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  5. PAKFOOD PUBLIC CO. LTD. v. U.S., 753 F.Supp.2d 1334 (2011)

PAKFOOD PUBLIC CO. LTD. v. U.S., 753 F.Supp.2d 1334 (2011)

Court: United States Court of International Trade Number: infdco20110120c84 Visitors: 29
Filed: Jan. 18, 2011
Latest Update: Jan. 18, 2011
Summary: OPINION POGUE, Chief Judge: This action is again before the court following a remand to the United States Department of Commerce ("Commerce" or "the Department") of the results of an administrative review of an antidumping ("AD") duty order. 2 The three issues presented are whether, in the selection of respondents in this review, Commerce's use of data obtained from United States Customs and Border Protection ("Customs" or "CBP") (A) is arbitrary in light of Commerce's prior and concurrent p
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OPINION

POGUE, Chief Judge:

This action is again before the court following a remand to the United States Department of Commerce ("Commerce" or "the Department") of the results of an administrative review of an antidumping ("AD") duty order.2 The three issues presented are whether, in the selection of respondents in this review, Commerce's use of data obtained from United States Customs and Border Protection ("Customs" or "CBP") (A) is arbitrary in light of Commerce's prior and concurrent practice for making such determinations, (B) constitutes a reasonable application of the AD statute, and (C) is supported by substantial evidence on the record. The court answers the first question in the negative and latter questions in the affirmative, and therefore affirms the remand results.

BACKGROUND

A. Pakfood I

The issues presented, and the Department's reliance on CBP data, arose from Commerce's initial indication, in its Notice of Initiation for the instant administrative review, that it intended to exercise its discretion under Section 777A(c)(2) of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, 19 U.S.C. § 1677f-1(c)(2) (2006),3 to limit the number of respondents selected for individual review.4 Certain Frozen Warmwater Shrimp from Brazil, Ecuador, India, and Thailand, 73 Fed.Reg. 18,754, 18,765 (Dep't Commerce Apr. 7, 2008) (notice of initiation of AD reviews) ("Notice of Initiation"). At the same time, Commerce announced that, "[i]n selecting the respondents for individual review, the Department intends to select respondents based on [CBP] data for U.S. imports during the [POR]," id., and that, in using such data, "[a]bsent information to the contrary," it would continue to treat respondents found to be collapsible into single entities in prior segments of the administration of this AD duty order (i.e., the underlying AD investigation and prior administrative reviews) as single entities also in this review. Id. at 18,764 nn. *-* * * *.5

After receiving and considering comments from, inter alia, Petitioner, Plaintiff Ad Hoc Shrimp Trade Action Committee ("AHSTAC"), and two potential respondents, the Department determined that it would limit its examination to the two producer/exporter entities accounting for the largest volume of subject imports during the POR. Resp't Selection Mem. 2-6. The two mandatory respondents were then selected on the basis of CBP data—specifically, data for all entries of merchandise covered by the order during the POR ("CBP data")6—and company affiliations found to exist in prior segments. Id. at 6-7; I & D Mem. Cmt. 2 at 8-10. In Pakfood I, AHSTAC argued, inter alia, that Commerce's reliance on CBP data in selecting the mandatory respondents for this review was inconsistent with the prior practice of using information obtained from quantity and value ("Q & V") questionnaires, and therefore arbitrary. Pakfood I, 724 F.Supp.2d at 1335. The court agreed.

Specifically, Pakfood I concluded, on the record then before the court, that Commerce, without sufficient explanation, continues to use Q & V questionnaires in some administrative proceedings and to use CBP data in others. Accordingly, the court held that, "[r]egardless of the reasonableness of using CBP entry data to select mandatory respondents, [ ] the Department's apparently arbitrary and inconsistent employment of this methodology is not, without more adequate explanation, consistent with basic principles of the rule of law." Id. at 1337 (citations omitted). The court therefore remanded the issue, instructing the Department to either provide an adequate explanation for its apparent methodological inconsistency, or else apply a methodology consistent with that applied in like circumstances. Id. at 1338.

B. Remand Results

In its Final Results Pursuant to Court Remand, the Department reiterates its position that, while it has used Q & V questionnaires to select mandatory respondents in past administrative proceedings, "`the Department's current practice is to select respondents using CBP data....'" Final Results Pursuant to Court Remand (Oct. 29, 2010), Remand Admin. R. Pub. Doc. 5 ("Remand Results") at 3 (quoting I & D Mem. Cmt. 2 at 9-10 (citations omitted)). The agency explains its change in practice as necessary "to improve the efficiency of the respondent selection process." Id. at 4.7

In the Remand Results, Commerce also explains apparent inconsistencies in applying this methodology8—identified by the court in Pakfood I, 724 F.Supp.2d at 1335-369—as exceptions to its regular practice. Remand Results 5-7 (distinguishing reviews where "the Department explained that, while its practice is to use CBP data for respondent selection, the CBP data for the particular merchandise covered by those reviews w[ere] not adequate for selecting respondents in those reviews," and explaining that, "[i]n arriving at these conclusions, the Department drew from its expertise and knowledge of the industry derived from previous segments of the proceedings in question"). (See also Def.'s Resp. to Ad Hoc's Remand Comments) ("Def.'s Br.") 3 ("Commerce's practice is to rely upon CBP data unless those data are unusable. The cases in which Commerce has issued [Q & V] questionnaires involved determinations that CBP data were unusable." (citing Remand Results 3-5).)

Specifically, the Department points to certain circumstances, not evidenced in the instant review, which may render reliance on CBP data inappropriate. Such circumstances may consist of industry-specific characteristics, such as a significant volume of resold merchandise, unique cash-deposit structures, and/or AD duty orders whose scope includes parts of merchandise as well as the finished products.10 Further exceptional circumstances, again not evidenced here, include situations where "the units used to measure import quantities [in CBP data] are not consistent for the [tariff code] categories identified in the [ ] scope [of the relevant AD duty order]"11; where "CBP volume data do not account for [significant] differences in [merchandise] size and weight [relevant to the scope of the AD duty order at issue]"12; or where the Department specifically determines that "a significant amount of the volume in the CBP data [is] unclear."13

In the instant review, by contrast, Commerce contends that "the Department's analysis of the CBP data, supported by the Department's experience in conducting three previous segments of the proceeding, demonstrated that the CBP data for entries of shrimp from Thailand during the POR were adequate, appropriate, and reliable for purposes of determining the largest exporters of subject merchandise, and thus selecting mandatory respondents." Remand Results at 7-8 (footnote omitted).14

C. AHSTAC's Comments on the Remand Results

AHSTAC, the sole party now challenging the Remand Results,15 argues that Commerce's process for selecting mandatory respondents in this review (A) remains an arbitrary departure from prior practice, (B) is in any case contrary to law16—because CBP data do not provide sufficient information regarding exporters of subject merchandise—and (C) is unsupported by substantial evidence on the record of this review.17 (See generally Pl.'s Comments on Final Results of Redetermination Pursuant to Ct. Remand ("AHSTAC's Br.").18)

After summarizing the applicable standard of review, the court will consider, in turn, each of AHSTAC's challenges to the Remand Results.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

As is always the case, the issues presented here are necessarily framed by the court's standard of review. Specifically, "[t]he court will sustain the Department's determination upon remand if it complies with the court's remand order, is supported by substantial evidence on the record, and is otherwise in accordance with law." Jinan Yipin Corp. v. United States, ___ CIT ___, 637 F.Supp.2d 1183, 1185 (2009) (citing 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(1)(B)(i)).

Where, as here, Commerce adopts a practice that substantially deviates from precedent,19 it must at least acknowledge the change and show that there are good reasons for the new policy, see FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc., ___ U.S. ___, 129 S.Ct. 1800, 1811, 173 L.Ed.2d 738 (2009); Consol. Bearings Co. v. United States, 348 F.3d 997, 1007 (Fed. Cir.2003),20 and the new practice must be within the scope of authority granted to Commerce by the AD statute. See, e.g., Nakornthai Strip Mill Pub. Co. v. United States, ___ CIT ___, 587 F.Supp.2d 1303, 1307 (2008) ("Commerce has discretion to change its policies and practices as long as they are reasonable and consistent with their statutory mandate and may adapt its views and practices to the particular circumstances of the case at hand, so long as the agency's decisions are explained and supported by substantial evidence on the record." (quotation and alteration marks and citation omitted)).

Because neither the AD statute nor any of Commerce's regulations directly address the methodology by which the Department is to arrive at the number of "exporters and producers accounting for the largest volume of the subject merchandise from the exporting country that can be reasonably examined," 19 U.S.C. § 1677f-1(c)(2)(B), the court will uphold Commerce's methodology if it is reasonable, see Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 843, 104 S.Ct. 2778, 81 L.Ed.2d 694 (1984), and is not arbitrarily applied. See, e.g., U.S. Steel Corp. v. United States, 621 F.3d 1351, 1357 (Fed.Cir.2010) ("The court must, as we do, defer to Commerce's reasonable construction of its governing statute where Congress leaves a gap in the construction of the statute that the administrative agency is explicitly authorized to fill or implicitly delegates legislative authority, as evidenced by the agency's generally conferred authority and other statutory circumstances." (quotation marks and citation omitted)).

The application of a practice in a given case is supported by "substantial evidence" when it is supported by "such relevant evidence [on the record] as a reasonable mind might accept to support a conclusion." Universal Camera Corp. v. NLRB, 340 U.S. 474, 477, 71 S.Ct. 456, 95 L.Ed. 456 (1951) (quotation marks and citation omitted). "The specific determination [the court] make[s] is whether the evidence and reasonable inferences from the record support [Commerce's] finding." Daewoo Elecs. Co. v. Int'l Union of Elec., Elec., Technical, Salaried & Mach. Workers, AFL-CIO, 6 F.3d 1511, 1520 (Fed.Cir. 1993) (quotation marks and citation omitted).

DISCUSSION

A. The Department's Methodology for Respondent Selection in this Case Is Not an Arbitrary Departure from Prior Practice.

In light of the explanation provided in the Remand Results, the Department's announced methodology for selecting mandatory respondents based on import volume was not arbitrarily applied in this review. In the Remand Results, the Department explained that its decision to change from the issuance of Q & V questionnaires in selecting mandatory respondents to the use of CBP data was grounded in the substantial ease of administrative burden afforded by such an approach.21

Administrative convenience of the government constitutes a reasonable and rational basis for agency action. See, e.g., Consol. Edison Co. of N.Y., Inc. v. Abraham, 314 F.3d 1299, 1304 (Fed.Cir.2002) (per curiam) (holding that administrative convenience constitutes "a reasonable and rational basis" for agency action). Accordingly, the Department has both acknowledged and adequately stated the reasons for its change in practice.

In addition, Commerce has complied with the court's remand order by providing an adequately reasoned explanation distinguishing the present case from cases in which the Department continues to employ a different respondent selection methodology. Explaining that "the Department turns to issuing Q & V questionnaires or other sources of information when the CBP data for the subject merchandise in question does not provide sufficient or adequate data for the Department's respondent selection purposes," Remand Results 5, the Department distinguished each of the cases in which it used Q & V questionnaires as instances where the CBP data was found to be unreliable, inconsistent, or failing to provide "adequate relevant information for determining the relative volume of imports." Id. at 6; see supra notes 9-13. Thus, Commerce explains that "its current practice is to rely upon CBP data to select respondents, and that it has departed only in cases in which CBP data are unusable." (Def.'s Br. 3.)

Because, as discussed below, the record of this review did not present any evidence calling into doubt the usability of CBP data for respondent selection in this case, the identified cases in which the Department has continued to apply a different respondent selection methodology due to exceptional circumstances are not "like cases" to this case, and the Department's deviation from those cases here is therefore not arbitrary.22

B. The Department's Methodology for Respondent Selection in this Case Is Not Contrary to Law.

AHSTAC also claims that the Department's respondent selection methodology is contrary to law because CBP data provide insufficient information with respect to exporters of subject merchandise. (See AHSTAC's Br. 21.23) This challenge must also be rejected.

AHSTAC's claim relies on the argument that CBP data "include[] no information with regard to the exporter other than a `manufacturer ID block'...." (Id.) See 19 U.S.C. § 1677f1(c)(2)(B) (allowing limitation of examination to "exporters and producers accounting for the largest volume of subject merchandise from the exporting country that can be reasonably examined" (emphasis added)). However, AHSTAC fails to provide any support for its conclusion that the Department's reliance on the manufacturer ID block in CBP Form 7501 fails to satisfy the statutory requirement that exporters be taken into account when limiting individual examination pursuant to Section 1677f-1(c)(2)(B). (See AHSTAC's Br. 21.24)

As the Department explains, "CBP instructs persons completing CBP Form 7501 to report the manufacturer ID code according to `the invoicing party or parties (manufacturers or other direct suppliers)'[;] [a]ccordingly, it is reasonable for the Department to consider the `invoicing party' to be the exporter for purposes of determining respondent selection." Remand Results 10 (quoting Resp't Selection Mem. 6 (quoting CBP Form 7501 Instructions)). Because the Department's conclusion in this regard is reasonable, it is therefore not contrary to law.

C. The Department's Use of CBP Data Was Supported by Substantial Evidence on the Record.

AHSTAC further argues that (1) the reliability of CBP data used in this case, and (2) Commerce's conclusions regarding company affiliations, when aggregating entry volume during respondent selection, were not supported by substantial evidence. (See AHSTAC's Br. 20-23.) The court disagrees.

1. The Reliability of CBP Data Used to Select Mandatory Respondents in this Review Was Supported by Substantial Evidence on the Record.

In its I & D Memorandum, the Department explained that, "[t]he CBP data on which the Department's respondent selection methodology is based represent[ ] reliable data on entries of subject merchandise [because] [t]he data is compiled from actual entries of merchandise subject to the order based on information required by and provided to the U.S. government authority responsible for permitting goods to enter into the United States[,] [and] the entries compiled in this database are the same entries upon which the antidumping duties determined by this review will be assessed." Remand Results 10 (quoting I & D Mem. Cmt. 2 at 9 (quoting Resp't Selection Mem. 6)). The court agrees.

In the absence of evidence in the record that the CBP data—for merchandise entered during the relevant POR and subject to the AD duty order at issue—are in some way inaccurate or distortive, the agency reasonably concluded that such data, collected in the regular course of business under penalty of law for fraud and/or negligence,25 presents reliably accurate information. See, e.g., Seneca Grape Juice Corp. v. United States, 71 Cust. Ct. 131, 142, 367 F.Supp. 1396, 1404 (1973) (noting "the general presumption of regularity that attaches to all administrative action" ("In the absence of clear evidence to the contrary, the courts presume that public officers have properly discharged their duties.... This presumption, of course, also attaches to the official actions taken by customs officers.") (citing, inter alia, United States v. Chem. Found., 272 U.S. 1, 14-15, 47 S.Ct. 1, 71 L.Ed. 131 (1926)) (additional citations omitted)).

Because Customs officers have a duty to assure the accuracy of information submitted to that agency by penalizing negligent or fraudulent omissions and/or inaccurate submissions,26 the presumption of regularity entails the reasonable conclusion that, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, the data obtained by Customs officials in their regular course of business is accurate. AHSTAC offers no evidence to the contrary that is specific to the record for this review. (See AHSTAC's Br. 20-23.) Accordingly, contrary to AHSTAC's contention (see id. at 21), no further demonstration regarding the general accuracy of CBP data for the POR in question is required.

2. The Department's Determinations of Company Affiliations in Selecting Mandatory Respondents for this Review Are Supported by Substantial Evidence.

Finally, AHSTAC argues that, in making its determination regarding which exporters/producers accounted for the largest volume of subject merchandise imported from Thailand during the POR, 19 U.S.C. § 1677f-1(c)(2), Commerce improperly relied on affiliation information obtained in prior reviews,27 without substantial evidence of the continued accuracy of such affiliation data for the POR at issue.28 But AHSTAC's argument misses the mark.

Certainly Commerce's reliance on information obtained in the course of prior segments constitutes use of secondary information within the meaning of 19 U.S.C. § 1677e,29 and, as such, requires corroboration of its continued accuracy for the POR in question. Statement of Administrative Action, H.R.Rep. No. 103-316, reprinted in 1994 U.S.C.C.A.N. 4160 ("SAA"),30 at 870 ("[S]ection [1677e(c)] requires Commerce [ ] to corroborate secondary information where practicable using independent sources. Secondary information is information derived from [inter alia] any previous review under [19 U.S.C. § 1675] concerning the subject merchandise. Secondary information may not be entirely reliable because, for example, ... as in the case of information from prior section [1675(a)] reviews, it concerns a different time frame than the one at issue.").31 Thus the corroboration requirement could form a basis for AHSTAC's challenge.

In this case, however, the Department solicited comments from interested parties with respect to the data the agency proposed to use to select mandatory respondents, including with regard to company affiliations.32 Having solicited comments from interested parties with regard to the continued accuracy of affiliation information derived from prior segments, and having received no information to the contrary,33 the Department reasonably inferred that there were no grounds to believe that company affiliations have changed during this POR from those determined to exist in prior segments. See Remand Results 12-13. When Commerce resorts to information outside the record of a particular POR, it does not have to prove "that the facts available are the best alternative information." SAA at 869. "Rather, the facts available are information or inferences which are reasonable to use under the circumstances," id., and Commerce need only "weigh[ ] the record evidence to determine that which is most probative of the issue under consideration." Id.34

Here, it was reasonable, under the circumstances, to use information on company affiliations obtained in the course of prior segments,35 and the continued accuracy of this information for the instant POR was corroborated by solicitation of comments from interested parties during this review. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(c); SAA at 870. Because AHSTAC has not shown that it or any other interested party placed any evidence on the record of this review that would call into doubt the continued veracity of this information, nothing further is required to support the Department's conclusion that this information was both probative and reasonably accurate.36 Accord Watanabe Grp. v. United States, No. 09-00520, 2010 WL 5371606, at *4 (CIT Dec. 22, 2010).

CONCLUSION

For all of the foregoing reasons, the Department's remand results are AFFIRMED. Judgment will be entered accordingly.

It is SO ORDERED.

FootNotes


1. The actions consolidated herein include Court Nos. 09-00443, 09-00445, and 09-00447, in addition to the captioned matter.
2. Specifically at issue is the remand of the third administrative review of the AD duty order covering certain frozen warmwater shrimp from Thailand. See Pakfood Pub. Co. v. United States, ___ CIT ___, 724 F.Supp.2d 1327 (2010) ("Pakfood I") (remanding Certain Frozen Warmwater Shrimp From Thailand, 74 Fed.Reg. 47,551 (Dep't Commerce Sept. 16, 2009) (final results and partial rescission of AD duty administrative review) ("Final Results")). The period of review ("POR") was February 1, 2007 through January 31, 2008. Final Results, 74 Fed.Reg. at 47,551.
3. All further citations to the Tariff Act of 1930 are to Title 19 of the United States Code, 2006 edition.
4. The AD statute provides a general rule and an exception governing the Department's determination of dumping margins in AD investigations and administrative reviews of AD duty orders. 19 U.S.C. § 1677f-1(c). The general rule states that, "[i]n determining weighted average dumping margins [in AD investigations and administrative reviews of AD duty orders], [Commerce] shall determine the individual weighted average dumping margin for each known exporter and producer of the subject merchandise." Id. at § 1677f-1(c)(1). The exception to this general rule provides that If it is not practicable to make individual weighted average dumping margin determinations [] because of the large number of exporters or producers involved in the investigation or review, [Commerce] may determine the weighted average dumping margins for a reasonable number of exporters or producers by limiting its examination to— (A) a sample of exporters, producers, or types of products that is statistically valid based on the information available to [Commerce] at the time of selection, or (B) exporters and producers accounting for the largest volume of the subject merchandise from the exporting country that can be reasonably examined.

Id. at § 1677f-1 (c)(2).
5. The Department stated that it would release the CBP data under administrative protective order ("APO") to all parties having an APO within five days of publication of the Notice of Initiation, id. at 18,765, and invited "comments regarding the CBP data and respondent selection" within ten days of publication of the notice. Id. at 18,766. The CBP data were provided to all interested parties having APO access on April 9, 2008. Mem. Re. Selection of Resp'ts for Individual Review, A-549-822, ARP 07-08 (May 27, 2008), Admin. R. Pub. Doc. [Pakfood I] 67 ("Resp't Selection Mem.") 2. (All further citations to the "Admin. R." refer to the initial administrative record filed by the Department in Pakfood I. The administrative record of the remand redetermination is hereafter referred to as the "Remand Admin. R.")
6. See Issues & Decision Mem., A-549-822, ARP 07-08 (Sept. 08, 2009), Admin. R. Pub. Doc. 281 ("I & D Mem.") (incorporated into Final Results, 74 Fed.Reg. at 47,553) Cmt. 2 at 6. The Department relied on "type 3" entries—i.e., AD or countervailing duty entries for consumption. Id.
7. Citing Commerce's "experience with Q & V questionnaires for respondent selection purposes in several cases," id. at 3, the Department explains that, "because of the difficulty and resources involved in obtaining proper responses from the large numbers of companies for which a review was requested, reliance upon Q & V data resulted in delays in the ability of the Department to select respondents and issue questionnaires." Id.
8. Commerce "acknowledges that, at the time the respondent selection was made in this review, the Department's practice to rely upon CBP data for determining the largest exporters of subject merchandise was relatively new and thus not articulated as clearly as it was subsequently." Remand Results 5.
9. The court cited to Wooden Bedroom Furniture from the People's Republic of China, 74 Fed.Reg. 8,776 (Dep't Commerce Feb. 26, 2009) (initiation of AD duty administrative review), 75 Fed.Reg. 5,952 (Dep't Commerce Feb. 5, 2010) (preliminary results of AD duty administrative review and intent to rescind review in part), 75 Fed.Reg. 9,869 (Dep't Commerce Mar. 4, 2010) (initiation of administrative review of the AD duty order); Certain Polyester Staple Fiber from the People's Republic of China, 74 Fed.Reg. 32,125 (Dep't Commerce July 7, 2009) (preliminary results of AD duty administrative review and extension of time limit for final results); Polyethylene Retail Carrier Bags from the People's Republic of China, 73 Fed.Reg. 52,282 (Dep't Commerce Sept. 9, 2008) (preliminary results of AD duty administrative review). Slip Op. 10-99 at 10 n. 13.

In its Remand Results, the Department distinguishes the facts of Wooden Bedroom Furniture, see infra note 11 and Remand Results at 6 n. 5, and Polyester Staple Fiber, see infra note 13. With respect to Polyethylene Retail Carrier Bags, the Department notes that, although the preliminary results of that AD duty order review were released shortly after the initiation of the AD duty order review at issue in this case, the review in Polyethylene Retail Carrier Bags was initiated in September 2007 and respondent selection was made in October 2007, at which time "the Department had not [yet] established the practice of relying on CBP data where practicable for respondent selection." Remand Results at 7 (noting that "the Department did not begin announcing in initiation notices its intention to rely upon CBP data until after [October 2007]" (citing Lightweight Thermal Paper from Germany, the Republic of Korea, and the People's Republic of China, 72 Fed.Reg. 62,430, 62,435 (Dep't Commerce Nov. 5, 2007) (notice of initiation of AD duty investigation); Sodium Nitrite from the Federal Republic of Germany and the People's Republic of China, 72 Fed.Reg. 68,563, 68,567 (Dep't Commerce Dec. 5, 2007) (initiation of AD duty investigations); Uncovered Innerspring Units from the People's Republic of China, South Africa, and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, 73 Fed.Reg. 4,817, 4,822 (Dep't Commerce Jan. 28, 2008) (initiation of AD duty investigations))).

In addition, to further highlight the types of exceptional circumstances, not evidenced here, under which Commerce may depart from its stated practice, the Department also cites to a number of additional cases where it has deviated from its newly established practice of relying exclusively on CBP data for the selection of mandatory respondents in AD duty order administrative proceedings. Remand Results at 5-6 (arguing, at 5, that "the Department's reliance on CBP data for respondent selection as the norm is more evident in the exception"); see infra notes 10-12.
10. Remand Results at 5 (quoting Mem. to File, Resp't Selection Mem. from Other Proceedings (Oct. 6, 2010), Remand Admin. R. Pub. Doc. 1 ("Resp't Mem. from Other Proceedings") Attach. 3 (Ball Bearings and Parts Thereof from Various Countries, A-100-001, ARP 07-08, Mem. Re Data for Selection of Resp'ts (July 3, 2008)) 2-3 ("Based upon our experience with these bearings proceedings, the significant volume of resold merchandise, and the cash-deposit hierarchy, due to the unique nature of the ball-bearings industry the respondent-selection process may be distorted significantly if we rely on CBP data to select respondents for individual examination. In addition, these proceedings are characterized by the fact that the scope of the orders includes parts of bearings and not just finished bearings.... [E]xperience indicates that the CBP volume data will reflect the commingling of parts and finished bearings which may affect the reliability of CBP data for use in the respondent-selection decisions for these reviews of the orders on ball bearings.... Because of the large number of parts likely to have been imported but for which specific information is not yet available, especially in combination with the situation we face in these proceedings as a result of the Department's cash-deposit hierarchy, we cannot reasonably rely on CBP data for purposes of respondent selection in ball-bearings proceedings.")).
11. Id. at 6 (quoting Resp't Mem. from Other Proceedings Attach. 4 (Wooden Bedroom Furniture from the People's Republic of China, A-570-890, ARP 08, Mem. Re Resp't Selection (Apr. 20, 2009)) 7 (explaining that inconsistencies in units of measurement for import quantities of various tariff categories covered by the AD duty order made "Q & V data [ ] preferable to the use of CBP data in this particular proceeding because [Q & V data] allows the Department to follow the express language of [the AD statute], which requires that the Department select respondents on the basis of volume (rather than value)")).
12. Id. (quoting Resp't Mem. from Other Proceedings Attach. 5 (New Pneumatic Off-the-Road Tires from the People's Republic of China, A-570-912, ARP 08-09, Mem. Re Selection of Resp'ts (Jan. 22, 2010)) 3).
13. Id. at 7 (quoting Certain Polyester Staple Fiber from the People's Republic of China, 74 Fed.Reg. 32,125, 32,125 (Dep't Commerce July 7, 2009) (notice of preliminary results of the AD duty administrative review and extension of time for the final results) (cited in Slip Op. 10-99 at 10 n. 13)).
14. See also id. at 12 ("In this review, the unit-of-quantity reported in the CBP data is consistent with the unit of quantity used in the Department's margin analysis, and there was otherwise no evidence that CBP data was unsuitable for use in respondent selection."); id. at 8 (contrasting present review with cases which "present examples where the Department identified specific reasons for deviating from its practice of determining respondents based on CBP data," and arguing that, "[a]s the problems with the CBP data related to imports of the subject merchandise in those cases did not apply to the CBP data [in the review now under consideration], those cases were not `similarly situated' to the instant case, and the Department's determination to rely upon CBP data in this review was consistent with its practice and was, therefore, not arbitrary or capricious").
15. See Remand Results at 9 ("The Rubicon Group states that the Draft Results provided a reasonable explanation for the Department's use of CBP data in selecting respondents in the review at issue, and thus recommends that the Department not make any changes for the final remand results."). (See also Pls.' Letter to Ct. (Dec. 6, 2010) [Dkt. No. 59].)
16. See Pakfood I, 724 F.Supp.2d at 1335 (noting that AHSTAC's argument from inconsistency with prior practice was one among others made by AHSTAC). Because the court agreed with AHSTAC in Pakfood I that the Department's methodology in this case appeared to be arbitrarily applied in comparison to seemingly similarly situated cases, necessitating a remand to both clarify the Department's practice and ensure its consistent application, the court did not have occasion in Pakfood I to address those of AHSTAC's arguments directed at the legality of reliance on CBP data as a consistent practice. See id. at 1337 ("[W]here an agency is afforded a measure of discretion in administering a statute, the exercise of that discretion is not in accordance with law if it is arbitrary, such as where the agency treats like cases differently.... Regardless of the reasonableness of using CBP entry data to select mandatory respondents, [] the Department's apparently arbitrary and inconsistent employment of this methodology is not, without more adequate explanation, consistent with basic principles of the rule of law." (citations omitted)).
17. In its evidentiary claim, as explained below, AHSTAC argues both that the reliability of the CBP data used to select mandatory respondents in this review was not supported by substantial evidence on the record, and that the Department's use, for purposes of respondent selection, of company affiliation data derived from prior segments of the administration of this AD duty order was not supported by substantial evidence on the record of this review.
18. The court has construed AHSTAC's comments on the remand results in accordance with the applicable standards of review.

Specifically, AHSTAC's argues, first, that Commerce's reliance on CBP data for respondent selection in this case is arbitrary and capricious because (1) the information obtained from Q & V questionnaires, used prior to the agency's change in practice and in exceptional circumstances where CBP data are determined to be usable, is substantially different from the information available in CBP data; (2) responses to Q & V questionnaires have played a significant role in identifying affiliates as collapsible entities in the shrimp administrative reviews; and (3) the substantial differences in respective burdens imposed on domestic interested parties and foreign exporters/manufacturers in review proceedings using CBP data for respondent selection and those relying on Q & V questionnaires has no rational basis. (AHSTAC's Br. 8-20.) Construed in terms of the applicable standard of review, as explained below, this set of contentions amounts to an argument that Commerce's reliance on CBP data for respondent selection in this case is arbitrary and capricious because it constitutes an insufficiently explained departure from prior practice, either because the change in practice was not adequately explained or because continued exceptions to the new practice have not been adequately distinguished.

Second, AHSTAC argues that Commerce's determinations on the basis of CBP data in this case were not supported by substantial evidence because such data do not provide sufficient information as to exporters of subject merchandise; because the accuracy of the data was presumed; and because such data do not include information with respect to company affiliations. (See id. at 20-22.) As explained below, see infra note 23, the question of whether the CBP forms relied on by Commerce in this case request information sufficient to satisfy the relevant statutory requirements is a question of law, and will be addressed as such by the court. With respect to company affiliations, however, because Commerce supplemented its analysis of CBP data in this case with information regarding company affiliations obtained in prior segments of the administration of this AD duty order, see supra note 5 and accompanying text, the question before the court is whether such information constitutes substantial evidence in support of the agency's aggregated entry volume determinations in selecting mandatory respondents for this review.
19. See Remand Results 7 ("At th[e] time [of October 2007], the Department had not [yet] established the practice of relying on CBP data where practicable for respondent selection. Rather, the Department did not begin announcing in initiation notices its intention to rely upon CBP data until after that date." (citing notices of initiation of AD duty investigations beginning in November 2007)). See also id. at 5 (explaining that, "at the time the respondent selection was made in this review, the Department's practice to rely upon CBP data for determining the largest exporters of subject merchandise was relatively new").
20. This is not to say that Commerce's prior determinations are legally binding in subsequent administrative proceedings. See Alloy Piping Prods., Inc. v. United States, No. 08-00027, 2009 WL 983078, at *6 (CIT 2009) ("Even assuming Commerce's determinations at issue are factually identical, as a matter of law a prior administrative determination is not legally binding on other reviews before the court."). On the contrary, all determinations in a given proceeding must be justified on the basis of the evidence on the record of the particular administrative proceeding at issue. 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(1)(B)(i) (determinations unlawful if "unsupported by substantial evidence on the record"); id. at § 1516a(b)(2)(A) (defining "record" to consist of "information presented to or obtained by [Commerce] in the course of the administrative proceeding"). Nevertheless, Commerce must comply with the basic principle of law that, absent a rational explanation for acting to the contrary, like cases should be decided alike. See Martin v. Franklin Capital Corp., 546 U.S. 132, 139, 126 S.Ct. 704, 163 L.Ed.2d 547 (2005) ("[L]imiting [agency] discretion according to legal standards helps promote the basic principle of justice that like cases should be decided alike."); SKF USA Inc. v. United States, 263 F.3d 1369, 1382 (Fed.Cir. 2001) ("[I]t is well-established that an agency action is arbitrary when the agency offers insufficient reasons for treating similar situations differently.").
21. Specifically, in its Remand Results, the Department provides the following explanation for its change in practice: The Department developed the practice of using CBP data based upon its experience with Q & V questionnaires for respondent selection purposes in several cases, including prior administrative reviews of shrimp from Thailand. In those cases, because of the difficulty and resources involved in obtaining proper responses from the large numbers of companies for which a review was requested, reliance upon Q & V data resulted in delays in the ability of the Department to select respondents and issue questionnaires. [...] Given these experiences with Q & V questionnaires in other cases, including the previous two reviews of shrimp from Thailand, the Department sought to improve the efficiency of the respondent selection process. Thus, as Commerce explained in the [I & D Mem.] at Comment 2, `selecting respondents from CBP data provides an alternative that is much more administratively practicable, given that relying on Q & V responses in this proceeding requires significant resources to send and track the delivery of numerous Q & V questionnaires and responses, and to aggregate and analyze the numerous responses.' As a result, the Department's use of CBP data in this review allowed for respondent selection and antidumping duty questionnaire issuance in half the time of the previous reviews....

Remand Results 3-4 (quoting I & D Mem. Cmt. 2 at 10).
22. AHSTAC also challenges the Remand Results on the ground that they "offer no explanation for the substantial discrepancy in the information compiled for the administrative record for the purposes of respondent selection under different methodologies." (AHSTAC's Br. 13.) Because the Department has adequately explained its departure from its prior practice, the question is not, as AHSTAC seems to contend, whether the CBP data now used provide the Department with exactly the same information as that provided by Q & V questionnaires, used in the past or in exceptional circumstances, not applicable here, where CBP data are determined to be unusable. Rather, the relevant questions, to which the court now turns, are whether the CBP data now used provide the Department with the information upon which the statute requires the Department's decision to be based, and whether the Department's conclusions here were supported by substantial evidence.
23. While AHSTAC styles this argument as one within the scope of substantial evidence review (AHSTAC's Br. 20), the question of whether the manufacturer ID block in CBP Form 7501 requests sufficient information regarding the exporter of subject merchandise to comport with the requirements of Section 1677f-1(c)(2) (see AHSTAC's Br. 21) is a question of law. Further, AHSTAC presents no evidence from the instant review to support an evidentiary claim that the information actually collected within the CBP forms relied upon in this review was anything other than that which was formally requested. (See id. 20-23.)
24. AHSTAC's argument in this regard is, rather, that "Commerce sought considerably more information regarding subject imports in the Q & V questionnaires and Commerce has not, to date, explained why this additional information is irrelevant when the agency relies on `type 3' import volume data." (AHSTAC's Br. 21; see also id. at 12.) As explained above, however, Commerce has sufficiently justified its change in practice. Accordingly, the question now before the court is whether the agency's current practice comports with the AD statute, not how the practice compares with what was done in the past or with the agency's procedure in exceptional circumstances not applicable to this case. Thus, Commerce is correct that "the fact that the Q & V questionnaires request different information about the exporter or producer does not affect the reasonableness of considering the `invoicing party' reported in the CBP data to refer to the exporter." Remand Results 10.
25. See 19 U.S.C. § 1592(a)(1) ("[N]o person, by fraud, gross negligence, or negligence [](A) may enter, introduce, or attempt to enter or introduce any merchandise into the commerce of the United States by means of [](i) any document or electronically transmitted data or information, written or oral statement, or act which is material and false, or (ii) any omission which is material, or (B) may aid or abet any other person to violate subparagraph (A)."); id. at §§ 1592(b)(2) & (c) (providing for penalties for violation of § 1592(a)); 19 C.F.R. § 162.79 (same).
26. See 19 C.F.R. § 162.77(a) ("If the [appropriate Customs] Officer has reasonable cause to believe that a violation of [19 U.S.C. 1592 (prohibiting fraudulent and/or negligent submission and/or omission of material information to Customs)] has occurred ... he shall issue to the person concerned a notice of his intent to issue a claim for a monetary penalty.").
27. As the court recognized in Pakfood I, CBP data omits affiliation information necessary to an accurate determination under Section 1677f-1(c)(2)(B). See Slip Op. 10-99 at 11. As the Department explained, however, "this review is the fourth segment of this proceeding and [Commerce] ha[s] developed considerable information regarding the affiliations of the requested companies during the previous segments ... [and] [has] continue[d] to treat any affiliated companies found to be collapsible in previous segments of the proceeding as a single entity in the current segment." Resp't Selection Mem. 7 (citing Notice of Initiation). See also Remand Results 11 ("It is not unreasonable ... for the Department to take into account affiliation information obtained from previous reviews in analyzing the CBP data in this review for purposes of respondent selection."); id. at 12 (responding to AHSTAC's argument "with respect to considering affiliations in the context of aggregating CBP entry data, the Department explained that it had sufficient information developed from previous segments to identify and determine the largest exporters during the POR").
28. (See AHSTAC's Br. 20-22 (arguing that Commerce's process of mandatory respondent selection in this review was not supported by substantial evidence because, inter alia, "the CBP data provided no information with respect to the consolidation of various manufacturers/producers included in the data").) See also Pet'r's Comments Re Resp't Selection, A-549-822, ARP 07-08 (Apr. 17, 2008), Admin. R. Pub. Doc. 44 ("Pet'r's Comments Re Resp't Selection") 9-10 ("Without Q & V responses, information regarding affiliation may be inaccurate—no party has certified the affiliation information with respect to the relevant review period....").
29. 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(c) ("When [Commerce] relies on secondary information rather than on information obtained in the course of an investigation or review, [Commerce] shall, to the extent practicable, corroborate that information from independent sources that are reasonably at their disposal.").
30. See 19 U.S.C. § 3512(d) ("The statement of administrative action approved by the Congress under section 3511(a) of this title shall be regarded as an authoritative expression by the United States concerning the interpretation and application of the Uruguay Round Agreements and this Act in any judicial proceeding in which a question arises concerning such interpretation or application.").
31. See also Sidenor Indus. SL v. United States, ___ CIT ___, 664 F.Supp.2d 1349, 1360 (2009) ("Information from a prior segment of the proceeding ... is characterized as `secondary information.'" (citing SAA at 870)).
32. See Notice of Initiation, 73 Fed.Reg. at 18,764 nn. *-* * * * (explaining that "[a]bsent information to the contrary," the Department will continue to treat companies found in previous segments to comprise a single entity as single entities also in this review); id. at 18,766 (inviting comments regarding respondent selection within ten days of publication of the Notice of Initiation). As explained in the SAA, "independent sources," for purposes of corroboration under 19 U.S.C. 1677e(c), may include "information obtained from interested parties during the particular investigation or review." SAA at 870. See also 19 C.F.R. § 351.308(d) (same).
33. See I & D Mem. Cmt. 2 at 8 (noting that petitioners have presented no evidence of inaccuracies in the data used by the Department to select mandatory respondents for this review); Remand Results 12-13 ("All parties are provided with equal opportunity to review and comment on the CBP data, at which time all parties may comment upon whether they believe any export data should be aggregated. [...] Further, with respect to considering affiliations in the context of aggregating CBP entry data, the Department explained that it had sufficient information developed from previous segments to identify and determine the largest exporters during the POR. This information was obtained from full questionnaire responses from respondents selected in those segments, and there is no evidence that there was any error in this regard."). (See also Def.'s Br. 8-9 ("This is exactly what occurred in the administrative reviews cited by [AHSTAC] [where respondent selection, in prior reviews, was made on the basis of questionnaire responses obtained from respondents]; parties noted when they believed that their quantity and value data should be aggregated. [citing AHSTAC's Br. 14-17] And this is exactly what occurred here: parties were able to note when they believed that certain CBP data should be aggregated with another party's. The domestic industry possessed the same opportunity to comment in both situations. The only difference is that, in the cases cited by [AHSTAC], parties requested aggregation, and in this case, no party did.").)
34. See also 19 C.F.R. § 351.308 ("Corroborate means that [Commerce] will examine whether the secondary information to be used has probative value.").
35. See, e.g., SKF USA Inc. v. United States, ___ CIT ___, 675 F.Supp.2d 1264, 1278 n. 8 (2009) (noting that data pertaining to a previous POR has "some probativity" with respect to a determination made during a subsequent POR).
36. The court notes AHSTAC's objection to "the exceptionally limited timeframe afforded parties by Commerce for the review of CBP `type 3' import volume data" (AHSTAC's Br. 19; see also id. at 22 ("[P]arties had been provided insufficient time to meaningfully review and identify problems with respect to the CBP data released.")), see Pet'rs' Comments Re Resp't Selection 10 (contending that petitioners "were afforded less than one week to comment on data released in four parallel reviews in the midst of the briefing schedule for the second administrative review period," and arguing that, "even if [petitioners] had had the full 10 days [after the date of publication of the Notice of Initiation], without distraction, to provide comments, it is unrealistic to expect that the necessary research could be performed for the listed manufacturers in this case").

However, AHSTAC has provided no evidence of any prejudice resulting from the short time period provided for the submission of comments. (See generally AHSTAC's Br.) Accordingly, AHSTAC's objection does not state a legal claim. See, e.g., Dorbest Ltd. v. United States, ___ CIT ___, 547 F.Supp.2d 1321, 1334 (2008) (rejecting plaintiff's contention that "it did not have sufficient time" to comment on a draft redetermination proposed by Commerce, because plaintiff "d[id] not allege specific prejudice from having such a short time to comment"), aff'd in part, vacated in part on other grounds, 604 F.3d 1363 (Fed.Cir.2010). See also 5 U.S.C. § 706 ("[D]ue account shall be taken of the rule of prejudicial error [in review of administrative agency action]."); W. Power Sports, Inc. v. United States, ___ CIT ___, 577 F.Supp.2d 1314, 1318 (2008) ("A court will not set aside an agency action for procedural errors unless the errors `were prejudicial to the party seeking to have the action declared invalid.'" (quoting Woodrum v. Donovan, 4 CIT 46, 52, 544 F.Supp. 202, 207 (1982))); Sea-Land Serv., Inc. v. United States, 14 CIT 253, 257, 735 F.Supp. 1059, 1063 (1990) (same), aff'd, 923 F.2d 838 (Fed.Cir.1991).
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