OPINION

EATON, Judge:

This matter is before the court on the cross-motions for summary judgment of plaintiff, the United States ("plaintiff" or the "United States"), on behalf of the United States Customs and Border Protection Agency ("Customs"), and defendant American Home Assurance Company ("defendant" or "AHAC"). See Pl.'s Cross Mot. for Summ. J. (ECF Dkt. No. 41-1); Def. American Home Assurance Company's Mot. for Summ. J. (ECF Dkt. No. 44) ("Def.'s Br."). In this action, the United States seeks to recover on a continuous transaction bond, issued by AHAC to secure unpaid duties and interest on freshwater crawfish tail meat imported into the United States from the People's Republic of China ("PRC"). The United States claims that AHAC is liable to Customs for: (1) unpaid antidumping duties; (2) statutory prejudgment interest pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 580, in excess of the bond amount; (3) post-liquidation interest under 19 U.S.C. § 1505(d) for non-payment of the duties; (4) equitable prejudgment interest; and (5) post-judgment interest.1 See Pl.'s Mem. in Opp'n to Def.'s Mot. for Summ. J. & in Supp. of Gov't's Cross Mot. for Summ. J. 6 (ECF Dkt. No. 41) ("Pl.'s Br."). By its motion, with the exception of post-judgment interest, defendant disputes these claims. Jurisdiction lies pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1582(2) (2012).

For the reasons set forth below, defendant's motion for summary judgment is granted in part, and plaintiff's cross-motion for summary judgment is granted in part.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

Summary judgment shall be granted "if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." USCIT R. 56(a); see Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). "When both parties move for summary judgment, the court must evaluate each motion on its own merits, resolving all reasonable inferences against the party whose motion is under consideration." JVC Co. of Am. v. United States, 234 F.3d 1348, 1351 (Fed.Cir.2000).

BACKGROUND

The facts described below have been taken from defendant's statement of undisputed material facts.2 See Def.'s Statement of Material Facts (ECF Dkt. No. 33-2) ("Def.'s Statement"). Citation to the record is provided where a fact, although not admitted in the parties' papers, is uncontroverted by record evidence.

"Importers must generally post security before [Customs] will release imported merchandise from its custody. Importers often use surety companies to post the required security." United States v. Am. Home Assurance Co. (AHAC II), 38 CIT ___, ___, 964 F.Supp.2d 1342, 1345 (2014) (citation omitted), aff'd in part, vacated in part, rev'd in part on other grounds, 789 F.3d 1313 (Fed.Cir.2015); see 19 C.F.R. § 142.4(a) (2001). "A surety bond creates a three-party relationship, in which the surety becomes liable for the principal's debt or duty to the third party obligee (here, the government). `If the surety fails to perform, the Government can sue it on the bonds.'" Ins. Co. of W. v. United States, 243 F.3d 1367, 1370 (Fed. Cir.2001) (quoting Balboa Ins. Co. v. United States, 775 F.2d 1158, 1160 (Fed.Cir. 1985)).

In January 2001, AHAC, a company authorized to issue surety bonds, entered into a continuous transaction bond3 with importer Grand Nova International Inc. ("Grand Nova") to secure duties owed on the entry of its imported merchandise. See Compl. ¶¶ 4, 6 (ECF Dkt. No. 2). Following the importer's default on payment of antidumping duties to Customs, the United States, in this action, now seeks recovery on the bond, from AHAC, for these unpaid duties. See 28 U.S.C. § 1582(2) (suit on a bond).

Between June and August 2001, Grand Nova made twenty-three entries that were subject to the antidumping duty order on freshwater crawfish tail meat from the PRC. Def.'s Statement ¶¶ 1, 2; Freshwater Crawfish Tail Meat From the PRC, 62 Fed.Reg. 48,218 (Dep't of Commerce Sept. 15, 1997) (notice of amendment to final determination of sales at less than fair value and antidumping duty order) ("Order"). Each of these entries occurred during the first annual bond period4 (i.e., between January 2001 and January 2002). Twenty-two of the entries were exported by Qingdao Zhengri Seafood Co., Ltd. ("Qingdao Zhengri") and the other entry was exported by Yancheng Yaou Seafood Co., Ltd. ("Yancheng Yaou"). See Def.'s Statement ¶ 3. Grand Nova declared a 0% ad valorem antidumping duty rate for the twenty-two entries exported by Qingdao Zhengri and a 201.63% rate for Yancheng Yaou's entry. See Def.'s Statement ¶ 3. Because these entries were subject to an antidumping duty order, and an administrative review had been requested, liquidation was suspended by operation of law. See United States v. Am. Home Assurance Co. (AHAC I), 35 CIT ___, ___, Slip Op. 11-57, at 11, 2011 WL 1882635 (2011).

On April 21, 2003, the Department published the final results of its administrative review of the antidumping duty order on freshwater crawfish tail meat for the period of review September 1, 2000 through August 31, 2001, in which it assigned both exporters, Qingdao Zhengri and Yancheng Yaou, the PRC-wide rate of 223.01%. See Freshwater Crawfish Tail Meat from the PRC, 68 Fed.Reg. 19,504, 19,508 (Dep't of Commerce Apr. 21, 2003) (notice of final results of antidumping duty administrative review) ("Final Results").

On May 21, 2003, Qingdao Zhengri, Yancheng Yaou, and a third exporter, China Kingdom Import & Export Co., Ltd. ("China Kingdom"), whose merchandise was subject to the Final Results, brought suit in this Court, challenging the rates they were assigned by Commerce. See China Kingdom Imp. & Exp. Co. v. United States (China Kingdom I), 31 CIT 1329, 1330, 507 F.Supp.2d 1337, 1340 (2007). On July 1, 2003, the China Kingdom Court entered an injunction against liquidation of subject merchandise, including merchandise with duties covered by AHAC's bond. See Prelim. Inj. to Enjoin the Liquidation of Certain Entries, China Kingdom Imp. & Exp. Co. v. United States, No. 03-00302 (CIT July 1, 2003) ECF Dkt. No. 8 ("China Kingdom Prelim. Inj."). On September 4, 2007, the Court sustained the PRC-wide rate of 223.01% assigned to Qingdao Zhengri and Yancheng Yaou in the Final Results. See China Kingdom, 31 CIT at 1366, 507 F.Supp.2d at 1370-71. The Court also remanded to Commerce China Kingdom's rate, directing the Department to calculate and assign a new antidumping duty rate for that company. See id. at 1366, 507 F.Supp.2d at 1370-71.

On January 23, 2009, following the entry of judgment in China Kingdom, Customs liquidated Yancheng Yaou's entry of freshwater crawfish tail meat, and on April 3, 2009, Customs liquidated the other twenty-two entries exported by Qingdao Zhengri. See Def.'s Statement ¶¶ 13, 14. Neither the importer nor AHAC protested the liquidation of the twenty-three entries.

After the importer, Grand Nova, defaulted on payment of the antidumping duties owed on each entry, Customs mailed its first demand to AHAC in April 2009, seeking payment under the bond for the entry of Yancheng Yaou's merchandise. See Compl. Ex. C. In July 2009, Customs also sent AHAC its first demand on the bond for payment of unpaid duties and accrued interest for the twenty-two entries made by Grand Nova of Qingdao Zhengri's merchandise. See Compl. Ex. D. Each month thereafter, Customs sought payment from AHAC on the bond in addition to accrued post-liquidation interest under 19 U.S.C. § 1505(d). See Compl. Ex. D.

In June and July 2002, Grand Nova also entered freshwater crawfish tail meat into the United States that was exported by a new shipper,5 Shouzhou Huaxiang Foodstuffs Co., Ltd. ("Shouzhou Huaxiang"). See Def.'s Statement ¶ 15-16. As a new shipper, Shouzhou Huaxiang was assigned the PRC-wide deposit rate of 201.63% ad valorem. See Order, 62 Fed.Reg. at 48,219. Both the June entry and the July entry were made during the second annual bond period (i.e., January 2002 through January 2003) under AHAC's bond. In addition to AHAC's continuous transaction bond, Grand Nova also secured the entries with two single transaction bonds6 issued by Lincoln General Insurance Company ("Lincoln General"). Def.'s Statement ¶ 20, Exs. A-B.

In June 2004, Customs liquidated Shouzhou Huaxiang's June 2002 entry. Def.'s Statement ¶ 21. Lincoln General timely protested Customs' liquidation of the June entry of Shouzhou Huaxiang's merchandise, and Customs denied Lincoln General's protest on November 8, 2005. Def.'s Statement ¶ 22. AHAC, however, did not file a protest of its own. In January 2006, Customs reliquidated the June entry. Def.'s Statement ¶ 23. In March 2010, following Grand Nova's default in payment of the antidumping duties owed, Customs sent its first demand for payment on the June entry to AHAC, which included post-liquidation interest under 19 U.S.C. § 1505(d). Def.'s Statement ¶ 25. Each month thereafter, Customs sought payment from AHAC on the bond in addition to interest that had accrued.

As to the July entry, it was liquidated in June 2004. Def.'s Statement ¶ 21. AHAC timely protested Customs' liquidation, which Customs denied on June 27, 2005. Def.'s Statement ¶ 28. Thereafter, Customs reliquidated the July entry. Def.'s Statement ¶ 29. AHAC protested Customs' reliquidation in December 2005, which Customs denied shortly thereafter on December 27, 2005. Def.'s Statement ¶ 30. AHAC did not challenge the denial of either protest in this court. In October 2005, after the importer's default on the antidumping duties owed, Customs made its first demand on AHAC for payment on the July entry. Compl. Ex. H. Customs continued to make monthly demands for the unpaid amount plus accrued interest. See Compl. Ex. H.

DISCUSSION

I. CUSTOMS TIMELY LIQUIDATED THE ENTRIES AT ISSUE

As noted, in May 2003, three exporters, Qingdao Zhengri, Yancheng Yaou, and China Kingdom, whose merchandise was subject to the Final Results and assigned the PRC-wide antidumping duty rate, challenged Commerce's determination in this Court. These companies immediately sought and were granted a preliminary injunction, enjoining Customs from liquidating their merchandise. See China Kingdom Prelim. Inj. The preliminary injunction provided that it would dissolve by its own terms upon issuance of the final decision of this Court. See id. at 2. On September 4, 2007, the China Kingdom Court sustained in part, and remanded in part, Commerce's Final Results. See China Kingdom I, 31 CIT 1329, 507 F.Supp.2d 1337. Specifically, the Court sustained Commerce's determination of the PRC-wide rate of 223.01% assigned to Qingdao Zhengri and Yancheng Yaou, and remanded China Kingdom's7 rate to the Department for further review. See id. at 1366, 507 F.Supp.2d at 1370-71. On remand, the Department calculated a lower antidumping duty rate for China Kingdom, and on September 12, 2008, the Court sustained Commerce's results on redetermination. See China Kingdom Imp. & Exp. Co. v. United States (China Kingdom II), 32 CIT 994, 995, 2008 WL 4185746 (2008). Judgment was entered September 12, 2008.

No appeal of the China Kingdom II judgment was taken to the Federal Circuit. The Department published its Amended Final Results in the Federal Register on December 8, 2008, stating that it "w[ould] instruct [Customs] to liquidate entries of freshwater crawfish tail meat from the [PRC] during the review period at the assessment rate the Department calculated for the final results of review as amended," and that it "intend[ed] to issue assessment instructions to [Customs] 15 days after the date of publication of these amended final results of review." See Crawfish Tail Meat from the PRC, 73 Fed.Reg. 74,457, 74,458 (amended final results of the administrative review pursuant to final court decision) ("Amended Final Results"). Following publication of the Amended Final Results, Customs liquidated Yancheng Yaou's entry of freshwater crawfish tail meat on January 23, 2009, and liquidated Qingdao Zhengri's twentytwo remaining entries on April 3, 2009. See Def.'s Statement ¶¶ 13-14.

This history notwithstanding, AHAC contends the entries imported by Grand Nova that were exported by Qingdao Zhengri and Yancheng Yaou, were deemed liquidated by operation of law on May 3, 2008 at the duty rates declared by Grand Nova at entry. Def.'s Br. 11. AHAC insists that this is the case because Customs failed to liquidate the entries within six months of the expiration of the period during which an appeal from the September 4, 2007 Opinion and Order could have been taken to the Federal Circuit (i.e., on November 3, 2007). Def.'s Br. 10-11, 15-16 (citing 19 U.S.C. § 1504(d)). Defendant maintains that, because the China Kingdom Court's September 4, 2007 Opinion and Order sustained the rates assigned to Qingdao Zhengri and Yancheng Yaou in the Final Results, this constituted a "judgment" with respect to the two companies' entries, thus triggering the commencement of their appeal time to the Federal Circuit of sixty days. See Def.'s Br. 10-11. For AHAC, upon the expiration of the time to appeal this supposed "judgment," the six-month period during which Customs must liquidate their entries commenced. In other words, according to AHAC, because Customs did not liquidate their entries during this six-month period, they were deemed liquidated by operation of law pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1504(d).

The court finds defendant's claim to be meritless and holds that Customs' liquidation of Grand Nova's entries exported by Qingdao Zhengri and Yancheng Yaou was timely.

Pursuant to statute, following the removal of a statutory suspension of liquidation or court-ordered injunction, Customs must liquidate any entries whose liquidation was suspended or enjoined within six months "after receiving notice of the removal from the Department of Commerce, other agency, or a court with jurisdiction over the entry." 19 U.S.C. § 1504(d). "Any entry not liquidated within the requisite six-month period shall be deemed liquidated at the amount originally asserted by the importer at the time of entry." Mazak Corp. v. United States, 33 CIT 1637, 1638-39, 659 F.Supp.2d 1352, 1355 (2009). "Thus, in order for a deemed liquidation to occur, (1) the suspension of liquidation [or court-ordered injunction] that was in place must have been removed; (2) Customs must have received notice of the removal of the suspension; and (3) Customs must not liquidate the entry at issue within six months of receiving such notice." Fujitsu Gen. Am., Inc. v. United States, 283 F.3d 1364, 1376 (Fed.Cir.2002).

The injunction entered in China Kingdom on July 1, 2003 provided that the liquidation of all of the entries at issue was halted until "the final court decision in this action before the United States Court of International Trade." See China Kingdom Prelim. Inj. 2. The Federal Circuit has found that, when this language appears in an injunction against liquidation, the injunction dissolves following the expiration of the parties' time to file an appeal of the final court decision. See Fujitsu, 283 F.3d at 1377-79. Thus, the China Kingdom injunction expired by its terms on November 11, 2008 (i.e., sixty days after September 12, 2008), following the expiration of the parties' time to file an appeal of the China Kingdom Court's final judgment to the Federal Circuit. In other words, it was the judgment in the China Kingdom case, not entry of the Opinion and Order that terminated the injunction.

Although the September 4, 2007 Opinion and Order sustained the rates assigned by Commerce in the Final Results to two of the companies (Qingdao Zhengri and Yancheng Yaou), it remanded the third exporter's rate (China Kingdom) to Commerce to be recalculated. See China Kingdom I, 31 CIT at 1366, 507 F.Supp.2d at 1369-70. The China Kingdom Court did not enter final judgment when it issued the Opinion and Order, and it issued no other order ending the injunction against liquidation of the companies' entries. Rather, the final judgment was entered on September 12, 2008, following the Court's review of the Department's results of redetermination. See China Kingdom II, 32 CIT at 994. Therefore, despite defendant's insistence that, for Qingdao Zhengri and Yancheng Yaou's entries covered by the AHAC bond, the injunction expired on November 3, 2007 (i.e., the claimed date of expiration of the period during which a party could take an appeal to the Federal Circuit of the China Kingdom I decision), the court finds that, because there was no "final court decision" with respect to the "action" contesting the Final Results until judgment was entered on September 12, 2008, the injunction did not dissolve by its own terms. That is, the China Kingdom I Opinion and Order did not end the injunction. Thus, the first requirement of § 1504(d) for deemed liquidation (i.e., "the suspension [or injunction] of liquidation that was in place must have been removed") was not met when the Opinion and Order was entered. See Fujitsu, 283 F.3d at 1376.

Moreover, for a deemed liquidation to occur under § 1504(d), Customs must receive notice of the lifting of a suspension or injunction. No such notice was given with respect to the China Kingdom I opinion. Indeed, the notice required by § 1504(d) was not published in the Federal Register until December 8, 2008. See Amended Final Results, 73 Fed.Reg. at 74,458. This notice, although not published within the ten-day period required by the statute,8 was nonetheless the first notice alerting Customs of the removal of the injunction against liquidation that was put in place by the China Kingdom Court. See id. Therefore, because no notice was published following the China Kingdom I opinion, the second condition needed for a deemed liquidation was not met. It was not, then, until December 8, 2008 that the six-month clock began to tick against Commerce. See 19 U.S.C. § 1504(d). Customs liquidated Yancheng Yaou's entry on January 23, 2009 and Qingdao Zhengri's twenty-two entries on April 3, 2009, well within the six-month period for liquidating previously-suspended entries. Because Customs timely liquidated all of the entries made by Grand Nova at issue here, there was no deemed liquidation.

II. CUSTOMS' DEMANDS ON DEFENDANT FOR PAYMENT ON THE BOND WERE PROPER

As previously noted, AHAC entered into a continuous transaction bond with Grand Nova to secure the duties on Grand Nova's entered merchandise. In addition to the AHAC continuous transaction bond, Grand Nova also posted single transaction bonds issued by Lincoln General, a surety unrelated to AHAC, for each of the June and July 2002 entries that were exported by Shouzhou Huaxiang. See Def.'s Statement Exs. A, B. Following Grand Nova's default, Customs sought payment from AHAC on the continuous transaction bond, rather than first seeking to recover the duties from the single transaction bond surety, Lincoln General. See Def.'s Statement ¶ 27.

AHAC maintains that it is not liable for the antidumping duties owed for several reasons. First, it argues that a continuous transaction bond cannot be used to secure antidumping duties in excess of 5% ad valorem of the merchandise. Def.'s Br. 17 (citing Antidumping or Countervailing Duties; Acceptance of Cash Deposits; Bonds, or Other Security to Obtain Release of Merchandise; Revision of T.D. 82-56, 19 Cust. Bull. & Decisions 331, 332 (1985) ("Treasury Decision 85-145")). That is, under AHAC's reading of Treasury Decision 85-145, because the bond it issued was a continuous transaction bond, and the amount of antidumping duties owed exceeded 5% of the value of the entries, "Customs was precluded from relying on AHAC's continuous transaction bond." See Def.'s Br. 17.

It is clear that AHAC's reliance on Treasury Decision 85-145 is misplaced. The text of the Decision, which is a memorandum of agreement between the Department and Customs concerning acceptable security for release of merchandise subject to antidumping and countervailing duty proceedings, reads, in relevant part:

Treasury Decision 85-145, at 332. According to AHAC, Treasury Decision 85-145(3) precludes it from being held fully liable for the antidumping duties owed on the continuous transaction bond because a continuous transaction bond cannot be used to secure such duties above 5% ad valorem of the entries. Def.'s Br. 17. The Treasury Decision, however, speaks only to the relationship between Customs and Commerce, and is silent as to AHAC's contractual obligations under the bond. The agreement between Customs and Commerce provides only that, where the estimated antidumping duties are less than 5% ad valorem, a continuous transaction bond may be accepted by Customs to secure the antidumping duties owed on the entry. There is, however, nothing in the Decision that limits the liability under the bond to 5%, or that indicates Customs is prohibited from recovering antidumping duties in excess of 5% ad valorem on a continuous transaction bond.9 Therefore, this argument fails.

Next, AHAC claims that it "bonded general entry requirements while Lincoln [General10] bonded the antidumping duty liability." Def.'s Br. 18. For AHAC, because Lincoln General undertook a more specific obligation by issuing a single transaction bond for the entries it secured, AHAC, as the continuous transaction bond issuer, could not be called upon for payment before payment was sought from Lincoln General. AHAC relies on its reading of the Restatement11 of the Law (Third) of Suretyship & Guaranty and asserts that the Restatement provides that Customs was required to seek payment from Lincoln General, under its single transaction bond, before demanding payment from AHAC on the continuous transaction bond. Def.'s Br. 18 (citing Restatement (Third) of Suretyship & Guaranty § 53(4)(c) (Am. Law Inst. 1996)). In making its argument, defendant asserts that, "when one surety undertakes a specific obligation and another surety undertakes a general/broader obligation, if the specific obligation is called to perform by the principal, the surety who undertook the specific obligation should perform or bear the cost of performance." Def.'s Br. 18.

Relatedly, AHAC claims that plaintiff's failure to collect on the single transaction bonds "against Lincoln General has resulted in changed circumstances and prejudice to AHAC." Def.'s Br. 19 (citing Lyell Theatre Corp. v. Loews Corp., 682 F.2d 37, 43 (2d Cir.1982)). According to AHAC, this "failure to collect against the Lincoln General single transaction bonds has not only increased AHAC's liability, but also impaired any collateral to which [the] surety could look for reimbursement.". Def.'s Br. 19.

The court finds that plaintiff was permitted to seek recovery against AHAC without first demanding payment from Lincoln General, and that AHAC's contention, that under the Restatement (Third) of Suretyship & Guaranty, as the general obligor, it is relieved of liability until Customs seeks payment from Lincoln General, the specific obligor, is unavailing.

The Restatement reads, in relevant part,

Restatement (Third) of Suretyship & Guaranty § 53(1), (4)(c).

Relying on this language, AHAC appears to argue: (1) Lincoln General's bond was to secure antidumping duties, while AHAC's bond was to secure regular duties, or as it stated in its protest, "Lincoln [General] undertook the specific obligation to Customs to secure the antidumping duties in this matter whereas [AHAC] undertook the general/broader obligation to secure any other issues that might arise ([e.g.], FDA, Redelivery, etc.)"; and (2) because Lincoln General's bonds covered only specific entries while AHAC's bonds had the potential to cover many entries, Lincoln General's obligations were specific while AHAC's were general. Def.'s Br. Ex. F, at 5.

Contrary to defendant's assertion, however, there is nothing to suggest that Lincoln General undertook obligations more specific than AHAC with respect to securing the antidumping duties owed on the individual entries imported by Grand Nova. The language of each bond is identical:

See Def.'s Statement Exs. A, B. The "condition referenced" is "Importer or Broker... 113.62," which provides, among other things, for the joint and several liability of the principal and surety for "any duties, taxes, and charges imposed." See 19 C.F.R. § 113.62(a); Def.'s Br. Exs. A, B.

As to AHAC's specificity arguments, first, there is nothing in the record to indicate that both Lincoln General's and AHAC's bonds did not provide security for antidumping duties, nor is there anything that would indicate that Lincoln General's understanding of, or obligation with respect to, the word "duties" differed from that of AHAC. The Federal Circuit recently indicated the word "duties," unless there is some indication to the contrary, means that these bonds secure the payment of antidumping duties as well as regular duties. See United States v. Am. Home Assurance Co. (AHAC III), 789 F.3d 1313, 1325 (Fed.Cir.2015) ("As written, the term `duties' does not modify the type of `bonds' on which interest shall be allowed. Instead, the statute calls for interest on `all bonds.' The term `duties' reflects only the requisite res litigiosae — i.e., the general nature of the disputed property in the government's legal action against the surety. Thus, by the statute's plain terms, it covers, among other things, bonds securing the payment of antidumping duties when the government sues for payment under those bonds.").

As to the bonds themselves, their wording is identical. Both sureties were therefore equally liable with respect to each entry for the payment of duties. That AHAC's continuous transaction bond might make it liable for duties charged on entries made before or after those secured by Lincoln General's single transaction bonds, did not render its obligations as to the subject entries more general than Lincoln General's. That is, for the transactions that each surety insured, their obligations were identical, and AHAC's situation of being liable on other transactions does not make its obligations with respect to the individual transactions at issue less specific. Therefore, there is nothing in the bonds themselves or in the law that surrounds them indicating that Lincoln General's obligations were somehow more specific than AHAC's.

Finally, for the reasons discussed above, Customs was not required to seek payment from Lincoln General before approaching AHAC. Accordingly, defendant's claims of changed circumstances and prejudice as a result of the failure on the part of Customs to first make a demand for payment on Lincoln General are equally unconvincing.

III. PLAINTIFF IS ENTITLED TO STATUTORY PREJUDGMENT INTEREST PURSUANT TO 19 U.S.C. § 580

In this collection action, the United States seeks an award of statutory prejudgment interest under 19 U.S.C. § 580, which provides that, "[u]pon all bonds, on which suits are brought for the recovery of duties, interest shall be allowed, at the rate of 6 per centum a year, from the time when said bonds became due." See 19 U.S.C. § 580; Pl.'s Br. 22. AHAC disputes liability for § 580 interest and claims that the statute, enacted in 1799 before antidumping duties had been instituted, cannot encompass special duties such as antidumping duties. See Def.'s Br. 3.

This question, however, was recently settled by the Federal Circuit in AHAC III. There, the Federal Circuit held "that 19 U.S.C. § 580 provides for interest on bonds securing both traditional customs duties and antidumping duties," and thus "that the government is entitled to statutory prejudgment interest under § 580." AHAC III, 789 F.3d at 1324, 1328. In reaching its holding, the Federal Circuit examined the plain language of § 580 and found the statute to be "short, free-standing... within the Administrative Provisions section of Chapter 3 in Title 19," and that "[i]t d[id] not cross-reference other statutory provisions." See id. at 1325. The Court further found the language of the statute "`all bonds' on which the government sues for `the recovery of duties' is clear and unqualified." Id. Because "the term `duties' d[id] not modify the type of `bonds' on which interest shall be allowed," but rather "the statute call[ed] for interest on `all bonds,'" the Court found that "by the statute's plain terms, it cover[ed], among other things, bonds securing the payment of antidumping duties when the government sues for payment under those bonds." Id. (quoting 19 U.S.C. § 580).

In accordance with the Federal Circuit's construction of 19 U.S.C. § 580, the court holds that AHAC is liable for § 580 interest on the delayed payment of the antidumping duties owed under the bond.

IV. PLAINTIFF IS ENTITLED TO POST-LIQUIDATION INTEREST UNDER 19 U.S.C. § 1505(D) UP TO THE FACE AMOUNT OF THE BOND

In addition to the antidumping duties themselves and other interest, the United States seeks post-liquidation interest under the provisions of 19 U.S.C. § 1505(d)12 on all of the entries at issue. See Pl.'s Br. 18. According to the United States, it is entitled to § 1505(d) interest "when an unpaid balance remains on any entry 30 days after liquidation." Pl.'s Br. 18. As a defense to plaintiff's claim, AHAC asserts that § 1505(d) interest applies only to ordinary customs duties and not to antidumping duties. See Def.'s Br. 21 (citing Dynacraft Indus., Inc. v. United States, 24 CIT 987, 994, 118 F.Supp.2d 1286, 1293 (2000)).

As to this defense, however, the United States maintains that "these charges [(i.e., post-liquidation interest)] became `final and conclusive' by operation of 19 U.S.C. § 1514" when AHAC failed to either protest Customs' liquidations or challenge the denial of its protests in this Court. See Pl.'s Br. 18. As a result, for plaintiff, AHAC may not raise its defense here.

As an initial matter, defendant is not foreclosed in this action on a bond, from arguing, as a defense, that § 1505(d) interest does not apply to antidumping duties. See United States v. Toshoku Am., Inc., 879 F.2d 815, 817-18 (Fed.Cir.1989) (explaining that even after liquidation, "[p]roof that the importer has complied with the conditions of the bond has traditionally been and still remains a complete defense to a collection suit brought on the bond"); see also United States v. Utex Int'l Inc., 857 F.2d 1408, 1414 (Fed.Cir. 1988) ("It is not characteristic of either the law of surety or the law of contracts that a defendant must routinely pay[, as it must do in order to file a protest,] the amount demanded prior to judicial determination of contractual liability. Absent statutory directive or clear Congressional intent to the contrary, we do not impose it. The cases cited by the government referring to finality of assessment absent a timely protest all refer to duties and related exactions subsumed in final liquidation. We entirely agree that both sides to this action are now barred from challenging the liquidation. But in a suit for damages brought by the government, it appears clear that historically the surety was not required to file a protest and pay the full demanded damages in advance, in order to preserve its right to defend on the issue of liability. We conclude that the 1980 legislative enactments did not change the right of the surety to defend against a claim for liquidated damages. Under the circumstances that here prevail the surety was not required to file an administrative protest and pay the damages assessed, as prerequisites to defending against the charge." (citation omitted)).

A surety, of course, may protest the liquidation of merchandise on which it undertakes to secure the payment of duties. See 19 U.S.C. § 1514(a). In doing so, however, the surety largely stands in the shoes of the importer and may raise arguments that the importer could make, such as how much the importer owes upon liquidation of the entries. If the protest is denied with respect to these matters (e.g., amount of duties owed by importer, classification, country of origin, drawback, etc.), the surety must appeal to this Court or be bound by the rule of finality as to the liquidation itself. See Utex, 857 F.2d at 1413-14. Thus, if the Court were being asked whether the importer owed § 1505(d) interest, it would be bound by the rule of finality.

As to defenses to claims for damages relating to its contractual obligations to pay under the bond, however, a surety is not precluded from raising defenses in a collection action because it failed to protest or, because its protest was denied, and it failed to appeal to this Court.13 This is the case even if the defenses replicate claims it made, or could have made, in a protest in order to change the terms of a liquidation. See id. at 1414 ("However, the issue at bar does not relate to administrative review of liquidation, brought by the importer or surety, for the time for such review is long past."). This is because a cause of action of the kind presented here is on the contract of insurance, not on the entry of goods into the United States. Thus, the Utex Court held that a surety need not file a protest and deposit the claimed duties before its arguments as to liability under its bond could be heard. See id. ("Sentry states, without contravention, that protest and advance payment of liquidated damages were not required of defendants in a district court action for damages, prior to enactment of the Customs Courts Act of 1980, which transferred jurisdiction of actions on a surety bond from the district courts to the Court of International Trade, 28 U.S.C. § 1582. There is no suggestion in the legislative history that Congress intended to change the status of the surety in such suits. Indeed, Sentry points out that the Customs Courts Act of 1980 contained a new provision, 28 U.S.C. § 1583, that authorized sureties to implead third parties or file cross-claims in actions on a bond brought under 28 U.S.C. § 1582, an opportunity that is not readily harmonized with the government's position that the surety must pay all claimed damages in full before raising any defense.").

Moreover, the Utex rule is a sensible one, as it would be a strange situation indeed if the unreasoned determination14 of an administrative agency could preclude a party, in an action before a court that is specifically authorized by Congress, from interposing its defenses to insurance coverage.15 Thus, AHAC may raise its defenses here.

Despite AHAC's ability to raise such defenses, its arguments are unavailing. AHAC contends that 19 U.S.C. § 1505(d) does not apply to antidumping duties, but rather only to ordinary customs duties, and thus is inapplicable to plaintiff's collection action. For its part, the United States insists that post-liquidation interest is owed equally on regular customs duties and antidumping duties. The subsection at issue, 19 U.S.C. § 1505(d) provides:

19 U.S.C. § 1505(d).

As noted, in AHAC III, the Federal Circuit recently construed a different statute, 19 U.S.C. § 580, which provides "[u]pon all bonds, on which suits are brought for the recovery of duties, interest shall be allowed, at the rate of 6 per centum a year, from the time when said bonds became due," and found that this provision covered antidumping duties. See 19 U.S.C. § 580; AHAC III, 789 F.3d at 1324-25 ("Thus, by the statute's plain terms, it covers, among other things, bonds securing the payment of antidumping duties when the government sues for payment under those bonds." (citing Camargo Correa Metais, S.A. v. United States, 200 F.3d 771, 773 (Fed.Cir.1999) ("If the words are unambiguous, no further inquiry is usually required."))). The Court found: the statute was "a short, free-standing statute within the Administrative Provisions section of Chapter 3 in Title 19"; "d[id] not cross-reference other statutory provisions"; and "[t]he language — `all bonds' on which the government sues for `the recovery of duties' — is clear and unqualified." Id. at 1325.

As in 19 U.S.C. § 580,16 the term "duties" in § 1505(d) is clear and unqualified. Indeed, there is nothing to indicate that Congress intended the meaning of the word "duties" to "`bear some different import'" than encompassing "all duties." See id. ("`In reviewing the statute's text, we give the words their ordinary, contemporary, common meaning, absent an indication Congress intended them to bear some different import.'" (quoting Indian Harbor Ins. Co. v. United States, 704 F.3d 949, 954 (Fed.Cir.2013))). The statute thus provides for post-liquidation interest on all unpaid duties, including special duties such as antidumping duties, from the date of liquidation or reliquidation until the balance is paid in full.17 Therefore, the court holds that AHAC is liable for § 1505(d) post-liquidation interest.

V. PLAINTIFF IS NOT ENTITLED TO EQUITABLE PREJUDGMENT INTEREST

In addition to payment of the 6% interest provided by 19 U.S.C. § 580, the United States also seeks to recover equitable prejudgment interest in excess of the face value of the bond. See Pl.'s Br. 31. Plaintiff insists that it is entitled to such interest "as compensation for the lost use of funds over time." Pl.'s Br. 31. AHAC, however, raises several defenses to liability for such interest.

First, AHAC contends that the funds at issue in this case are subject to the Continued Dumping and Subsidy Offset Act of 200018 ("Byrd Amendment") and thus the United States is not entitled to equitable prejudgment interest. This is because, according to AHAC, under the Byrd Amendment, the funds, once collected, are deposited into special non-interest-bearing accounts for the benefit of affected domestic producers and then distributed to these producers, rather than placed into the general Treasury of the United States. See Def.'s Suppl. Br. in Supp. of its Mot. for Summ. J. & in Opp'n to Pl.'s Mot. for Summ. J. 1 (ECF Dkt. No. 72) ("Def.'s Suppl. Br."). According to AHAC, because the United States "had no right or ability to earn a return on the bond amounts that were withheld during the pendency of this litigation[,] ... [it] did not lose any use of the money and is not entitled to compensation." Def.'s Suppl. Br. 1. Thus, for AHAC, to award plaintiff equitable prejudgment interest would "grant[ ] the government a windfall that it never would have obtained had the bond been paid upon demand." Def.'s Suppl. Br. 1.

The court finds this argument to be without merit. The antidumping duties on the bonds in this case, like any other case not subject to the Byrd Amendment, are owed to the United States, not to a fund established by the United States. That is, although the funds, once collected, may be placed in accounts for distribution to domestic producers in accordance with the Byrd Amendment, this does not alter the fact that the money is owed to the United States and, when paid, will be paid to the United States. See Pl.'s Resp. to Def.'s Suppl. Br. 5-6 (ECF Dkt. No. 80) ("[C]hecks issued for antidumping or countervailing duty bills are made payable to the Government, and these checks are not simply forwarded to [affected domestic producers] for them to deposit. Rather, after receiving the funds, the Government computes and distributes the `continued dumping and subsidy offset,' which is generally equivalent to the principal balance and section 1677g interest collected for relevant antidumping and countervailing duty entries. However, as discussed further below, the `continued dumping and subsidy offset' is only distributed if there are [affected domestic producers] who timely file certifications and have qualifying expenditures, which is not always the case."); see also Distribution of Continued Dumping and Subsidy Offset to Affected Domestic Producers, 66 Fed.Reg. 48,546, 48,550 (Dep't of the Treasury Sept. 21, 2001) ("[F]unds in Government accounts[19] are not interest-bearing unless specified by Congress. Because Congress did not make an explicit provision for the accounts established under the [Byrd Amendment] to be interest-bearing, no interest may accrue on these accounts. Thus, only interest charged on antidumping and countervailing duty funds themselves, pursuant to the express authority in 19 U.S.C. 1677g, will be transferred to the special accounts and be made available for distribution under the [Byrd Amendment]."). Accordingly, because the funds are owed to the United States, plaintiff was deprived of the use of the money when AHAC failed to pay, and is therefore not foreclosed from collecting equitable prejudgment interest on the unpaid amounts it was owed under the bonds on this ground.

Next, the court must determine whether, as a consequence of AHAC's default, the balance of the equities directs that the United States is entitled to equitable prejudgment interest in excess of the bond limit in this case. In determining whether to grant an award of equitable prejudgment interest, full compensation, including the time value of money, should be a court's primary concern. See AHAC III, 789 F.3d at 1329; see also West Virginia v. United States, 479 U.S. 305, 310 n. 2, 107 S.Ct. 702, 93 L.Ed.2d 639 (1987) ("Prejudgment interest serves to compensate for the loss of use of money due as damages from the time the claim accrues until judgment is entered, thereby achieving full compensation for the injury those damages are intended to redress."). In other words, if the United States has been compensated for the time value of its money by another provision, it is difficult to see why equity should direct that it may collect an amount for this purpose again.

Recently, the Federal Circuit in awarding the United States prejudgment statutory interest under 19 U.S.C. § 580, reaffirmed the longstanding principle that "`[i]n the absence of a statute governing the award of prejudgment interest, the question [of prejudgment interest] is governed by traditional judge-made principles.'" AHAC III, 789 F.3d at 1328 (alterations in original) (quoting Princess Cruises, Inc. v. United States, 397 F.3d 1358, 1367 (Fed.Cir.2005)). Here, there is a statute, 19 U.S.C. § 580, that has been found to provide prejudgment interest to the United States for interest on bonds securing antidumping duties. See id. at 1324. Thus, where, as here, a statute governs the award of prejudgment interest (i.e., § 580), the Federal Circuit has explained that "the award of prejudgment interest [is] an equitable determination to be exercised at the discretion of the trial judge." Id. at 1328 (citing United States v. Reul, 959 F.2d 1572, 1577 (Fed.Cir. 1992); United States v. Imperial Food Imps., 834 F.2d 1013, 1016 (Fed.Cir.1987)).

Because the posture of this case is not "in the absence of a statute," the court holds that plaintiff is not entitled to an award of equitable prejudgment interest. The law is clear that the purpose of equitable interest is to ensure that the party be fully compensated for the time during which it was deprived of the use of the funds. Because the United States will be fully compensated by the statutory prejudgment interest it will receive by means of 19 U.S.C. § 580, here, the balance of equities tips in favor of AHAC and against an award of equitable prejudgment interest. In other words, it would be inequitable to award the United States both statutory prejudgment interest under § 580 and equitable prejudgment interest under the principles of equity. Indeed, as this Court recently observed in a similar case,

United States v. Am. Home Assurance Co., 39 CIT ___, ___, Slip Op. 15-112, at 6, 102 F.Supp.3d 1376, 1380, 2015 WL 5718685 (2015) (quoting United States v. Am. Home Assurance Co. (AHAC IV), 39 CIT ___, ___, Slip Op. 15-88, at 17, 100 F.Supp.3d 1364, 1373 (2015)).

Accordingly, in view of the court's holding that plaintiff is entitled to prejudgment statutory interest under 19 U.S.C. § 580, plaintiff may not also recover equitable prejudgment interest in this case.

VI. PLAINTIFF IS ENTITLED TO POST-JUDGMENT INTEREST

Last, the United States seeks an award of post-judgment interest under 28 U.S.C. § 1961, which provides that "[i]nterest shall be allowed on any money judgment in a civil case recovered in a district court." See Pl.'s Br. 34-35; 28 U.S.C. § 1961(a). Although § 1961 does not apply directly to the Court of International Trade, the Federal Circuit has confirmed this Court's ability to award post-judgment interest at the rate provided in § 1961. Specifically, 28 U.S.C. § 1585 provides that the Court of International Trade "posses[es] all the powers in law and equity of, or as conferred by statute upon, a district court of the United States." See United States v. Great Am. Ins. Co. of N.Y., 738 F.3d 1320, 1325-26 (Fed.Cir.2013); 28 U.S.C. § 1585.

AHAC does not object to plaintiff's claim that it is entitled to post-judgment interest, nor could it. "Post-judgment interest is not discretionary, but rather is available as a matter of right to prevailing parties." AHAC IV, 39 CIT at ___, Slip Op. 15-88, at 19, 100 F.Supp.3d at 1374. Hence, because plaintiff has prevailed in this matter by means of an award of a money judgment against defendant, plaintiff is entitled to post-judgment interest at the rate set forth in § 1961, calculated from the date of entry of the judgment. See 28 U.S.C. § 1961; AHAC IV, 39 CIT at ___, Slip Op. 15-88, at 19, 100 F.Supp.3d at 1374.

CONCLUSION

Based on the foregoing, the court grants, in part, defendant's motion for summary judgment, and grants, in part, plaintiff's cross-motion for summary judgment. The parties are directed to confer and provide the court with a proposed judgment by November 19, 2015.