STANCEU, Chief Judge:
Plaintiffs (collectively, "NTN")
Plaintiffs assert claims stemming from the antidumping duty order on subject merchandise from Japan. In Count I, they challenge the Department's use of "zeroing" methodology in the twentieth administrative reviews, according to which Commerce assigned to U.S. sales made above normal value a dumping margin of zero, instead of a negative margin, when calculating weighted-average dumping margins. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 19-26. In Count II, they challenge the Department's practice of issuing liquidation instructions to U.S. Customs and Border Protection ("Customs" or "CBP") fifteen days after publication of the final results of an administrative review (the "fifteen-day rule"). Am. Compl. ¶¶ 27-32. Count III alleges that Commerce made clerical and other methodological errors when calculating NTN's credit expenses by failing to use updated data from NTN's supplemental questionnaire. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 33-35. Plaintiff-intervenor JTEKT Corp., a Japanese producer and exporter of ball bearings, and its affiliated importer, Koyo Corp. of U.S.A., (collectively, "JTEKT") join in the "zeroing" claim alleged in Count I of the complaint. Mot. of Pl.-Intervenors JTEKT Corp. & Koyo Corp. of U.S.A. for J. on the Agency R. 1 (Dec. 16, 2011), ECF No. 70 ("JTEKT's Mot.").
Before the court are NTN's and JTEKT's motions for judgment on the agency record. Pls.' Mot. for J. on the Agency R. (Dec. 16, 2011), ECF No. 69 ("NTN's Mot."); JTEKT's Mot. Also before the court is a request by defendant United States for a partial remand of this case to allow Commerce to correct errors relating to NTN's credit expenses, which are the subject of Count III of the complaint. Def.'s Opp'n to Pls.' & Pl.-Intervenors' Mots. for J. Upon the Agency R. 30 (Mar. 16, 2012), ECF No. 76 ("Def.'s Opp'n"). As discussed herein, the court affirms the Department's use of zeroing, grants defendant's request for a voluntary remand, and concludes that the fifteen-day rule is unlawful as applied to NTN in this case.
The court's prior opinions provide background, which is supplemented herein. See NTN Corp. v. United States, 34 CIT ___, 744 F.Supp.2d 1370 (2010) ("NTN I") (denying JTEKT's motion for a preliminary injunction); NTN Corp. v. United States, 35 CIT ___, Slip Op. 11-129, 2011 WL 4910427 (Oct. 17, 2011) ("NTN II") (granting plaintiffs' motion for leave to amend the complaint); NTN Corp. v. United States, 36 CIT ___, Slip Op. 12-75, 2012 WL 1999645 (June 4, 2012) ("NTN III") (staying case).
Commerce first published the antidumping duty order on ball bearings and parts thereof from Japan (the "Order") in 1989. Antidumping Duty Orders: Ball Bearings, Cylindrical Roller Bearings, and Spherical Plain Bearings, and Parts Thereof From Japan, 54 Fed.Reg. 20,904 (Int'l Trade Admin. May 15, 1989). On June 24, 2009, Commerce initiated the twentieth periodic administrative reviews of the orders on subject merchandise from various countries, which included a review of the Order on subject merchandise from Japan that is at issue in this case. Initiation of Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Administrative Reviews and Requests
On September 1, 2010, Commerce published the Final Results, assigning a 13.46% dumping margin to NTN Corp., an 8.48% margin to NSK Ltd., and a simple average of those two margins, 10.97%, to companies not selected for individual examination, including JTEKT Corp. Final Results, 75 Fed.Reg. at 53,662; see also Issues & Decision Mem. for the Antidumping Duty Admin. Reviews of Ball Bearings & Parts Thereof from France, Germany, Italy, Japan, & the United Kingdom for the Period of Review May 1, 2008, through April 30, 2009, A-100-001, ARP 04-09 (Aug. 26, 2010) (Various Countries Public Admin.R.Doc. No. 31), available at http://enforcement.trade.gov/frn/summary/MULTIPLE/2010-21839-1.pdf (last visited Jan. 28, 2015) ("Decision Mem."). In the Final Results, Commerce also stated its intention to issue implementing liquidation instructions to Customs fifteen days after the publication date of the Final Results. Final Results, 75 Fed.Reg. at 53,663.
NTN commenced this action by filing a summons and a complaint on September 16, 2010. Summons, ECF No. 1; Compl., ECF No. 2 (first complaint). On October 5, 2010, the court granted a consent motion by The Timken Company ("Timken") to intervene as a defendant in this case. Order, ECF No. 24. On October 12, 2010, the court granted a consent motion by JTEKT Corp. and Koyo Corp. of U.S.A. to intervene as plaintiffs. Order, ECF No. 34.
On November 22, 2010, defendant moved to dismiss Counts I and III of the complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted and Count II of the complaint on the ground that NTN lacked standing to challenge the Department's fifteen-day liquidation rule. Def.'s Mot. to Dismiss 1, 3-10, ECF No. 39. On October 17, 2011, the court granted NTN's motion to amend its complaint and denied as moot defendant's motion to dismiss. NTN II, 35 CIT at ___, Slip Op. 11-129 at 4. See Mot. for Leave to File an Am. Compl. (Feb. 1, 2011), ECF No. 54. The court deemed as filed an amended complaint that NTN had filed along with its motion to amend its complaint. NTN 35 CIT at ___, Slip Op. 11-129 at 4. See also Am. Compl. Defendant and defendant-intervenor filed answers to the amended complaint. Def.'s Answer (Oct. 28, 2011), ECF No. 67; Answer to Am. Compl. (Nov. 7, 2011), ECF No. 68.
On December 16, 2011, NTN and JTEKT submitted their motions for judgment on the agency record. NTN's Mot. 1; Pl.'s Br. in Supp. of its Mot. for J. on the Agency R., ECF No. 69-1 ("NTN's Br."); JTEKT's Mot. 1; Mem. of P. & A. in Supp. of Mot. of Pl.-Intervenors JTEKT Corp. & Koyo Corp. of U.S.A. for J. on the Agency R., ECF No. 70 ("JTEKT's Br.").
On June 4, 2012, the court stayed this action pending final resolution of all appellate proceedings in Union Steel v. United States, CAFC Court No. 2012-1248, which involved a claim similar to the claim challenging zeroing that is presented in this action. NTN III, 36 CIT at ___, Slip Op. 12-75 at 3-4. On April 16, 2013, the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ("Court of Appeals") issued a decision in Union Steel v. United States, 713 F.3d 1101, 1103 (Fed.Cir.2013) ("Union Steel II"), in which it affirmed the use of zeroing in an antidumping administrative review. After the stay was lifted, the court issued, on June 5, 2014, an opinion denying as moot a motion by plaintiffs and plaintiff-intervenors requesting an extension of the stay pending the resolution of all appeals in NSK Corp. v. U.S. Int'l Trade Comm'n, 716 F.3d 1352 (Fed.Cir.2013), a case concerning the sunset reviews of the underlying antidumping duty orders. See Order, ECF No. 95; Notice of Supplemental Authority (June 4, 2014), ECF No. 94. On August 4, 2014, NTN filed a reply to defendant's and defendant-intervenor's briefs in opposition to the motions for judgment on the agency record. See Pls.' Reply Br., ECF No. 96.
The court has subject matter jurisdiction under section 201 of the Customs Courts Act of 1980, 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c), to adjudicate Counts I and III of the complaint.
The court has subject matter jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1581(i) to adjudicate plaintiffs' claim in Count II.
In an administrative review of an antidumping duty order, Commerce determines both the normal value and the export price ("EP"), or, if the EP cannot be determined, the constructed export price ("CEP"), for the subject merchandise under review. Tariff Act § 751, 19 U.S.C. § 1675(a)(2)(A)(i). Commerce then determines a dumping margin by calculating the amount by which the normal value exceeds the EP or CEP. Id. §§ 1675(a)(2)(A)(ii), 1677(35)(A). When Commerce determines a dumping margin using zeroing, as it did in the twentieth administrative reviews, it assigns a value of zero, not a negative margin, where the normal value is less than the EP or CEP. Union Steel II, 713 F.3d at 1104. Commerce then aggregates these margins to calculate a weighted-average dumping margin. 19 U.S.C. § 1677(35)(B).
Joined by JTEKT, NTN claims that the Department's use of the zeroing methodology in the twentieth administrative review of the order on Japan was contrary to law. NTN's Br. 7-18; JTEKT's Br. 6-9. Based on binding precedent, the court rejects this claim.
The decision of the Court of Appeals in Union Steel II affirmed the Department's use of zeroing in circumstances the court considers analogous to those presented by this case. See Union Steel II, 713 F.3d at 1103. Union Steel II held permissible the Department's construction of the antidumping duty statute that authorized the use of zeroing in administrative reviews of an antidumping duty order despite the Department's discontinuation of the practice in antidumping investigations. Id. In the litigation that culminated in Union Steel II, the Court of International Trade ("CIT"), in light of two intervening decisions by the Court of Appeals that had called into question the Department's statutory construction, reviewed the explanation for the Department's statutory construction provided in a voluntary remand redetermination. Union Steel v. United States, 36 CIT ___, 823 F.Supp.2d 1346, 1348, 1357-60 (2012) ("Union Steel I"), aff'd, 713 F.3d 1101 (Fed.Cir.2013); see Results of Redetermination Pursuant to Remand 7-14 (Oct. 14, 2011), ECF No. 49 (Consol. Ct. No. 11-83); Dongbu Steel Co. v. United States, 635 F.3d 1363 (Fed. Cir.2011); JTEKT Corp. v. United States, 642 F.3d 1378 (Fed.Cir.2011). The CIT held the explanation sufficient to support the Department's statutory construction, Union Steel I, 36 CIT at ___, 823 F.Supp.2d at 1348, and the Court of Appeals affirmed, Union Steel II, 713 F.3d at 1105-10.
In the Decision Memorandum accompanying the Final Results, Commerce provided an explanation for its decision to use its zeroing methodology in the twentieth review. Decision Mem. 31-36. This explanation is not the same as that held sufficient in Union Steel I and affirmed in Union Steel II. Nevertheless, the court affirms the Department's use of zeroing in this case. Union Steel II settled definitively the question of whether it is statutorily permissible for Commerce to apply the
In the Final Results, Commerce determined prices of NTN's sales of subject merchandise in the United States using a constructed export price ("CEP"). The starting price for determining CEP is "the price at which the subject merchandise is first sold (or agreed to be sold) in the United States before or after the date of importation by or for the account of the producer or exporter of such merchandise or by a seller affiliated with the producer or exporter, to a purchaser not affiliated with the producer or exporter ...." 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(b). The statute directs Commerce to make certain adjustments to the starting price used to determine CEP, id. § 1677a(c), (d), including adjustments for "expenses that result from, and bear a direct relationship to, the sale, such as credit expenses, guarantees and warranties," id. § 1677a(d)(1)(B) (emphasis added).
NTN alleges that Commerce did not make necessary corrections after NTN submitted a recalculation of its credit expenses. NTN's Br. 3. During the review, Commerce requested that NTN update the dates of payments for sales for which NTN received payment during the time between the submission of the original questionnaire response and the filing of the supplemental questionnaire response, and to recalculate NTN's credit expenses based on this updated information (the credit "variable"). Request for Info. to NTN: Supplemental Questionnaire Sections A-D at 7 (Nov. 12, 2009) (Japan Public Admin.R.Doc. No. 93). In response, NTN submitted a new database including the new payment dates (provided in a column designated "PAYDATU") and revised credit expenses (provided in a column designated "CREDITU-1"). NTN's Br. 24; see NTN's Supplemental Questionnaire Resp. at 14 & Attach. C-2 (Dec. 11, 2009) (Japan Public Admin.R.Doc. No. 103). NTN claims that "Commerce inadvertently used the `CREDITU' variable" included in the original questionnaire response rather than the revised CREDITU-1 variable NTN provided in its supplemental questionnaire response. NTN's Br. 24. NTN alleges that "[t]his error resulted in an inaccurate calculation, which failed to include revised dates of payments for sales transactions for which NTN received payment between the original questionnaire response and the supplemental questionnaire response." Id. at 3.
Acknowledging the Department's inadvertent use of the "CREDITU" variable, defendant submits that "a remand is appropriate for Commerce to correct this inadvertent error." Def.'s Opp'n 30. Granting defendant's request for a voluntary remand is appropriate in this situation because the Department's concern over the need to ensure a correct calculation of the credit expenses is substantial and legitimate. See SKF USA Inc. v. United States, 254 F.3d 1022, 1028-29 (Fed.Cir. 2001).
Timken presented an argument opposing NTN's credit expense allegation, arguing that Commerce had not in fact made an inadvertent error. Timken's Opp'n 20-22. In light of defendant's admission that the use of the "CREDITU" variable was inadvertent, the court does not find merit in Timken's argument.
In the Final Results, Commerce stated its intention to "issue liquidation instructions to CBP 15 days after publication of these final results of reviews." Final Results,
NTN cites various decisions by this Court that "consistently held that the 15-day policy is unlawful because it burdens affected parties and has not been justified by the administrative record ...." NTN's Br. 21 (citing SKF USA Inc. v. United States, 33 CIT 1602, 1618, 659 F.Supp.2d 1338, 1351 (2009) ("SKF III")); SKF USA Inc. v. United States, 33 CIT 1866, 1890, 675 F.Supp.2d 1264, 1285 (2009) ("SKF IV"). The decisions NTN cites involved claims challenging the fifteen-day rule asserted by a group of related parties, SKF USA Inc., SKF France S.A., SKF Aerospace France S.A.S., SKF GmbH, and SKF Industrie S.p.A. (collectively, "SKF"). Like NTN, SKF challenged the application of the fifteen-day rule to implement the results of the twentieth administrative reviews of the antidumping duty orders on ball bearings and parts thereof. See SKF USA Inc. v. United States, 37 CIT ___, ___, Slip Op. 13-131 at 5-9, 2013 WL 5779650 (Oct. 25, 2013) ("SKF VI"). SKF brought a similar challenge to the application of the fifteen-day rule as applied in the nineteenth administrative reviews. See SKF USA Inc. v. United States, 35 CIT ___, ___, 800 F.Supp.2d 1316, 1326-28 (2011) ("SKF V"). On SKF's claims in both the nineteenth and the twentieth administrative reviews, this Court granted SKF a declaratory judgment that the fifteen-day rule, as applied, was unlawful. SKF V, 35 CIT at ___, 800 F.Supp.2d at 1328; SKF VI, 37 CIT at ___, Slip Op. 13-131 at 9. NTN argues that "NTN's current position is analogous to SKF's in those decisions." NTN's Br. 21.
According to the doctrine of collateral estoppel, "once a court has decided an issue of fact or law necessary to its judgment, that decision may preclude relitigation of the issue in a suit on a different cause of action involving a party to the first case." Allen v. McCurry, 449 U.S. 90, 94, 101 S.Ct. 411, 66 L.Ed.2d 308 (1980) (citation omitted). The United States Supreme Court "has allowed a litigant who was not a party to a federal case to use collateral estoppel `offensively' in a new federal suit against the party who lost on the decided issue in the first case...." Id., 449 U.S. at 95, 101 S.Ct. 411 (citing Parklane Hosiery Co. v. Shore, 439 U.S. 322, 99 S.Ct. 645, 58 L.Ed.2d 552 (1979)), so long as the losing party had the "`full and fair opportunity'" to litigate that issue in the earlier case," id. (citing Montana v. United States, 440 U.S. 147, 153, 99 S.Ct. 970, 59 L.Ed.2d 210 (1979); Blonder-Tongue Labs., Inc. v. Univ. of Illinois Found., 402 U.S. 313, 328-29, 91 S.Ct. 1434, 28 L.Ed.2d 788 (1971)) (footnote omitted). Although stating that this Court has held the application of the fifteen-day rule unlawful in numerous cases, NTN's Br. 21, NTN does not raise the doctrine of collateral estoppel. Still, the Supreme Court has indicated that a court may raise an issue of collateral estoppel sua sponte where the matter has not been raised by a party but where judicial resources have been used in resolving the relevant question. Arizona v. California, 530 U.S. 392, 412-13, 120 S.Ct. 2304, 147 L.Ed.2d 374, supplemented, 531 U.S. 1, 121 S.Ct. 292, 148 L.Ed.2d 1 (2000). The court concludes that the precise issue concerning the fifteen-day rule that is raised in this case was decided against the government in a previous case, that the government had a full and fair opportunity to litigate that issue, and that
This Court held unlawful the Department's application of the fifteen-day rule to SKF to implement the results of the twentieth administrative reviews. SKF VI, 37 CIT at ___, Slip Op. 13-131 at 9. SKF VI determined that SKF was entitled, on the basis of collateral estoppel stemming from this Court's decision in SKF V, to a declaratory judgment that the application of the fifteen-day rule in the twentieth administrative reviews was unlawful. SKF VI, 37 CIT at ___, Slip Op. 13-131 at 5-9. In SKF VI, this Court noted that SKF V, on the merits of SKF's claim, "held that Commerce failed to provide adequate reasoning for its decision to apply its fifteen-day policy to SKF ...." SKF VI, 37 CIT at ___, Slip Op. 13-131 at 6. This Court discussed the Department's reasoning for applying the fifteen-day rule to implement the results of the nineteenth reviews, as follows:
Commerce offers nothing beyond an unsupported conclusion that the 15-day rule is reasonable and a recitation of language from a prior decision of this court. Missing is any reasoned discussion of the Department's weighing of the competing factors that must inform a decision to allow only fifteen days for the filing of the summons, complaint, motion for injunction, and, should consent to an injunction not be forthcoming, an application for a temporary restraining order. While pointing to the six-month deemed liquidation period as the reason for the 15-day rule, the Decision Memorandum offers no explanation of why the Department decided to afford Customs all but fifteen days of that period in order to accomplish the liquidation of entries.
Id. at ___, Slip Op. 13-131 at 6-7 (citing SKF V, 35 CIT at ___, 800 F.Supp.2d at 1328 (citations omitted in source)). Concluding that Commerce failed to consider a factor relevant to its decision, namely, the burden on affected parties in complying with the fifteen-day rule, this Court awarded a declaratory judgment that the application of the fifteen-day rule to SKF's subject merchandise in the nineteenth administrative reviews was contrary to law. SKF V, 35 CIT at ___, 800 F.Supp.2d at 1328. In SKF VI, this Court determined that SKF was entitled to relief on the basis of collateral estoppel "because the Department's rationale for implementing the final results of the twentieth administrative reviews according to its fifteen-day rule does not differ materially from the reasoning the court found inadequate as to the nineteenth administrative reviews." SKF VI, 37 CIT at ___, Slip Op. 13-131 at 7 (comparing Decision Mem. 30 and Issues & Decision Mem. for the Antidumping Duty Admin. Reviews of Ball Bearings & Parts Thereof from France, Germany, Italy, Japan, & the United Kingdom for the Period of Review May 1, 2007, through April 30, 2008 at 12, A-100-001, ARP 04-08, (Aug. 25, 2009), available at http://enforcement.trade.gov/frn/summary/multiple/E9-20980-1.pdf (last visited Jan. 28, 2015) ("Decision Mem. (AR 19)")).
The court concludes, on the basis of collateral estoppel, that the application of the fifteen-day rule in the twentieth administrative was unlawful as applied to NTN. The Department's decision and rationale for implementing the final results of the twentieth administrative reviews according to the fifteen-day rule were applied to all respondents in the twentieth reviews, including NTN and SKF. See Final Results, 75 Fed.Reg. at 53,663; Decision Mem. 30-31. In other words, there
In the decision memorandum accompanying the twentieth reviews, Commerce offered the same three reasons in support of its fifteen-day rule that it offered for the nineteenth reviews. With respect to both sets of reviews, Commerce described its fifteen-day rule as "based upon administrative necessity" due to the holding in Int'l Trading Co. v. United States, 281 F.3d 1268, 1273 (Fed.Cir.2002), under which the six-month period for liquidation of entries by Customs established by 19 U.S.C. § 1504(d) begins from the publication of the final results of an administrative review.
Despite the Department's decision to apply its fifteen-day rule, NTN successfully obtained an injunction preventing liquidation of entries of its subject merchandise. See Order (Sept. 27, 2010), ECF No. 16 (granting consent motion for preliminary injunction). Therefore, the only relief available to NTN is a declaratory judgment that the fifteen-day rule was contrary to law as applied to NTN in the twentieth administrative review.
NTN seeks relief beyond a declaratory judgment. NTN's Br. 22 ("In light of the fact that Commerce has continually applied an unsupported policy in numerous administrative reviews in the face of the declaratory judgments issued by this Court, another declaratory judgment would clearly be inadequate."). Citing a November 2010 announcement concerning the fifteen-day rule issued by Commerce
The court cannot grant NTN's requested relief regarding the November 2010 Announcement. The court's review in this action is limited to the claim NTN has asserted in Count II of its amended complaint, which is an APA challenge to the Department's "determination to send liquidation instructions to Customs and Border Protection prior to the time allowed by law for initiating judicial review of the publication of the final determination...." Am. Compl. ¶ 32.
Nor may the court, as NTN urges, "require Commerce ... [to] allow interested parties to use the full statutorily-provided timeframe" before issuing liquidation instructions. NTN's Br. 22. According to NTN, "[t]o hold otherwise would merely permit the unwarranted `race to the courthouse' decried by this Court and would instead allow this issue to be litigated senselessly and circularly for years to come." Id. Similarly, NTN argues that "Commerce's policy of issuing liquidation instructions within 15 days is unlawful, given that it does not permit a party a reasonable time to seek an injunction as intended by 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(c)(2)" and that "[t]his court has consistently held so." NTN's Br. 21. These arguments are grounded in part on decisions issued by this Court rejecting the Department's previous policy or practice of issuing liquidation instructions within the fifteen-day period, not the fifteen-day rule that was applied in the twentieth review, under which Commerce issues the liquidation instructions to CBP after the close of the fifteen-day period. See NTN's Br. 21 (citing SKF USA Inc. v. United States, 31 CIT 405, 411, 2007 WL 867308 (2007) ("SKF I"); SKF II, 33 CIT at 385-89, 611 F.Supp.2d at 1364-67). The decisions that NTN cites concerning the revised fifteen-day rule did not hold that the fifteen-day rule at issue here is precluded, per se, by 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(c)(2). See NTN's Br. 21 (citing SKF III, 33 CIT at 1616-17, 659 F.Supp.2d at 1350-51; SKF IV, 33 CIT at 1884, 675 F.Supp.2d at 1282; SKF v. United States, 34 CIT, ___, ___, Slip Op. 10-57 at 7-8, 2010 WL 1976884 (May 17, 2010)). This Court has declined to hold that 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(c)(2) requires a specific time period in which a party may seek an injunction. See, e.g., SKF III, 33 CIT at 1615-17, 659 F.Supp.2d at 1349-51. Nor does NTN include a separate argument that the fifteen-day rule at issue here is per se precluded by the language and purpose of 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(c)(2), and the court declines to so hold.
Defendant raises various arguments as to why the court should reject NTN's claim addressed to the fifteen-day rule. The court rejects these arguments.
Defendant raises an argument that NTN lacks standing to bring its claim, an argument upon which defendant previously sought dismissal.
Defendant next raises a series of arguments as to why the fifteen-day rule is a permissible exercise of the Department's discretion. Def.'s Opp'n 25-30. In doing so, defendant attempts to raise arguments to justify the fifteen-day policy on the merits. The court need not, and does not, reach these arguments because it is ruling in favor of NTN, and against the government, on the ground of collateral estoppel.
For the reasons the court has discussed, the court will adjudicate NTN's claim relating to the fifteen-day rule by awarding declaratory relief that the fifteen-day rule is contrary to law as applied to NTN in the twentieth reviews. The court intends to grant this relief at such time as judgment is entered in this case.
For the reasons discussed above, and in consideration of all submissions filed herein, and upon due deliberation, it is hereby