OPINION AND ORDER

RESTANI, Judge:

This action challenges the Department of Commerce's ("Commerce") final results rendered in the third antidumping ("AD") duty review of certain wooden bedroom furniture ("WBF") from the People's Republic of China ("PRC"). See Wooden Bedroom Furniture from the People's Republic of China: Final Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review and New Shipper Reviews, 74 Fed.Reg. 41,374, 41,374 (Dep't Commerce Aug. 17, 2009) ("Final Results"); Wooden Bedroom Furniture From the People's Republic of China: Amended Final Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review and New Shipper Reviews, 74 Fed. Reg. 55,810, 55,810 (Dep't Commerce Oct. 29, 2009) ("Amended Final Results"). The plaintiffs, Lifestyle Enterprise, Inc. ("Lifestyle"), Orient International Holding Shanghai Foreign Trade Co., Ltd. ("Orient"), Guangdong Yihua Timber Industry Co., Ltd. ("Yihua Timber"), Dream Rooms Furniture (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. ("Dream Rooms"), Ron's Warehouse Furniture, Emerald Home Furnishings, LLC, and Trade Masters of Texas, Inc., submitted motions for judgment on the agency record. The intervenor defendants, American Furniture Manufacturers Committee for Legal Trade and Vaughan-Bassett Furniture Company, Inc. (collectively "AFMC") submitted a motion for summary judgment on the agency record.2 For the reasons stated below, the court holds that the plaintiffs' and intervenor defendants' motions are granted in part and denied in part. Commerce's motion for voluntary remand is granted.

BACKGROUND

In January 2005, Commerce published the AD duty order on WBF from the PRC. Notice of Amended Final Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value and Antidumping Duty Order: Wooden Bedroom Furniture From the People's Republic of China, 70 Fed.Reg. 329, 329 (Dep't Commerce Jan. 4, 2005). On January 31, 2008, AFMC requested an administrative review of 213 exporters and producers of merchandise entered into the United States between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2007, thereby triggering the third administrative review of WBF. Def.'s App. to Resp. to Mot. for J. Upon the Admin. R. ("Def.'s App.") Doc. 18. On February 27, 2008, Commerce published a notice that it would initiate an administrative review and would publish a separate initiation notice for WBF containing additional detail. Initiation of Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Administrative Reviews, 73 Fed.Reg. 10,422, 10,422 (Dep't Commerce Feb. 27, 2008) ("February Notice"). On March 7, 2008, Commerce published a notice initiating the WBF administrative review and identifying the 228 exporters and producers under review. Notice of Initiation of Administrative Review of the Antidumping Duty Order on Wooden Bedroom Furniture From the People's Republic of China, 73 Fed.Reg. 12,387, 12,387 (Dep't Commerce Mar. 7, 2008) ("March Notice").

On March 11, 2008, Commerce informed the parties of its intent to limit the number of individually reviewed respondents and identified the March Notice as the initiation notice. Def.'s App. Doc. 48, 347. Commerce accepted withdrawal from review within 90 days of publication, i.e., from March 7 until June 5, 2008. Def.'s App. Doc. 347, at 2; see 19 C.F.R. § 351.213(d)(1). Commerce selected for review the two largest exporters by volume as of June 6, 2008: Yihua Timber and Orient. Def.'s App. Doc. 347, at 7. Commerce informed Orient that its questionnaire response was deficient. Def.'s App. Doc. 366, 368. Orient requested to withdraw the confidential version of its questionnaire response but not its separate rate certification3 and informed Commerce it would significantly limit its participation in the review. Def.'s App. Doc. 374, at 1-2.

In February 2009, Commerce published its preliminary results. Wooden Bedroom Furniture From the People's Republic of China: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative and New Shipper Reviews and Partial Rescission of Review, 74 Fed.Reg. 6,372, 6,372 (Dep't Commerce Feb. 9, 2009) ("Preliminary Results"). Commerce preliminarily determined that, 1) Orient's refusal to fully participate precluded verification of Orient's separate rate status and therefore Orient would be treated as part of the PRC-wide entity, 2) Orient had failed to cooperate to the best of its abilities, and 3) a dumping margin of 216.01% would be assigned to the PRC-wide entity, including Orient. Id. at 6,380. Commerce calculated a dumping margin for Yihua Timber of 124.31%. Id. at 6,384.

Dream Rooms also filed a separate rate certification. App. to Br. of Lifestyle Enterprise, Inc., Trade Masters of Texas, Inc., Emerald Home Furnishings, LCC, and Ron's Warehouse Furnishings ("Pl.'s App.") Tab 10, at 4, 16. Commerce issued a supplemental questionnaire and confirmed through Federal Express that the package had been delivered to Dream Rooms. Def.'s App. Doc. 446, 475. Dream Rooms did not respond to the supplemental questionnaire and claimed to have never received it. Def.'s App. Doc. 549. Commerce found that Dream Rooms had failed to demonstrate eligibility for a separate rate and assigned it the PRC-wide rate. Preliminary Results, 74 Fed. Reg. at 6,378; Issues and Decision Memorandum for the Antidumping Duty Administrative Review of Wooden Bedroom Furniture from the People's Republic of China, A-570-890, POR 1/1/07 12/31/07, at 83-85 (Aug. 10, 2009) ("Issues and Decision Memorandum"), available at http:// ia.ita.doc.gov/frn/summary/prc/E9-19666-1.pdf (last visited Feb. 10, 2011).

In August 2009, Commerce published its Final Results. Final Results, 74 Fed. Reg. at 41,374. Commerce determined Orient had demonstrated both de jure and de facto independence from government control, recognizing that Commerce had failed to inform Orient that its failure to fully participate in the review would result in denial of separate rate status. Issues and Decision Memorandum at 75-88. Based upon Orient's failure to respond fully to the AD questionnaire, however, Commerce assigned the PRC-wide rate of 216.01% to Orient based on adverse facts available ("AFA"). Id. at 87; see 19 U.S.C. § 1677e. Commerce assigned Yihua Timber a rate of 29.89%. Amended Final Results, 74 Fed.Reg. at 55,810. Commerce adhered to its determination as to Dream Rooms in the Final Results. Final Results, 74 Fed.Reg. at 41,378.

In determining surrogate values,4 Commerce preliminarily relied upon financial statements from five Filipino companies: Maitland-Smith Cebu, Inc. ("Maitland-Smith"), Casa Cebuana, Inc. ("Casa Cebuana"), Las Palmas Furniture, Inc. ("Las Palmas"), Global Classic Designs, Inc. ("Global Classic"), and Diretso Design Furnitures, Inc. ("Diretso Design"). Def.'s App. Doc. 480, at 5-8. Commerce preliminarily determined not to rely on those of Arkane International Corp. ("Arkane") because the company's financial statements indicated involvement in mining. Id. at 6. Commerce also preliminarily determined not to rely on the financial statements of Insular Rattan and Native Products Corp. ("Insular Rattan"). Id. In the Final Results, Commerce relied on financial statements of four additional companies: Giardini Del Sole Manufacturing and Trading Corporation ("Giardini"), SCT Furniture Corp. ("SCT"), Las Palmas, and Arkane. Issues and Decision Memorandum at 33-55. Commerce made additional determinations as to surrogate producers' indirect materials and subcontracting expenses, surrogate producers' changes to work-in-process inventory, reliance on World Trade Atlas ("WTA") import data for wood inputs and tariff headings for medium density fiberboard to determine value, valuation of brokerage and handling, sources for data on electricity, use of regression-based wage rates, and the rejection of constructed export price offset. See generally, Issues and Decision Memorandum

JURISDICTION & STANDARD OF REVIEW

The court has jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c). The court will uphold Commerce's final determinations in AD duty reviews unless they are "unsupported by substantial evidence on the record, or otherwise not in accordance with law." 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(1)(B)(i).

DISCUSSION

I. Initiation and Selection of Respondents

Orient and Lifestyle allege that Commerce violated its own regulation when it failed to issue sufficient notice of initiation of review, resulting in the erroneous selection of Orient as a mandatory respondent. Pl.'s Mem. of P. & A. in Supp. of Rule 56.2 Mot. or J. on the Agency R.("Pl.'s Br.") at 20; Intervenor Pl.'s Mem. of Law in Supp. of Mot. for J. on the Agency R. Pursuant to Rule 56.2 ("Intervenor Pl.'s Br.") at 8. Plaintiffs request the court void the review ab initio or remand to Commerce to reconsider its selection of Orient. Pl.'s Br. at 28; Intervenor Pl.'s Br. at 17-18. This claim lacks merit.

Commerce "[w]ill publish the notice of initiation of the review no later than the last day of the month following the anniversary month," or, in this case, February 29, 2008.56 See 19 C.F.R. § 351.221(c)(1)(i) (emphasis added). To obtain relief on their claim, Plaintiffs must show that a violation took place, that the violation resulting in substantial prejudice to them, and that the remedy is rescission or a rate adjustment. See P.A.M. S.p.A. v. United States, 463 F.3d 1345, 1349 (Fed.Cir.2006).

Although Commerce appears to have violated its own regulation by failing to individually name the companies under review by the applicable deadline,7 the failure to meet a procedural requirement does not automatically void the agency's subsequent action8 See Brock v. Pierce Cnty., 476 U.S. 253, 260, 106 S.Ct. 1834, 90 L.Ed.2d 248 (1986) ("We would be most reluctant to conclude that every failure of an agency to observe a procedural requirement voids subsequent agency action."); Kemira Fibres Oy v. United States, 61 F.3d 866, 868, 871 (Fed.Cir.1995) (Commerce's failure to abide by its own regulatory deadline does not void subsequent agency action). Here, Plaintiffs have failed to demonstrate substantial prejudice resulting from failure to follow the regulation because the regulation is intended to effect notice and all interested parties received notice of the initiation date and resulting deadlines. See Transcom, Inc. v. United States, 182 F.3d 876, 880 (Fed.Cir. 1999) (finding that the purpose of the regulation is to provide parties with notice); Pl.'s App. Tab 15 (notifying Lifestyle that March 7 was the initiation date); March Notice, 73 Fed.Reg. at 12,387 91 (notifying all parties of initiation and identifying March 7 as the date from which two deadlines would be measured).

What Orient seeks here is to be free of the review based on its fourth highest sales volume at the earlier notice date. Oral Arg. Tr., 17, Nov. 16, 2010. Commerce's decision to select just two respondents, however, is not mandated. Orient could have been and probably should have been selected as an additional respondent even using sales volume at the earlier initiation date.9 Whatever "prejudice" Orient has suffered in not avoiding a legally permissible review, it is not one which the regulation was intended to guard against.

II. Separate Rate & AFA Determinations

A) Orient's Separate Rate Status

AFMC alleges Commerce properly concluded Orient did not have separate rate status in the Preliminary Results, but erred in granting Orient a separate rate status in the Final Results. Intervenor Def.'s Rule 56.2 Br. in Supp. of Mot. for J. on the Agency R. ("Intervenor Def.'s Br.") at 35. This claim lacks merit.

Commerce granted Orient its separate rate status on the basis that Commerce "did not clearly inform Orient ... of [its] obligation" to otherwise respond to the AD questionnaire. Issues and Decision Memorandum at 83. Orient had affirmatively demonstrated an absence of de jure or de facto government control.10 Def.'s App. Doc. 151. Commerce concluded in the Final Results Orient had effectively demonstrated de jure and de facto independence from the government. Issues and Decision Memorandum at 84. Whatever the merits of Commerce's reasoning, Orient did not fail to provide information in regard to its separate status. Orient's failure in other respects does not undermine this showing. See Gerber Food (Yunnan) Co. v. United States, 387 F.Supp.2d 1270, 1287-88 (CIT 2005); Shandong Huarong Gen. Grp. Corp. v. United States, 27 CIT 1568, 1594-95 (2003).

B) Orient's AFA Rate

As indicated, Orient initially participated in the review, but withdrew the confidential version of its questionnaire response relating to its cost and prices and informed Commerce it would significantly limit its participation in the review after Commerce informed Orient its questionnaire response was deficient. Def.'s App. Doc. 366, 368, 374. In the Final Results, Commerce assigned Orient a rate of 216.01% based on adverse facts available ("AFA") due to Orient's failure to respond to Commerce's questionnaire. Issues and Decision Memorandum at 85-87. Commerce calculated this rate by choosing the highest company-specific calculated rate from any segment of the proceeding: 216.01% assigned to Shenyang Kunyu Wood Industry Co., Ltd. ("Kunyu") in a prior administrative review. Issues and Decision Memorandum at 87-88; Wooden Bedroom Furniture from the People's Republic of China: Final Results of the 2004-2005 Semi-Annual New Shipper Reviews, 71 Fed.Reg. 70,739, 70,739 (Dep't Commerce Dec. 6, 2006). Commerce attempted to corroborate Kunyu's rate as to Orient with the finding "that the margin of 216.01 percent was within the range of margins calculated on the record of the instant administrative review." Issues and Decision Memorandum at 88. Commerce found that "[b]ecause the record of this administrative review contains margins within the range of 216.01 percent,... the rate from the 2004 2005 review continues to be relevant for use in this administrative review."11 Id.

Lifestyle and Orient allege that Commerce erred when it assigned Orient the PRC-wide rate of 216.01% as an AFA rate, despite Orient's separate rate status.12 Pl.'s Br. at 38-39; Intervenor Pl.'s Br. at 16. Orient and Lifestyle ask the court to assign Orient the rate granted to nonmandatory respondents or, in the alternative, remand this matter to Commerce so that Commerce may redetermine the AFA rate for Orient. Intervenor Pl.'s Br. at 18-19; Pl.'s Br. at 41.

In calculating an AFA rate, Commerce may rely on secondary information, which includes information derived from the petition, a final determination, or any previous review or determination. 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b); 19 C.F.R. § 351.308(c)(1). Where Commerce uses "secondary information rather than information obtained in the course of an investigation or review," it must corroborate that information by demonstrating that it has probative value. 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(c); KYD, Inc. v. United States, 607 F.3d 760, 765 (Fed.Cir.2010). Here, Commerce chose secondary information a rate from a prior administrative review and therefore needed to corroborate that rate. See Gallant, 602 F.3d at 1325 (recognizing the statutory requirement that secondary information, such as a petition rate, be corroborated).

Corroboration demands that Commerce use reliable facts with "some grounding in commercial reality."13 Gallant, 602 F.3d at 1323-24; see F.lli. De Cecco Di Filippo Fara S. Martino S.p.A. v. United States, 216 F.3d 1027, 1032 (Fed. Cir.2000) (AFA rates must be reasonably accurate estimates of respondents' rates with some built-in increase as a deterrent for non-compliance). Indications that a rate may not reflect commercial reality include significantly lower rates for cooperating respondents and the presence of more recent, conflicting data.14 See Gallant, 602 F.3d at 1324. As the rate becomes larger and greatly exceeds the rates of cooperating respondents, Commerce must provide a clearer explanation for its choice and ample record support for its determination. See Taifa III, 760 F.Supp.2d at 1386 n. 7.

Here, the highest separate rate assigned in the current review to a company other than Orient was 29.89%, which was the rate assigned to eighteen parties. Final Results, 74 Fed.Reg. at 41,380. Commerce also assigned a 0% rate to two companies. Id. at 41,381. Furthermore, Orient had been assessed a significantly lower rate of 7.28% from 2006 until 2008, however it was not individually examined during that period. Notice of Amended Final Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value and Antidumping Duty Order/Pursuant to Court Decision: Wooden Bedroom Furniture From the People's Republic of China, 71 Fed.Reg. 67,099, 67,099 (Dep't Commerce Nov. 20, 2006). Although Commerce did compare Kunyu's 216.01% rate with a large number (in absolute terms) of Yihua Timber's sales, Commerce's total failure to address the dramatic increase in Orient's rate from 7.28% to 216.01%, where the non-PRC-wide rates range from 0% to 30%, raises the concern that "[t]here is little likelihood that in any real world this could be an approximation of an actual rate." Taifa III, 760 F.Supp.2d at 1383. Orient is at least entitled to an explanation and supporting evidence regarding their 3000% increase in margin, which is also 700% greater than the highest separate rate assigned in the review.15 See id. at 1385-86. The dramatic increase in Orient's rate requires Commerce to present substantial evidence that the new rate reflects commercial reality. See Gallant, 602 F.3d at 1324-25. By not stating what percentage of Yihua Timber's sales were used to corroborate Orient's rate and the significance thereof nor elaborating on how the new rate was grounded in commercial reality, Commerce has provided neither substantial evidence nor reasoned explanation. Although Orient did not distinguish itself when it withdrew its own data, this is not a proceeding which is devoid of all data. Commerce has information on the record which it can use to come to a reasoned and supported conclusion. Accordingly, the court remands this matter to Commerce with instructions to either explain its determination or replace Orient's rate with a corroborated rate, reflective of commercial reality.

C) Dream Rooms's Separate Rate Status

Lifestyle alleges that Commerce erred when it assigned the PRC-wide rate to Dream Rooms. Pl.'s Br. at 41. Commerce assigned Dream Rooms the PRC-wide rate on the basis that Dream Rooms had failed to reply to the supplemental separate rate questionnaire. Issues and Decision Memorandum at 76; Def.'s App. Doc. 130, 446, 475. Lifestyle asserts Dream Rooms never received the supplemental questionnaire. Lifestyle Enter., Inc., Trade Masters of Texas, Inc., Emerald Home Furnishings, LLC and Ron's Warehouse Furniture D/B/A Vineyard Furniture Int'l, LLC Resp. to Mot. for J. on the Agency R. Pursuant to Rule 56.2(c) Filed by the Am. Furniture Manufacturers Comm. for Legal Trade and Vaughan-Bassett Furniture Co., Inc. and Br. in Support Thereof ("Pl.'s Resp. Br.") at 16-17; Def.'s App. Doc. 549. Unlike prior Commerce cases where lack of receipt was supported, here there was no demonstrated error by Commerce, external explanations, or other proof.16 See, e.g., Issues and Decision Memorandum for the Antidumping Duty Administrative Review on Certain Frozen Warmwater Shrimp from India, A-533-840, POR 8/4/04 1/31/06, at 33-35 (Sept. 5, 2007), available at http://ia.i ta.doc.gov/frn/summary/india/E7-18006-1.pdf (last visited Feb. 10, 2011) (evidence showing delivery to an unknown address); Issues and Decision Memorandum for the Final Results of the 2006 2007 Antidumping Duty Administrative Review on Silicon Metal from the People's Republic of China, A-570-806, POR 6/01/06 5/31/07, at 4 (Aug. 4, 2008), available at http://ia.ita. doc.gov/frn/summary/prc/E8-18477-1.pdf (last visited Feb. 10, 2011) (evidence showed delivery to offices which had been closed by the respondent). Respondent cannot rely on an allegation of mailing error without additional proof. See Uniroyal Marine Exps. Ltd. v. United States, 626 F.Supp.2d 1312, 1316 (CIT 2009) (Commerce rejected respondent's claim that the questionnaire was lost in the mail). Dream Rooms' sole evidence that it did not receive the supplemental questionnaire is an affidavit signed by Dream Rooms' general manager stating that Dream Rooms never received the supplemental questionnaire. See Def.'s App. Doc. 549. In contrast, Commerce presented uncontested evidence that it sent the supplemental questionnaire to Dream Rooms' mailing address and facsimile number as provided in Dream Rooms' separate rate application. Issues and Decision Memorandum at 76; Pl.'s App. Tab 13. In the face of such evidence, Dream Rooms needed to present evidence demonstrating that it in fact never received the supplemental questionnaire, such as a changed address or facsimile number, that the individual who signed for the package was never employed by the company, or that the package was improperly delivered. Commerce may decline to rely on conclusory affidavits alone as not sufficient. Here, Commerce weighed the affidavit by Dream Rooms' general manager against documents demonstrating delivery to an uncontested address and facsimile number. Commerce's determination is therefore supported by substantial evidence.

III. Normal Value

A) Wood Inputs

AFMC alleges that Commerce erred because, 1) Commerce failed to adequately explain why the limited gross weight data from the World Trade Atlas ("WTA") was more reliable in valuing wood inputs than volume data, including some estimated data, from the Philippines National Statistics Office ("NSO") data, and 2) Commerce improperly accepted and relied upon data submitted in Yihua Timber's rebuttal brief denying AFMC the opportunity to respond. Intervenor Def.'s Br. at 16-22. AFMC asks the court to remand the issue to Commerce for further deliberation on the surrogate value for wood inputs. Id. at 22. This claim has merit.17

In the Preliminary Results, Commerce determined the surrogate value for wood inputs using volume-based NSO data. Def.'s App. Doc. 480, at 4. The NSO also reports data in gross weight in kilograms and freight on board value. App. to AFMC's Rule 56.2 Br. in Supp. of Mot. for J. on the Agency R. ("Intervenor Def.'s App.") Tab 14, at Ex. 2. Yihua Timber appended to its rebuttal brief before Commerce new data supporting its contention that NSO data was anomalous. Id. at Tab 29, at Attach. 1. In the Final Results, Commerce relied upon data in Yihua Timber's rebuttal brief in rejecting NSO data. Issues and Decision Memorandum at 6, 8. Instead of using the volume NSO data, Commerce used gross weight WTA data, as reported by gross weight in kilograms, in the Final Results on the basis that "no interested party [had] claimed that the WTA import data for the Philippines is unreliable." Id.

First, Commerce failed to explain why it chose gross weight data (from the WTA) over volume data (from the NSO). Commerce must explain why volume data are not the superior approach given the patent complications with using gross weight data with wood inputs, such as differences in gross weight between high-moisture green wood imported into the Philippines and kiln-dried wood consumed by Yihua Timber and that different types of packaging of the same wood may result in distortions in the gross-weight data. Intervenor Def.'s Br. at 15, 20-21. Commerce did more than choose between data from the WTA and NSO: It changed the measurement of wood inputs from volume to gross weight without explanation. Differences between the NSO data's net and gross weights fail to explain why the NSO data's volume data is anomalous.1819 Given the essential nature of wood to wooden bed-room furniture Consol. Ct. No. 09-00378 Page 20 valuation and Commerce's continued use of NSO volume data in the subsequent administrative review, Commerce must provide substantial support for its shift in both the source of the data itself and the unit of measurement used. See Wooden Bedroom Furniture From the People's Republic of China: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review and Intent To Rescind Review in Part, 75 Fed.Reg. 5,952, 5,962 (Dep't Commerce Feb. 5, 2010). Commerce did not support its finding that numeric anomalies present in the NSO data are not present in the WTA data or why measuring the input in gross weight is superior to measuring the input by volume.20

Second, Commerce, contrary to its normal practice, permitted Yihua Timber to submit data in Yihua Timber's response brief and Commerce relied upon the data in the Final Results. See Issues and Decision Memorandum at 6; 19 C.F.R. § 351.301(b)(2) (setting the deadline for submission of factual information to 140 days after initiation of the administrative review). In such a case, parties must receive a full and fair opportunity to respond, which AFMC will have on remand. See Old Republic Ins. Co. v. United States, 645 F.Supp. 943, 956 (CIT 1986) (granting "full opportunity to respond" where a "substantive challenge to plaintiff's affidavit was not made until defendant's final brief").

B) Medium Density Fiberboard

AFMC alleges that Commerce erred because Commerce failed to, 1) use official Philippine Standard Commodity Classification ("PSCC") descriptions of tariff subheadings in lieu of those published by the WTA, and 2) distinguish between 4411.21 and 4411.29, both of which could have been used given Commerce's reasoning. Intervenor Def.'s Br. at 23-25. This claim has merit.

In the Preliminary Results, Commerce assigned a surrogate value for medium density fiberboard ("MDF") using WTA tariff heading 4411, generally. In the Final Results, Commerce assigned the surrogate value for MDF using only WTA tariff heading 4411.29 because the tariff subheading covered densities from 0.5 g/cc to 0.8 g/cc, providing a more precise value for Yihua Timber's MDF which ranged from 0.45 g/cc to 0.88 g/cc. Issues and Decision Memorandum at 11. Commerce determined that only one other subheading, 4411.39, covered part of the density range reported by Yihua Timber and, therefore, using subheadings which did not have specific densities "would detract from the accuracy of the calculation." Issues and Decision Memorandum at 11-12.

First, Commerce stated as a basis for its decision to use a single subheading rather than an aggregate of subheadings or the broader tariff heading "would detract from the accuracy of the calculation," Issues and Decision Memorandum at 12. But this does not explain why the WTA tariff headings rather than the PSCC tariff headings were the best available information. The parties do not contest that the WTA draws its information from the PSCC and, therefore, Commerce must state why it chose not to look at the more detailed subheadings available in the PSCC. Additionally, Commerce's reasoning relies on the assumption that the other tariff subheadings do not reference specific densities. See Issues and Decision Memorandum at 11-12. Although this is true with the WTA subheadings, it proves false with the PSCC subheadings. The PSCC subheadings provide densities for tariff subheadings: 4411.11 for MDF of more than 0.8 g/cc, 4411.21 for MDF from 0.5 to 0.8 g/cc, and 4411.31 for MDF from 0.35 to 0.5 g/cc. Intervenor Def.'s App. Tab 24, at Attach. 2. Because Commerce's reasoning does not hold in light of this fact, it must reconsider and redetermine as necessary.

Second, AFMC argues that when Commerce chose to use a subheading rather than a heading, Commerce failed to explain why it selected "Other" MDF under 4411.29 rather than "Not mechanically worked or surface covered" MDF under 4411.21.21 Intervenor Def.'s Br. at 24-25. Commerce's failure to offer any factual basis for its selection of "Other" over "Not mechanically worked or surface covered" also necessitates that this issue be remanded.

C) Brokerage and Handling Charges

In the Preliminary Results, Commerce valued brokerage and handling (B & H) charges at 7.86% of the value of exported merchandise based on the Philippine Tariff Commission's ("PTC") Customs Administrative Order No. 01-2001, using the average of eight shipment value brackets from zero to 200,000 pesos.22 App. to Lifestyle Enter., Inc., Trade Masters of Texas, Inc., Emerald Home Furnishings, LCC, and Ron's Warehouse Furniture, D/B/A Vineyard Furniture Int'l, LLC Resp. to the Mot. for J. on the Agency R. Pursuant to Rule 56.2(c) Filed by the Am. Furniture Manufacturers Comm. for Legal Trade and Vaughan-Bassett Furniture Co., Inc. and Br. in Supp. Thereof ("Pl.'s Resp. App.") Tab 15, at 8, Attach. 3. In the Final Results, Commerce found that it had erred in the Preliminary Results in not applying the rate for shipments over 200,000 pesos in the PTC's order. Issues and Decision Memorandum at 28. Commerce relied on Yihua Timber's high average entry value and used the PTC B & H rate for shipments valued at over 200,000 pesos, significantly lowering B & H value.23 Id.

AFMC alleges that Commerce failed to calculate a value for handling charges at all because the source of the B & H calculations, the PTC's order, reported only brokerage fees, thus accounting for the significant drop in B & H to entry value ratio.24 Intervenor Def.'s Br. at 25-27. AFMC asks the court to require Commerce to consider an alternate data source, Trading Across Borders in Philippines, which separately reports B & H charges.25 Intervenor Def.'s Br. at 26-27. The Government and Lifestyle counter that AFMC failed to exhaust its administrative remedies. Def.'s Br. at 75-76; Lifestyle Enter., Inc., Trade Masters of Texas, Inc., Emerald Home Furnishings, LLC and Ron's Warehouse Furniture D/B/A Vineyard Furniture Int'l, LLC—Reply Br. in Supp. of Mot. for J. on the Agency R. Under Rule 56.2 ("Pl.'s Reply Br.") at 34-35. Commerce did not select a new source for calculating B & H charges, but rather used additional data from the same source. Even if AFMC was surprised by the drop in the B & H value, or was just banking on Commerce failing to discover its clear error, it is asking for consideration of an entirely new document, which it did not place before the agency. As a factual matter, this record does not demonstrate that Commerce excluded handling costs or failed to use the best information it had on the record regarding B & H charges. Because AFMC does not challenge Commerce's selection of rates but rather the source itself, AFMC's failure to challenge the use of PTC's order at the administrative level as unreliable and proffer the new data at the administrative level, precludes that option now.

Yihua Timber alleges that Commerce double-counted when it calculated a surrogate value for PRC B & H where such charges were included in the ME ocean freight B & H.26 Consol. Pl.'s Mem. in Supp. of Rule 56.2 Mot. for J. on the Agency R. ("Consol. Pl.'s Br.") at 58. This claim lacks merit. Commerce determined that Yihua Timber did not "adequately demonstrate[] that its B & H was actually provided by an ME supplier." Issues and Decision Memorandum at 28. Commerce based this finding on Yihua Timber officials' comments that "foreign shipping companies can only handle ocean transportation, where other services ... have to be handled by a local agent." Id. at 28. Furthermore, Commerce found that Yihua Timber failed to partition the PRC B & H charges from the ME ocean freight charges. Id. at 28. Thus, Yihua Timber could not demonstrate what double-counting might have been occurring. Further, given the very low rate of B & H charges in the Final Results it is unlikely that significant double-counting occurred. Also, Commerce used data provided by the NME producer itself.27 Id. Thus, Commerce's choice of a source to value for B & H charges is adequately supported and has not been demonstrated to be erroneous. Commerce's decision is therefore sustained in this regard.

D) Electricity

Commerce selected a surrogate value for electricity from The Cost of Doing Business in Camarines Sur, rejecting Yihua Timber's argument that Commerce should instead use Doing Business in the Philippines. Issues and Decision Memorandum at 22-23. According to Commerce, The Cost of Doing Business in Camarines Sur provides provincial data specific to industrial users of electricity while Doing Business in the Philippines covers a broader geographical area but aggregates residential and commercial customers. Id. at 22.

Yihua Timber alleges that Commerce failed to combine the data sets and use at least some of the data from Doing Business in the Philippines, which provides disaggregated data on industrial electricity usage for one region and business electricity usage for another.28 Intervenor Pl.'s Br. at 56-57. AFMC asserts that this claim was not exhausted at the administrative level because Yihua Timber failed to raise the claim that Commerce should combine the two data sets rather than merely apply the data from Doing Business in the Philippines. Intervenor Def.'s Resp. Br. at 37. Yihua Timber counters that it did not have the opportunity to raise the issue because Commerce's reasoning that the use of industrial data took preference over broader geographical coverage was not articulated until the Final Results. Intervenor Pl.'s Response Br. at 28. Commerce is not required to consider every possible data set combination. Hebei Metals & Minerals Imp. & Exp. Corp. v. United States, 28 CIT 1185, 1190 (2004) ("Commerce need not prove that its methodology was the only way or even the best way to calculate surrogate values for factors of production as long as it was reasonable"). Thus, this choice is likely within Commerce's discretion. In any case, given that both data sets were on the record and Commerce did not change its methodology from the Preliminary Results to the Final Results, Issues and Decision Memorandum at 22, Yihua Timber could have but did not argue for combination of data at the administrative level. Thus, Yihua Timber also failed to exhaust its claim.

IV. Surrogate Financial Ratios

A) Admission of Financial Statements

Yihua Timber and AFMC allege that the reliance on financial statements of certain surrogate companies was not supported by substantial evidence. Consol. Pl.'s Br. at 15; Intervenor Def.'s Br. at 27. In general, these claims assert that, 1) Dorbest IV did not foreclose arguments based on economies of scale, see Dorbest Ltd. v. United States, 604 F.3d 1363, 1374 (Fed.Cir.2010) ("Dorbest IV"), 2) a narrative statement of unclear significance related to a non-subject mining operation can be the basis for the rejection of entire financial statements, and 3) the requirement that Commerce must identify producers of comparable merchandise ought to be strictly construed. Consol. Pl.'s Br. at 15.

i. Economies of Scale

Yihua Timber alleges that Commerce distorted the financial ratio data based on economies of scale because the companies selected, unlike the respondents, were both small in operation and customer base, had a different production process than Yihua Timber, or had financial ratio data which was aberrational or double-counted significant costs.29 Consol. Pl.'s Reply Br. in Supp. of Its Rule 56.2 Mot. for J. on the Agency R. at 2 ("Consol. Pl.'s Reply Br."); see Consol. Pl.'s Br. at 15-16.30

In Dorbest IV, the respondent challenged Commerce's use of seven companies where the larger companies had SG & A ratios of 24.38%, 13.53%, and 10.44% and the smaller companies had SG & A ratios of 31.51%, 34.39%, 47.30%, and 15.66%. Dorbest IV, 604 F.3d at 1374. Like Yihua Timber, respondent's argument was based on the concept that the size of the companies distorted the SG & A ratio. Id. The Federal Circuit found that excluding smaller companies based on distortions in economies of scale would also necessitate excluding the larger companies based on economies of scale, thereby impermissibly excluding all data from all surrogate companies. Dorbest IV therefore held that Commerce can rely on certain financial surrogate companies' financial statements even where distortions based on economies of scale exist without explaining what factor or factors beyond company size determine a company's SG & A ratio. See id. Yihua Timber unconvincingly attempts to distinguish the instant case from Dorbest IV on the basis that factual proof exists that "[t]here is an unambiguous divide between the aggregate SG & A and overhead ratios of the four smaller and four larger surrogate companies." Consol. Pl.'s Reply Br. at 5. Yihua Timber's attempt to demonstrate a distortion based on economies of scale is misplaced because an unambiguous divide between SG & A and OH ratios does not exist. For example, Global Classics, the seventh of eight companies in terms of size has the third smallest SG & A ratio. Issues and Decision Memorandum at 41. Even if this case were distinguishable from Dorbest IV, Commerce provided a reasonable explanation that economies of scale did not distort the financial ratios because Commerce found no "sufficient relationship between company size and financial ratios to warrant the exclusion of companies Yihua Timber has designated as smaller producers." Issues and Decision Memorandum at 40-41 (comparing sales value, OH ratio, and SG & A ratio in determining that no reason to exclude exists). Commerce, therefore, did not err when it rejected Yihua Timber's contention that the use of smaller companies distorted the financial ratio data.

ii. Mining Operations (Arkane)

Commerce concluded that Arkane was a producer of comparable merchandise because it did not have a significant mining operation. Issues and Decision Memorandum at 42-43; App. to Guangdong Yihua Timber Industry Co., Ltd.'s Reply Br. in Supp. of Its Rule 56.2 Mot. for J. on the Agency R. ("Consol. Pl.'s Reply App.") Tab 10, at Ex. 18. Commerce identified two conflicting statements in Arkane's financial statements, which referred to Arkane as, "a family owned corporation principally engaged in the manufacturing of Rattan and wood furniture for export," and as, "engaged in small scale mining." Issues and Decision Memorandum at 42. Commerce found the latter statement insignificant because other "record evidence provides a reasonable basis to conclude that Arkane is, in fact, engaged primarily in the production of furniture and not mining," relying on the Articles of Incorporation, secondary purposes of the corporation, and the absence of other references to mining in the financial statements. Id. at 42-43.

AFMC alleges Commerce erred when it admitted Arkane's financial statements to calculate surrogate financial ratios because Commerce incorrectly found that Arkane did not have a major mining operation. Intervenor Def.'s Br. at 27-30. In creating surrogate values, Commerce uses data from producers of "comparable merchandise," considering end uses, physical characteristics, and production processes. See Issues and Decision Memorandum for the Final Results of Administrative Review of Certain Cased Pencils from the People's Republic of China, A-570-827, ARP 12/01/1999 11/30/2000, at 14-18 (July 25, 2002), available at http:// ia.ita.doc.gov/frn/summary/prc/02-18856-1. pdf (last visited Feb. 10, 2011). Commerce, therefore, was merely obligated to show substantial evidence that Arkane was a significant producer of wooden furniture production. 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(c)(1). In determining Arkane did not engage in significant mining operations, Commerce permissibly chose between two acceptable inconsistent conclusions. See Consolo v. Fed. Maritime Comm'n, 383 U.S. 607, 620, 86 S.Ct. 1018, 16 L.Ed.2d 131 (1966); Issues and Decision Memorandum at 42.

AFMC further alleges that if Arkane did not have a mining operation, Arkane's financial statements were unreliable because of the narrative error. Intervenor Def.'s Br. at 27-30. Where Commerce does not rely upon fundamentally flawed or incomplete financial statements, minor narrative inconsistencies do not tend to render entire financial statements invalid. Compare Issues and Decision Memorandum for the Administrative Review of Chlorinated Isocyanurates from the People's Republic of China, A-570-898 ARP 06/01/2007 05/31/2008, at 11-13 (Dec. 14, 2009), available at http://ia.ita.doc.gov/frn/ summary/prc/E9-29731-1.pdf (last visited Feb. 10, 2011) (accounting irregularities sufficient to invalidate surrogate companies), with Issues and Decision Memorandum for the Antidumping Duty Investigation of Certain Frozen Fish Fillets from the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, A-552-801, at 76-78 (June 16, 2003), available at http://ia.ita.doc.gov/frn/summary/vietnam/ 03-15794-1.pdf (last visited Feb. 10, 2011) (articles questioning the clarity of price data from financial statements do not render the surrogate companies' statements invalid). Commerce proffered evidence that the error was narrative, isolated, and without ramification for the financial data, thereby demonstrating substantial support for its conclusion. See Issues and Decision Memorandum at 42.

iii. Comparable Merchandise (Diretso/Palmas/SCT)

Commerce determined that Diretso Design produced comparable wooden furniture to Yihua Timber and, therefore, Diretso Design's financial statements were sufficiently specific. Issues and Decision Memorandum at 43. In doing so, it relied on website printouts of www.diretso.com to determine that the products were comparable. Id. Yihua Timber alleges that Commerce confused two distinct companies, Diretso Design and Diretso Trading, and thereby subjected Yihua Timber to an aberrationally high SG & A rate of 70.37%. Consol. Pl.'s Br. at 22. Yihua Timber bases its claim on website printouts that describe "Diretso Trading" then show images of www.diretso.com, a website which does not identify itself as belonging to either Diretso Trading or Diretso Design. Id. at 23; Def.'s App. Doc. 431, at Attach. 6. Yihua Timber's contention before Commerce was that the evidence, "is not a description of Diretso Design, but rather, of Diretso Trading (perhaps a Sister Company)." See Def.'s App. Doc. 559, at 34. Commerce did not respond to this comment in the Final Results and therefore does not provide substantial evidence to support its use of Diretso Design. See Issues and Decision Memorandum at 43.31

In the alternative, Yihua Timber alleges that the evidence on the record does not support the conclusion that the Diretso identified by Commerce produces comparable wooden furniture. Consol. Pl.'s Br. at 24. Commerce relied on the website printouts as evidence that Diretso Design produces comparable merchandise, demonstrating that Diretso Design produced sofas, chairs, tables, and accessories.32 Issues and Decision Memorandum at 43. Yihua Timber produces substantially comparable merchandise: wooden chairs, tables, bookcases, and bedroom furniture. The websites used by Commerce constitute substantial evidence that the company described therein produces comparable merchandise to respondent. The matter is remanded so that Commerce may determine if the financial statements match the correct company.

Yihua Timber alleges Commerce improperly selected Las Palmas because Commerce failed to provide substantial evidence explaining Las Palmas's extensive sales operation as well as its retail aspect. Consol. Pl.'s Br. at 25-26. Commerce concurs that Las Palmas sells furniture at both retail and wholesale and has a large sales operation, but contends that the sales operations and retail presence need not be explained because surrogate data on companies need only reflect the general merchandise and production experience of the respondent companies. Issues and Decision Memorandum at 43-44. Commerce cannot base its analysis on mere speculation, but may draw reasonable inferences from the record. Hebei Metals, 28 CIT at 1203. Commerce examined the financial statements, concluding sufficient data existed for Commerce to calculate surrogate overhead, SG & A and profit ratios, especially in light of the fact that Yihua Timber itself produces more than WBF. Issues and Decision Memorandum at 44. Commerce cites to printouts of Las Palmas's website showing wooden furniture and stating that Las Palmas produces wooden furniture as well as quotes notes to Las Palmas's financial statements, stating that Las Palmas's "primary purpose is to engage in the business of manufacturing goods such as furniture." Id. at 44; App. to AFMC's Response in Opp. to Resp'ts. Rule 56.2 Mots. for J. on the Agency R. ("Intervenor Def.'s Resp.App.") Tab 13, at Ex. 6. Commerce, therefore, provided sufficient evidence that Las Palmas produced comparable merchandise.

Yihua Timber alleges that SCT, like Diretso Design and Las Palmas, is not operationally similar to Yihua Timber and does not produce comparable merchandise because SCT, 1) does not produce a significant amount of wooden furniture, 2) sells to retail businesses as opposed to contract orders at the wholesale level therefore having a different marketing and advertising operation, and 3) produces dining room and living room furnishings. Consol. Pl.'s Br. at 28. First, Commerce correctly relied on evidence in the record that SCT produces wooden furniture.33 Issues and Decision Memorandum at 45; Consol. Pl.'s Reply App. Tab 9, at Attach. 6. Second, with regard to Yihua Timber's claim that SCT supplies retail businesses, it is unclear what Yihua Timber seeks to achieve by distinguishing between a company that sells to retail and one which sells to wholesale. Indeed, here this appears to be a distinction without difference. Even if the distinction is meaningful, Commerce cross-references its earlier arguments, stating that it disagrees with Yihua Timber's arguments, "for the same reasons as discussed above with respect to Diretso Design and Las Palmas." Issues and Decision Memorandum at 45. In the discussion of Las Palmas, Commerce asserted that Yihua Timber had failed to provide evidence that Yihua Timber itself sells or does not sell to retail businesses and that expenses derived from selling retail also apply to sales at the wholesale level. Id. at 43; Consol. Pl.'s Reply App. Tab 9, at Attach. 6. Absent evidence distinguishing either SCT or Las Palmas from Yihua Timber, Commerce reasonably relied on the evidence in the record to conclude that the companies sold comparable merchandise with similar marketing expenses. See Consol. Pl.'s Reply App. Tab 9, at Attach. 6. Third, Yihua Timber's argument that SCT produces non-WBF is irrelevant as Yihua Timber also produces non-WBF. Furthermore, the comparable merchandise in question is not WBF, but wooden furniture generally. See Oral Arg. Tr., 27, Nov. 16, 2010. Therefore Commerce's determination that SCT's financial statements were reliable as SCT produced comparable merchandise through similar operations was supported.

Yihua Timber alleges that Commerce's reliance on Global Classic's financial statements was impermissible because Global Classic does not have a comparable production process. Consol. Pl.'s Br. at 30-31. Yihua Timber asks the court to reject Commerce's use of Global Classic's financial statements. Commerce included Global Classic's contracting expenses as factory overhead cost, leading to a 74.77% overhead ratio, more than twice the other surrogate companies. See Issues and Decision Memorandum at 40-41. Global Classic's contracting expenses are 53% of its materials, labor, and energy ("MLE"). Consol. Pl.'s Br. at 31. Global Classic's data does not indicate if labor is contracted out. In contrast, Yihua Timber does not use contractors at all in its production process. Consol. Pl.'s App. Tab 3, at 10. Although, as the Government claims, Commerce need not "duplicate the exact production experience," in determining the production experience of the NME respondent, Nation Ford Chem. Co. v. United States, 166 F.3d 1373, 1377 (Fed.Cir.1999), Commerce must select surrogate companies that engage in a comparable production process. See Shanghai Foreign Trade Enters. Co. v. United States, 318 F.Supp.2d 1339, 1348 (CIT 2004). As indicated, the record does not indicate whether Global Classic's contracts are for materials and energy or for labor if the contracts were for the latter Global Classic would have a fundamentally different production process. Commerce need not exclude every company with an outlying factory overhead ratio or SG & A ratio, however, significant statistical outliers require that Commerce provide an explanation as to how the company maintains a comparable production process. In this case the contrasting experiences cast considerable doubt on the comparability of the production processes. The inflated SG & A ratio requires an explanation that Commerce failed to provide. Commerce must explain or exclude Global Classic from the calculation.

B) Rejection of Financial Statements

In the Final Results, Commerce rejected data from Insular Rattan on the basis that such data were incomplete according to the Philippines' Statement of Financial Accounting Standards ("SFAS") because the record contained a tax return but not the notes or accounting policies. Issues and Decision Memorandum at 35.

Yihua Timber alleges that data on the record were complete and reliable because Commerce misread the record to include a requirement that the record contain not only tax returns but also notes and accounting policies. See Consol. Pl.'s Br. at 33. Yihua Timber's argues that Commerce had the same evidence before it in the second administrative review and decided to rely on Insular Rattan's financial statements. See id. at 32-33. In this case, as opposed to the second administrative review, new facts were placed on the record regarding the Philippine requirement for notes to financial statements. Issues and Decision Memorandum at 35. The SFAS policies placed on the record in this review support Commerce's assertion that the SFAS considers notes and accounting policies an integral part of complete financial records. Intervenor Def.'s Resp.App. Tab 12. Commerce was apparently unaware of this policy during the second administrative review and therefore relied upon Insular Rattan's documents. The new requirements placed on the record in this review constitute new factual information, thus invalidating Yihua Timber's reliance on the second administrative review. See Consol. Pl.'s Br. at 33; Hussey Copper, Ltd. v. United States, 834 F.Supp. 413, 418-19 (CIT 1993) (Commerce may diverge from its methodology or prior determinations so long as it provides reasoned explanations demonstrating it is not acting arbitrarily). Commerce may reject financial statements where they are not complete, for example, lacking in auditors' notes. Shanghai Eswell Enter. Co. v. United States, Slip Op. 07-138, 2007 WL 2932873, at *4 (CIT 2007). Commerce's decision to reject the data from Insular Ratan is supported.

C) Ratio Calculations

i. Factory Overhead

Yihua Timber alleges that Commerce double-counted by including surrogate companies' indirect materials and indirect labor in factory overhead while requiring Yihua Timber to report indirect materials and indirect labor as MLE. Consol. Pl.'s Br. at 34-35. Yihua Timber asks the court to remand so that Commerce can disqualify higher ratio companies as dissimilar producers of comparable merchandise or realign the factory overhead and MLE of surrogate companies with Yihua Timber's. Consol. Pl.'s Br. at 41. This claim lacks merit.

Commerce found that Yihua Timber had failed to provide a line-item analysis of its indirect materials. Issues and Decision Memorandum at 53. Additionally, Commerce determined that, "each of the surrogate companies has a distinct line-item for labor, as well as energy and materials," and therefore found "no evidence that direct material, labor, or energy costs are included in the subcontracting expenses line-items." Id. at 56. Once Commerce selects surrogate companies, Commerce has some discretion in valuing NME overhead, "[a]s factory overhead is composed of many different elements, the cost for individual items may depend largely on the accounting method used by the particular factory." Magnesium Corp. of Am., 166 F.3d at 1372; see GPX III, 715 F.Supp.2d at 1353. The court has previously affirmed the methodology used in the instant case. See Shanghai Foreign Trade, 318 F.Supp.2d at 1341; Hebei Metals & Minerals Imp. & Exp., 366 F.Supp.2d 1264, 1277 n. 7 (CIT 2005). Commerce has no requirement "to do an item-by-item analysis in calculating factory overhead." Magnesium Corp. of Am., 166 F.3d at 1372.34 Where the record contains an itemized financial statements for both the surrogate and the respondent, Commerce will likely be required to make a more detailed analysis. Yihua Timber has failed to prove the availability of such evidence.

ii. Work-in-Process

Yihua Timber alleges Commerce erred when it treated "period changes in the value of work-in-process and/or finished goods inventory in addition to, or subtracted from, the surrogate producer's cost of materials," because accounting in the Philippines, "assigns the costs of both MLE and factory overhead costs to work-in-process and finished inventory." Consol. Pl.'s Br. at 46-47. Yihua Timber proposes that "factory overhead ratios should have been calculated by reference to the ratio of the value and factory overhead component of total manufacturing costs (adjusted for any excluded items) as a percentage of MLE component of total manufacturing costs (also adjusted for any excluded items)." Id. at 47. The court has upheld Commerce's practice of treating work-in-process changes as direct materials costs unless the financial statements indicate that other expenses are included in the work-in-process changes. See GPX III, 715 F.Supp.2d at 1352; Issues and Decision Memorandum at 48; Antidumping Duty Administrative for the Final Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative and New Shipper Reviews of Wooden Bedroom Furniture from the People's Republic of China, A-570-896, POR 04/1/06 3/31/07, at 47-48 (Aug. 10, 2008), available at http://ia.ita.doc.gov/frn/summary/PRC/E8-19303-1.pdf (last visited Feb. 10, 2011). Such a determination is reasonable because it reflects actual materials used in production. See, e.g., Final Results and Partial Termination of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review of Tapered Roller Bearings and Parts Thereof, Finished and Unfinished from the People's Republic of China, 62 Fed.Reg. 6,173, 6,182 (Dep't Commerce Feb. 11, 1997).35

Yihua Timber further alleges that Commerce erred in not deducting Maitland-Smith's exchange rate gain from SG & A expenses, thus overstating Maitland-Smith's financial ratios. Consol. Pl.'s Br. at 47-48. Yihua Timber provides no citation indeed because no citation exists in this record that this is common practice, as it alleges. Furthermore, Yihua Timber raised this issue for the first time on rebuttal, thus likely failing to exhaust administrative remedies. See Dorbest IV, 604 F.3d at 1375-76.

D) Constructed Export Price Offset

Yihua Timber alleges that Commerce failed to reduce normal value whenever normal value "constitutes a more advanced stage of distribution than the level of trade of the constructed export price," 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(a)(7)(B), because Yihua Timber's constructed export price, i.e. the U.S. price, is at a level of trade involving no significant selling expenses whereas several of the surrogate companies used for determining normal value are smaller design shops selling at retail. Consol. Pl.'s Br. at 48; see also 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(a)(7)(B). Commerce has discretion not to apply a constructed export price offset where it cannot accurately determine the specific indirect selling expenses incurred on sales reflected in the surrogate financial statements because "the plain language of the statute" permits Commerce "the discretion to determine what other expenses will be included in its calculation of NV in an NME." GPX III, 715 F.Supp.2d at 1348-49; see GPX Int'l Tire Corp. v. United States, 645 F.Supp.2d 1231, 1246 n. 14 (CIT 2009) (Because of the lack of detailed surrogate information, Commerce need not make "fine-tuned adjustments" to NV such as constructed export price offsets). Here, Commerce found that Yihua Timber failed to submit adequate evidence concerning its selling functions and the selling functions of the surrogate companies. Issues and Decision Memorandum at 58-59. To date, Yihua Timber has failed to submit data concerning its own selling functions. Def.'s Br. at 80. Commerce, therefore, did not err in determining that it need not apply a constructed export price offset in calculating normal value.36

V. Surrogate Labor Value

Commerce requests a voluntary remand to redetermine the surrogate value for Yihua Timber's labor costs in light of Dorbest IV.37 Def.'s Br. at 77. The Federal Circuit has concluded that Commerce's wage rate regression methodology is inconsistent with 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(c)(4); Dorbest IV, 604 F.3d at 1372-73. In the Final Results, Commerce relied on the now invalidated methodology. Issues and Decision Memorandum at 17-21. Thus, Commerce erred in its use of the methodology and the issue will be remanded to Commerce. See SKF USA Inc. v. United States, 254 F.3d 1022, 1029 (Fed.Cir.2001) (permitting the reviewing court to grant a voluntary remand in its discretion so long as it is not frivolous or in bad faith).

VI. Negative Net U.S. Price

AFMC alleges that in the Final Results Commerce erroneously compared normal value to U.S. sales price without properly accounting for statutory deductions where the deductions resulted in a negative value for U.S. price.38 Intervenor Def.'s Br. at 31-32; Intervenor Def.'s App. Tab 33, at 8. Commerce does not admit error but asks for a remand because the parties did not have an opportunity to comment. As this matter is remanded for many other matters and the parties and Commerce were not in a position to address this issue it is appropriate to grant Commerce's request for a voluntary remand so that it may correct its error if there is one or explain its methodology.39

VII. Combination Rates40

AFMC alleges Commerce erred when it declined to impose combination rates on exporters and their producers and suppliers. Intervenor Def.'s Br. at 44. AFMC bases its allegation on an article from Furniture Today which it placed in the record.41 Intervenor Def.'s Br. at 53. Commerce declined to investigate or impose combination rates on the basis that, unlike prior determinations where Commerce had imposed combination rates, "there is no record evidence concerning specific producers who are shifting their exports from high-margin to low-margin exporters, or that specific producers are otherwise manipulating or evading the AD rates." Issues and Decision Memorandum at 71; see Issues and Decision Memorandum for the Final Results of the Administrative Review of the Antidumping Duty Order on Certain In-Shell Raw Pistachios from Iran, A-507-502, POR 07/01/02 06/30/03, at 17 (Feb. 7, 2005), available at http://ia.ita. doc.gov/frn/summary/iran/E5-596-1.pdf (last visited Feb. 10, 2011). Commerce disregarded the article, the only evidence on record, as "too vague to compel the Department to query the entire group of separate rate respondents," because the article cited unnamed officials and that the article itself was insufficient evidence. Issues and Decision Memorandum at 71. AFMC's claim lacks merit.

Commerce has a duty to prevent circumvention of AD law and may do so by imposing combination rates.42 See Shandong Huarong Gen. Grp., 27 CIT at 1580; 19 C.F.R. § 351.107(b)(1); Tung Mung v. United States, 354 F.3d 1371, 1381 (Fed.Cir.2004) (Commerce has the discretion to apply combination rates); Tianjin Magnesium Int'l Co. v. United States, 722 F.Supp.2d 1322, 1340-41 (CIT 2010) (Commerce generally refrains from issuing combination rates and combination rates "remain[] solely in the discretion of Commerce"); U.S. Magnesium LLC v. United States, Slip Op. 07-99, 2007 WL 1875662, *4 (CIT 2007) ("Commerce has broad discretion ... [and is not required to] use combination cash deposit rates in administrative reviews"). Here, the record does not show that Commerce was presented with such a clear case of circumvention or some other circumstance that would mandate the use of combination rates. Commerce evaluated AFMC's claims and found that the evidence on the record as a whole did not substantiate the claims. Issues and Decision Memorandum at 71. Commerce, therefore, did not abuse its discretion in failing to utilize combination rates.

CONCLUSION

For all the foregoing reasons, the court remands the matter for Commerce to explain or otherwise resolve Orient's separate rate, the data set for wood inputs, the tariff heading for medium density fiberboard, whether Diretso and Global Classic produce comparable merchandise through a comparable production process, surrogate labor value, and negative export pricing. The plaintiffs', consolidated plaintiffs', intervenor plaintiff's, and intervenor defendant's motions for judgment on the agency record are otherwise denied.

Commerce shall file its remand determination with the court within 90 days of this date. The parties have 30 days thereafter to file objections, and the Government will have 15 days thereafter to file its response.