commerce’s decision it

would not be sufficient. Contrary to what Commerce claims, FMC did not rely “solely” on the

relative size of Calibre’s product lines. FMC rested its challenge on the fact, verified by

Commerce in its FOH analysis, that non-subject merchandise represents a disproportionate

amount of the costs of raw materials which has significant impact on the SG&A ratio. That is a

more substantial challenge than the fact that Calibre merely makes more of one product than

another. In addition, the disparity between the product lines that Plaintiff claims creates a

problem is not that they have different ultimate uses, but that raw materials for non-subject

merchandise are significantly more expensive than for subject merchandise. See Pl.’s Br. at 11;
Court No. 01-00807                                                                    Page 16


Pet.’s Br. at 23. Commerce misrepresents FMC’s argument and dismisses it for irrelevant

reasons. Standing alone, a decision is not based on substantial evidence if it relies on general

preferences which have been called into doubt by evidence on the record. See Rhodia, Inc. v.

United States, 25 CIT___, ___, 

, 1348 (2001) (stating that Commerce must

articulate a rational connection between the facts found and the choice made).

       However, Commerce cites to more evidence when explaining its decision to use Calibre

instead of NPL as a surrogate. The relief FMC seeks here is a direction to Commerce to use the

NPL financials instead of the Calibre financials. Pl.’s Br. at 11. FMC argues Calibre’s

financials are not reliable for a specific reason, but it does not believe they can be adjusted to

reflect an accurate SG&A ratio. This is because there is no “cost driver” which could permit

allocation of material costs among the product lines. See id. This puts Commerce in the position

of weighing two flawed sets of financial data for calculating a surrogate value for SG&A costs.

Commerce explicitly undertook this task and weighed several pieces of relevant evidence. See

Issues and Decision Memo at 14.

       First, Commerce restates its preference for “selecting surrogate value sources that are

producers of identical merchandise, provided that the surrogate data is not distorted or otherwise

unreliable.” Id. Second, Commerce casts doubt on the reliability of NPL’s financial data for the

period of review because NPL “incurred certain expenses related to property development.” Id.

at 14 n.8 (citations omitted). Third, Commerce valued FOH and profit based on Calibre’s

financials because to value SG&A based on NPL’s financials would “result in [Commerce’s]

applying a profit ratio that would bear no relationship to the SG&A ratio.” Id. at 14 (footnote

omitted). Fourth, mixing the two financial statements raises the “potential for double counting
Court No. 01-00807                                                                   Page 17


or under-counting of expenses because different companies may classify expenses differently.”

Id. at 15. Plaintiff does not challenge any of these findings.

       Commerce does acknowledge that in at least one case it has used multiple sources. See

id. at 15 (citing Notice of Final Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value: Beryllium

Metal and High Beryllium Alloys From the Republic of Kazakstan, 62 Fed. Reg. 2,648 (Jan. 17,

1997)). However, in that case, a lack of detailed information required using more than one

source. In this case, Commerce found Calibre’s financial data are detailed enough to use across

the board. Id.

       Commerce has wide discretion in choosing among various surrogate sources. “When

Commerce is faced with the decision to choose between two reasonable alternatives and one

alternative is favored over the other in their eyes, then they have the discretion to choose

accordingly.” Technoimportexport, UCF America Inc. v. United States, 16 CIT, 13, 18, 783 F.

Supp. 1401, 1406 (1992). Commerce has provided a thorough and complete explanation for why

it chose Calibre over NPL. Despite the flaws Plaintiff has identified in Commerce’s analysis of

SG&A costs, it does not seek to have those costs adjusted. Rather, Plaintiff seeks to replace one

set of flawed data with another set of flawed data. Plaintiff has raised a question about one

element of Calibre’s financials. However, it has not countered the various problems Commerce

raised with regard to using NPL’s financials. Commerce did not choose Calibre as a surrogate

because it was a perfect match. It chose Calibre because it was a better option than NPL.

Plaintiff’s argument does not overcome the substantial evidence supporting Commerce’s

ultimate conclusion. Faced with a difficult choice, Commerce made a reasonable decision. The

“substantial evidence” standard of review is clear in granting deference to agency
Court No. 01-00807                                                                    Page 18


determinations. The court will not reweigh the evidence or substitute its own judgment for that

of the agency. See Granges Metallverken AB, 716 F. Supp. at 21. Under this standard, “the

possibility of drawing two inconsistent conclusions from the evidence does not prevent an

administrative agency's finding from being supported by substantial evidence." Id. (citations

omitted). Commerce’s decision to use Calibre as a surrogate for calculating the SG&A ratio is

sustained as based on substantial evidence and is in accordance with law.



B.     Market Economy Ocean Freight Expenses.

       FMC challenges Commerce’s decision to value Ai Jian’s ocean freight expenses at

market economy values. Pl.’s Br. at 15. Commerce will use the actual costs to value inputs in

non-market economy cases when “a respondent purchased from a market economy supplier in a

market economy currency.” Issues and Decision Memo at 5 (citing 19 C.F.R. § 351.408(c)(1)).

Plaintiff points to a number of instances in the record that cast suspicion on the validity of the

invoices Ai Jian submitted during the investigation. Id. FMC contends these discrepancies in

the record demand that Commerce investigate further, to verify the legitimacy of the invoices

submitted or to use “adverse facts available” under 19 C.F.R. § 351.308(a).

       Commerce issued its questionnaire for the period of review on August 22, 2000.

Respondents filed a response on October 13, 2000. In that response Ai Jian stated that its market

economy ocean freight expenses were paid in market economy currency and that the product was

shipped with a market-economy freight company. Ai Jian Section C Response at 2 in Pl.’s Non-

Confidential App Ex. 6. Commerce, following up on this claim, asked Ai Jian to submit

additional documentation:
Court No. 01-00807                                                                    Page 19


          For the invoices stated above in 5.a., provide a complete paper trail of
          documentation demonstrating that the international freight charges are set by
          market-economy carriers and paid for in a market economy currency. Such
          documentation should include but is not limited to:
                         •       contract(s) between Ai Jian and the shipping company;
                         •       invoices;
                         •       shipping documents such as bills of lading, airway bills,
                                 and delivery orders; and
                         •       records of payment such as canceled checks, letters of
                                 credit, debit/credit memos, wire transfers, promissory
                                 notes, bank deposit slips, and/or bank statements.

Nov. 28, 2000 Commerce Letter to White & Case at 3-4 in Pl.’s Non-Confidential App. Ex. 7.

          In response to this request, Ai Jian submitted additional documentation. See Issues and

Decision Memo at 5. Significantly, it also changed some elements of its original claim. Instead

of claiming the goods were shipped by a single company, it submitted four invoices from two

different companies. Id. at 3. Neither company matched the description of the company Ai Jian

initially claimed carried the goods. See Pl.’s Br. at 17. Two of the invoices were dated eleven

months after the payment dates that Ai Jian reported to Commerce. See Issues and Decision

Memo at 3. Plaintiff claims that the two mistaken dates, and the switch in the company that Ai

Jian claims carried the goods, indicates evidence that the invoices were fictitious. See Pl.’s Br.

at 19. FMC argues that once such evidence raised a “reasonable suspicion,” Commerce had a

duty to further investigate the veracity of the invoices beyond the documents submitted. Pl.’s

Br. at 21 (citing U.S. Steel Group v. United States, 25 CIT ___, ___,

 (CIT

2001)).

          The government responds that Commerce “confirmed the validity of the documents by a

thorough analysis of documentary and testimonial evidence surrounding the contested invoices.”

Def.’s Br. at 29. To establish the validity of the invoices Commerce evaluated the
Court No. 01-00807                                                                  Page 20


        copies of the pages from [Ai Jian’s] expenses sub-ledger demonstrating that it
        recorded the freight expenses in question in its accounting system within a few
        days of making the payment to the freight supplier.

Issues and Decision Memo at 5. Further,

        Ai Jian provided documents showing payment for these ocean freight transactions
        could be traced from the relevant foreign currency exchange vouchers issued by a
        commercial bank, to Ai Jian’s internal accounting vouchers and operating
        expense sub-ledger and bank deposit sub-ledger using the sales invoice numbers.


Id. In addition, Commerce found that the “payment for ocean freight for these invoices can also

be traced from Ai Jian’s bank deposit sub-ledger to Ai Jian’s bank statement, prepared by the

Bank of China.” Id.

        Indeed, with the exception of the dates shown on documents generated by outside
        parties, all of the documents provided by Ai Jian have been internally consistent
        and are traceable to actual accounting records. Whatever the causes of the
        incorrect dates on the two invoices in question, the other information submitted
        by Ai Jian sufficiently demonstrates that the firm actually incurred and paid for
        the expenses.

Id. at 5.

        It is clear from the record that, contrary to FMC’s assertion, Commerce did not rest its

evaluation on the invoices themselves, but requested additional information. The additional

information, while not as complete as FMC would require, provided substantial evidence for

Commerce to conclude that the market economy rates for shipping were actually paid by Ai Jian.

The court agrees with Plaintiff that in cases where there is reasonable suspicion of wrongdoing

Commerce must evaluate further. See U.S. Steel, 177 F. Supp. 2d at 1331 (citing Zenith Elec.

Corp. v. United States, 15 CIT 394, 406-07, 

, 659 (1991)). Here, Commerce

did evaluate further and, based on substantial evidence, has verified that Ai Jian paid market
Court No. 01-00807                                                                   Page 21


economy rates for ocean freight.

       FMC argues that the two suspicious invoices, even if verified by Commerce, still demand

that Commerce use total or at least partial adverse facts available. See 19 C.F.R. § 351.308(a).1

To support the use of total adverse facts Plaintiff cites Final Determination of Sales at Less Than

Fair Value: Sulfanilic Acid from the Republic of Hungary (“Sulfanilic Acid”), 58 Fed. Reg. 8,256

(Feb. 12, 1993). In the Sulfanilic Acid case, Commerce found a document during an on-site

inspection that indicated an attempt by the respondent to fabricate its submitted documents.

Commerce decided that in order to maintain the integrity of the questionnaire process, it could

not countenance such a blatant attempt at deception. Therefore, it substituted best information

available for all the information submitted by the respondent. Id. at 8,257. In this case,

however, Commerce merely had two invoices that were misdated. The improper date could have

been the result of a clerical error or intentional deception. To determine if the dates were a

minor and correctable problem, or significant and indicative of intentional misrepresentation,

Commerce demanded and received from Ai Jian supporting documentation. Based on this

documentation, Commerce determined that the invoices were valid and proper with the

exception of the dates. In the Sulfanilic Acid case, there was substantial evidence that the

       1
           In the relevant portion the regulation reads:

       a) Introduction. The Secretary may make determinations on the basis of the facts
       available whenever necessary information is not available on the record, an interested
       party or any other person withholds or fails to provide information requested in a timely
       manner and in the form required or significantly impedes a proceeding, or the Secretary
       is unable to verify submitted information. If the Secretary finds that an interested party
       "has failed to cooperate by not acting to the best of its ability to comply with a request for
       information," the Secretary may use an inference that is adverse to the interests of that
       party in selecting from among the facts otherwise available.
Court No. 01-00807                                                                   Page 22


documents were fraudulent. In this case, there was only a reasonable suspicion - disproved with

substantial evidence gathered by Commerce - that the invoices might be fictitious. Plaintiff fails

to grasp this distinction and risks making every clerical mistake discovered in an investigation

grounds for the application of adverse facts available pursuant to 19 C.F.R. § 351.308(a).

       Plaintiff’s last objection to Commerce’s third review final results is that, even if the

ocean freight documentation is authentic and reliable, there is still no evidence of actual payment

to the carriers. Pl.’s Br. at 24. Plaintiff asks that in the absence of proof of payment Commerce

be required to use partial adverse facts in granting Ai Jian an adjustment. Plaintiff cites to

Sweaters Wholly or in Chief Weight of Man-Made Fiber from Taiwan: Final Results of Changed

Circumstances Antidumping Duty Administrative Review , 58 Fed. Reg. 32,644 (June 11, 1993)

(“Sweaters”). In that case, Commerce applied best information available to calculate certain

costs. It explained what kind of information it sought and what it deemed lacking in the

respondent’s submissions:

       We were unable in every instance to confirm that an actual payment had been
       made from Jia Farn to the yarn supplier. Although we saw evidence of payments
       coming out of Jia Farn's bank account, we could not confirm to whom these
       payments were made. We did see receipts from yarn suppliers, but we could not
       confirm that the payment for the yarn was made from a Jia Farn bank account. We
       also encountered much difficulty in our attempts to match the amount of an
       invoice with the bank disbursements, because Jia Farn makes multiple payments
       for most invoices, and we were not able to reconcile multiple payments from the
       bank accounts to invoice amounts.
Id. at 32,649.

       Unlike in the Sweaters case, in this case Commerce was able to trace the invoices to

particular bank withdrawals, which were confirmed by Ai Jian’s bank statements. See Issues

and Decision Memo at 5. As a result, Commerce found that the evidence “sufficiently
Court No. 01-00807                                                               Page 23


demonstrates that the firm actually incurred and paid for the expenses.” Id. As discussed above,

that finding was based on substantial evidence.




                                            V. CONCLUSION

       For the reasons detailed above, Plaintiff’s Motion for Judgment upon an Agency Record

is denied, and the case is dismissed. Judgment will be entered accordingly.




Dated: ___________________                                 ___________________________
       New York, NY                                        Judith M. Barzilay
                                                           Judge