OPINION

Stanceu, Chief Judge:

In this consolidated action,1 several plaintiffs contest a negative "less-than-fair-value" ("LTFV") determination the International Trade Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce ("Commerce" or the "Department") issued to conclude an antidumping duty investigation of certain oil country tubular goods ("OCTG") from Saudi Arabia. Commerce reached the negative determination, and terminated the investigation, based upon the de minimis dumping margin it calculated for the only investigated respondent, Jubail Energy Services Company ("JESCO"), defendant-intervenor in this action.

Before the court are two motions for judgment on the agency record made under USCIT Rule 56.2. The court denies relief on these motions and affirms the contested determination.

I. BACKGROUND

A. The Contested Determination

The determination contested in this consolidated action is Amended Final Determination and Termination of the Investigation of Sales at Less Than Fair Value: Certain Oil Country Tubular Goods From Saudi Arabia, 79 Fed.Reg. 49,051, 49,052 (Aug. 19, 2014) ("Amended Final LTFV Determination").2

B. The Parties to the Consolidated Action

Plaintiffs Boomerang Tube LLC, TMK IPSCO, Energex Tube, Welded Tube USA Inc. and United States Steel Corporation ("U.S. Steel") are U.S. producers of steel tube products that participated in the investigation as petitioners. Compl. ¶¶ 3-4 (Aug. 26, 2014), ECF No. 6 (Court No. 14-00201) (U.S. Steel's complaint); Compl. ¶¶ 5-6 (Aug. 22, 2014), ECF No. 6 (remaining plaintiffs' complaint). Defendant-intervenor JESCO is an OCTG producer in Saudi Arabia, and defendant-intervenor Duferco SA is an exporter of OCTG from Saudi Arabia. Consent Mot. to Intervene as of Right 2 (Aug. 28, 2014), ECF No. 9.

C. The Motions for Judgment on the Agency Record

One of the two Rule 56.2 motions before the court is submitted by plaintiffs Boomerang Tube LLC, TMK IPSCO, Energex Tube, and Welded Tube USA Inc. Mot. of Consol. Pls. Boomerang Tube, Energex Tube, a Division of JMC Steel Group, TMK IPSCO, and Welded Tube USA Inc. for J. on the Agency R. under Rule 56.2 and Br. in Support (Jan. 15, 2015), ECF No. 28 ("Pls.' Br."). The second motion is by plaintiff U.S. Steel. Mot. of Pl. United States Steel Corp. for J. on the Agency R. under Rule 56.2 and Mem. in Support (Jan. 15, 2015), ECF No. 30 ("U.S. Steel's Br.").

Opposing the Rule 56.2 motions are defendant United States and defendant-intervenors JESCO and Duferco SA. Def.'s Response to Pls.' Rule 56.2 Mots. for J. on the Agency R. 6-7 (Mar. 30, 2014), ECF No. 38 ("Def.'s Opp'n"); Def.-intervenors' Jubail Energy Services Company and Duferco SA's Response to Pls.' Mot. for J. on the Agency R. 6-8, (Mar. 30, 2015), ECF No. 40 ("Def.-intervenors' Opp'n").

D. Procedural History of the Less-than-Fair-Value Investigation and this Action

On July 29, 2013, Commerce initiated an investigation of sales at less than fair value of certain OCTG from India, the Republic of Korea, the Republic of the Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan, Thailand, the Republic of Turkey, Ukraine, and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Certain Oil Country Tubular Goods from India, the Republic of Korea, the Republic of the Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan, Thailand, the Republic of Turkey, Ukraine, and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Initiation of Antidumping Duty Investigations, 78 Fed.Reg. 45,505, 45,506 (Int'l Trade Admin. July 29, 2013). In investigating OCTG from Saudi Arabia, Commerce selected Duferco SA, the largest known Saudi Arabian exporter of OCTG, as the sole mandatory respondent. Antidumping Duty Investigation of Certain Oil Country Tubular Goods from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Respondent Selection 3-4 (Aug. 29, 2013) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 51). JESCO, an affiliate of Duferco SA, manufactured the OCTG that Duferco SA exported to the United States from Saudi Arabia. Id. at 1-2.

Treating Duferco SA and JESCO as a single entity for purposes of the investigation, Commerce issued an affirmative preliminary less-than-fair-value determination on February 25, 2014, determining a preliminary dumping margin of 2.92% for the combined entity. Certain Oil Country Tubular Goods From Saudi Arabia: Prelim. Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value, and Postponement of Final Determination, 79 Fed.Reg. 10,489, 10,490 (Int'l Trade Admin. Feb. 25, 2014) ("Prelim. LTFV Determination"); Issues & Decision Mem. for the Prelim. Determination in the Antidumping Duty Investigation of Oil Country Tubular Goods from Saudi Arabia, A-517-804, at 2, 6-7 (Feb. 14, 2014) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 151), available at http://enforcement.trade.gov/frn/summary/ saudi-arabia/2014-04102-1.pdf (last visited Dec. 14, 2015) ("Prelim. Decision Mem."). Commerce also determined that Duferco SA/JESCO's home market sales made to an affiliate were not at arm's length and should not be used to calculate normal value. Prelim. Decision Mem. at 7-8. Determining that Duferco SA/JESCO's remaining home market sales were made below cost, were therefore outside the ordinary course of trade, and accordingly could not serve as the basis for determining normal value, Commerce decided to determine normal value on the basis of constructed value ("CV"). See id. at 7-11.

Commerce published a final less-than-fair-value determination on July 18, 2014. Certain Oil Country Tubular Goods From Saudi Arabia: Final Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value, 79 Fed. Reg. 41,986, 41,986 (Int'l Trade Admin. July 18, 2014) ("Final LTFV Determination"). Commerce again calculated normal value on a CV basis and maintained its decision to treat Duferco SA and JESCO as a single entity. See id. Commerce determined constructed value profit according to profits realized by the Duferco SA/JESCO entity on certain of the sales that this combined entity made to Colombia. See Issues & Decision Mem. for the Final Affirmative Determination in the Less than Fair Value Investigation of Certain Oil Country Tubular Goods from Saudi Arabia, A-517-804, at 22-23 (July 10, 2014) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 206), available at http://enforcement.trade.gov/frn/summary/ saudi-arabia/2014-16867-1.pdf (last visited Dec. 14, 2015) ("Final Decision Mem."). Commerce determined a final margin of 2.69% for this entity. Final LTFV Determination, 79 Fed.Reg. at 41,986. Recalculating in response to a ministerial error allegation submitted by JESCO and Duferco SA, Commerce determined the de minimis margin, issued the negative amended final determination, and terminated the investigation. Amended Final LTFV Determination, 79 Fed.Reg. at 49,052. These actions, now consolidated, followed.

II. DISCUSSION

A. Jurisdiction and Standard of Review

The court exercises jurisdiction under section 201 of the Customs Courts Act of 1980, 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c) (2006), which grants this court jurisdiction over any civil action commenced under section 516A of the Tariff Act of 1930 ("Tariff Act"), 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(a)(2)(B)(ii),3 including an action challenging the negative final determination of an antidumping investigation issued by Commerce under section 735 of the Tariff Act, 19 U.S.C. § 1673d. The court must "hold unlawful any determination, finding, or conclusion found ... to be unsupported by substantial evidence on the record, or otherwise not in accordance with law." 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(1)(B)(i). Substantial evidence is "such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion." Consol. Edison Co. v. NLRB, 305 U.S. 197, 229, 59 S.Ct. 206, 83 L.Ed. 126 (1938).

A. Plaintiffs' Claims and Responses of Defendant and Defendant-Intervenor

All plaintiffs claim that Commerce, in calculating normal value according to the CV method, failed to determine constructed value profit according to a "reasonable method" as required by 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(e)(2)(B)(iii). See Pls.' Br. 7, 16; U.S. Steel's Br. 7-8. They argue that Commerce acted contrary to law in basing constructed value profit on the profit realized in certain of the sales transactions between the combined Duferco SA/JESCO entity and an affiliated distributor in Colombia. In their view, Commerce erred in treating as actual "sales" transactions occurring between the combined entity and the Colombian affiliate, which plaintiffs argue should have been considered part of that combined entity. Plaintiff U.S. Steel contends, in addition, that the transactions in Colombia were made according to unusual circumstances and that Commerce therefore erred in finding that they were made in the ordinary course of trade.

B. Plaintiffs Did Not Fail to Exhaust their Administrative Remedies

Defendant argues that plaintiffs are not entitled to relief on their claims because they failed to exhaust their administrative remedies. See Def.'s Opp'n 6, 15-18, 22-25 ("Plaintiffs never argued to Commerce that that [sic] the Colombia sales were made outside of the ordinary course of trade.... Plaintiffs also failed to exhaust their current argument that JESCO's Colombia sales are intra-company sales that cannot be used as the basis for the constructed value profit."). Defendant-intervenor argues, similarly, that "[a]s an initial matter, it is clear from the record that Plaintiffs failed to exhaust their administrative remedies" with respect to the argument that "JESCO's sales to its affiliated customer in Colombia through its affiliate, Duferco S.A., qualify as intra-company transfers and cannot be used to calculate CV profit." Def.-intervenors' Opp'n 20.

Section 301 of the Customs Courts Act of 1980 provides that, in actions such as this one, "the Court of International Trade shall, where appropriate, require the exhaustion of administrative remedies." 28 U.S.C. § 2637(d) (2006). The exhaustion requirement holds that an interested party must raise all relevant arguments at the appropriate time in the proceeding. See Mittal Steel Point Lisas Ltd. v. United States, 548 F.3d 1375, 1383-84 (Fed.Cir. 2008) ("Simple fairness to those who are engaged in the tasks of administration, and to litigants, requires as a general rule that courts not topple over administrative decisions unless the administrative body not only has erred but has erred against objection made at the time appropriate under its practice.") (quoting United States v. L.A. Tucker Truck Lines, Inc., 344 U.S. 33, 37, 73 S.Ct. 67, 97 L.Ed. 54 (1952) (emphasis in original)).

Courts have declined to apply the exhaustion requirement in situations where "the agency change[s] its position... after [a] party's case brief [has been filed]." Corus Staal BV v. United States, 502 F.3d 1370, 1381 (Fed.Cir.2007) ("Corus Staal"); see also Qingdao Taifa Group Co. v. United States, 33 C.I.T. 1090, 1092-93, 637 F.Supp.2d 1231, 1236-37 (2009) ("A party ... may seek judicial review of an issue that it did not raise in a case brief if Commerce did not address the issue until its final decision, because in such a circumstance the party would not have had a full and fair opportunity to raise the issue at the administrative level." (citing LTV Steel Co. v. United States, 985 F.Supp. 95, 120 (CIT 1997))). The court has discretion in deciding whether or not to apply the exhaustion doctrine. See 28 U.S.C. § 2637(d); Corus Staal, 502 F.3d at 1381 ("[A]pplying exhaustion principles in trade cases is subject to the discretion of the judge of the Court of International Trade.").

In the Preliminary Determination, Commerce relied on the financial statements of a Saudi Arabian producer, Saudi Steel Pipe Company, in calculating CV profit. See Prelim. Decision Mem. at 11. Case briefs were due May 23, 2014, and rebuttal briefs were due May 30, 2014. See Prelim. LTFV Determination, 79 Fed.Reg. at 10,490. It was not until the following July that Commerce first indicated it might use Duferco SA/JESCO's sales to Colombia to calculate CV profit, and this indication came when Commerce issued its final decision. See Final Decision Mem. at 16-23; Duferco SA — Final LTFV Determination Analysis Mem. 6-7 (July 10, 2014) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 209). Defendant and defendant-intervenors argue, nevertheless, that petitioners were on notice that Commerce might rely on Duferco SA/JESCO's sales to Colombia to calculate CV profit because JESCO proposed in its case brief that Commerce use the Colombia sales to determine CV profit. Def.'s Opp'n 17, 23-24; Def.-intervenors' Opp'n 20-21.

Denying relief on exhaustion grounds would require the court to conclude that plaintiffs should have predicted that Commerce might accept JESCO's proposal to use sales by Duferco SA/JESCO to Colombia to calculate CV profit and should have raised, in their case briefs, potential arguments against that possibility. The court declines to require such speculation. The court concludes, instead, that petitioners did not have a full and fair opportunity during the investigation to challenge the Department's method of determining CV profit. Therefore, the court adjudicates on the merits the claims of all plaintiffs in this litigation.

C. The Court Rejects Plaintiffs' Challenges to the Department's CV Profit Determination

Constructed value is calculated based on the sum of the cost of materials and fabrication employed in producing the subject merchandise, plus amounts for selling, general, and administrative expenses and for profit and U.S. packing costs. Section 773(e) of the Tariff Act, 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(e). In this litigation, plaintiffs challenge the method Commerce used to calculate an amount for CV profit when determining the normal value of the subject merchandise sold in the United States by Duferco SA/JESCO.

Because Commerce determined that the exporter made no home market sales in the ordinary course of trade, Commerce could not use what it terms the "preferred method" of calculating CV profit, which is provided in section 773(e)(2)(A) of the Tariff Act,4 and instead turned to the three alternatives set forth in section 773(e)(2)(B) of the Tariff Act, 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(e)(2)(B)(i)-(iii).5 See Prelim. Decision Mem. at 10. Commerce rejected the first alternative, that of § 1677b(e)(2)(B)(i), because it found no record information permitting calculation of profit realized by Duferco SA/JESCO on products in the "same general category" as OCTG. Id. at 11. The second alternative, under § 1677b(e)(2)(B)(ii), was unavailable because the combined Duferco SA/JESCO entity was the only respondent in the investigation. Id. Commerce proceeded to the method of § 1677b(e)(2)(B)(iii), under which Commerce may determine CV profit based on "any other reasonable method," subject to an express limitation.6 Id. In the preliminary determination, Commerce chose to use financial data of another Saudi pipe producer, Saudi Steel Pipe Company, to calculate CV profit. Id.

The record contained six potential sources of data from which to determine CV profit under 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(e)(2)(B)(iii). JESCO argued that Commerce should continue to use the financial data of Saudi Steel Pipe Company, as Commerce had done in the Preliminary LTFV Determination, or use the financial data of a different Saudi pipe producer known as "Arabian Pipes." See Case Brief of Jubail Energy Services Company (JESCO) and Duferco SA 50-68 (May 23, 2014) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 196); Rebuttal Brief of Jubail Energy Services Company (JESCO) and Duferco SA 2-14 (May 30, 2014) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 199). In the alternative, JESCO argued that Commerce could use Duferco SA/JESCO's own sales or the subset of its sales to Colombia. See JESCO Case Br. 65-67. Petitioners argued that Commerce should use the financial data of either of two multinational pipe producers, Tenaris SA and Vallourec S.A., or the financial data of the U.S. OCTG industry as a whole. See Oil Country Tubular Goods from Saudi Arabia: Petitioners' Case Brief 1-4 (May 23, 2014) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 195); Oil Country Tubular Goods from Saudi Arabia: Petitioners' Rebuttal Brief (May 30, 2014) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 200).

Choosing from among the various options, Commerce determined CV profit according to the profit realized on certain sales that Duferco SA/JESCO made to a third-country market, Colombia. In choosing these sales as the basis for CV profit, Commerce reasoned that "[t]he Colombian sales of JESCO are sales of OCTG products, a significant portion of which are identical to the products sold by JESCO in the home market and the United States, and the related costs have been verified by the Department." Final Decision Mem. 22. Commerce further reasoned that "[t]hese sales meet all the requirements for CV profit set out under the preferred method except for the fact that they were not sold in the foreign country," pointing out that "[t]hey are sales of the foreign like product and were produced by the respondent in the foreign country." Id.

As discussed previously, the Amended Final Determination reached a revised final weighted-average dumping margin that was de minimis. See Amended Final LTFV Determination, 79 Fed.Reg. at 49,052; 19 U.S.C. §§ 1673d(a)(4), 1673b(b)(3) (requiring Commerce to disregard as de minimis a weighted average dumping margin of less than 2 percent ad valorem or the equivalent specific rate). In calculating CV profit for the amended final results, as it had when issuing the final results, Commerce narrowed its use of the Colombian sales to those that were not made below cost. See Duferco SA — Amended Final LTVF Determination Analysis Mem. 3 (Aug. 11, 2014) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 235).

Plaintiffs assert two grounds upon which they claim that the Department's use of JESCO's Colombia sales to calculate CV profit was not a "reasonable method" as required by 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(e)(2)(B)(iii). The first argument, made by all plaintiffs, is based on an assertion that all of the sales Commerce used in the amended final results to determine CV profit were to the same buyer in Colombia, a distributor affiliated with Duferco SA/JESCO. This assertion is shown by the record to be correct. See Duferco SA — Amended Final LTVF Determination Analysis Mem. 3, Attachments 1-4, (Aug. 11, 2014) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 217) (Non-Public); Duferco SA — Final LTFV Determination Analysis Mem. 7, Attachments 1-2 (July 10, 2014) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 207) (Non-Public). All plaintiffs argue that these transactions were not actual sales but instead were merely intra-company transfers, on the premise that Commerce erred in failing to conclude that the affiliated distributor was part of the Duferco SA/JESCO combined entity. Pls.' Br. 16; U.S. Steel's Br. 9-11. According to their argument, the Department's erroneous assumption that these transactions are actual "sales" resulted in a CV profit calculation that was not made according to a "reasonable method" as required by the statute. U.S. Steel adds that "Commerce's calculation of CV profit based on JESCO's sales of OCTG to Colombia should also be overturned because it violated the statute's general preference to avoid basing CV profit on sales that are made outside the ordinary course of trade," providing various reasons why it believes these sales were made according to unusual circumstances. U.S. Steel's Br. 13.

1. Commerce Was Not Required to Find that the Distributor in Colombia Was Part of the Duferco SA/JESCO "Combined Entity"

In its regulations, Commerce has provided itself authority to "collapse," i.e., treat as a single entity, affiliated producers where two conditions are met. The conditions are (1) "where those producers have production facilities for similar or identical products that would not require substantial retooling of either facility in order to restructure manufacturing priorities and" (2) "the Secretary concludes that there is a significant potential for the manipulation of price or production." 19 C.F.R. § 351.401(f)(1). The regulation lists several factors the Secretary "may consider." Id. § 351.401(f)(2).7

After determining that JESCO and Duferco SA were "affiliated" within the meaning of section 771(33)(E) of the Tariff Act, 19 U.S.C. § 1677(33)(E), Commerce applied § 351.401(f) in treating these two companies as a single entity. Prelim. Decision Mem. at 6-7. Commerce did not find that Duferco SA was a producer. Instead, Commerce explained that "[w]hile 19 CFR 351.401(f) uses the term `producers,' the Department's practice is to apply this regulation to resellers and other affiliated companies as well." Id. at 6 n.26.

Along with Duferco SA and JESCO, Commerce also "collapsed," into the entity to which it referred as "the Duferco single entity," three other affiliated companies: Duferco Shipping, Duferco Steel Inc., and Duferco Saudi Arabia. Id. at 6-7. Upon a finding that that these five companies coordinated orders from customers, coordinated shipping and other logistics, and supplied JESCO with inputs for the production of OCTG, Commerce further found, as to these five companies, that "[e]ach Duferco company, therefore, is part of a chain of transactions requiring extensive coordination of sales and production decisions (e.g., price negotiations, production planning, and shipping) and the sharing of sales information." Id. at 7. Commerce did not conclude that the distributor in Colombia was within "the Duferco single entity."

To qualify for a remedy under the applicable standard of review, plaintiffs must show that Commerce reached a determination that either was unsupported by substantial evidence on the record or otherwise was not in accordance with law. On the former, plaintiffs do not challenge any specific factual finding associated with the challenged determination as unsupported by record evidence. Their claim, instead, is essentially that Commerce acted contrary to law in not finding that the Colombian distributor was part of the "Duferco single entity" for purposes of 19 C.F.R. § 351.401(f) and accordingly in regarding the transactions between Duferco SA/JESCO and the distributor as actual sales rather than intra-company transfers. Stated another way, their argument is that the record does not contain substantial evidence to support the Department's implicit finding that the Colombian distributor was not part of the single entity. In reviewing this argument, the court must be guided by the statutory standard of 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(e)(2)(B)(iii), i.e., the "reasonable method" standard. Because Congress has stated the standard in such a broad way, the court must accord Commerce a significant degree of discretion. The court also is guided by 19 C.F.R. § 351.401(f), the regulation Commerce applied in "collapsing" some Duferco-affiliated entities but not the Colombian distributor.

Under § 351.401(f)(1), Commerce is to decide whether "producers have production facilities for similar or identical products that would not require substantial retooling of either facility in order to restructure manufacturing priorities and the Secretary concludes that there is a significant potential for the manipulation of price or production." Here, there is no possibility of manipulation of "production" because the entity at issue is a distributor, not a producer. As noted previously, Commerce interprets § 351.401(f)(1) to apply not only to producers but also to affiliates that are not producers, an interpretation plaintiffs do not challenge here. According to the regulation, therefore, the relevant question is whether the Secretary was compelled by the record evidence to find a "significant potential for the manipulation of price." Plaintiffs do not direct the court to evidence that would have compelled such a finding, and the court does not find such evidence within the record.

Plaintiffs point to the fact that the Colombian distributor is an indirect subsidiary of Duferco SA's parent company. See Pls.' Br. 11-12; U.S. Steel's Br. 9-11. But this affiliation does not compel the conclusion that there was a significant potential for the manipulation of price. Plaintiffs also cite evidence that the Colombian entity purchases and distributes OCTG that JESCO transferred to Duferco SA. See Pls.' Br. 11-13; U.S. Steel's Br. 10-11. From this evidence, U.S. Steel argues that the Colombian entity "is involved in the production and sale of OCTG." U.S. Steel's Br. 11. However, plaintiffs point to no actual evidence demonstrating a significant risk of manipulation of price. Significantly, plaintiffs point to no evidence of common managerial employees or board members or intertwined operations, such as the sharing of sales information or other involvement in production and pricing decisions. Plaintiffs have failed to meet their burden of demonstrating that Commerce was compelled to treat the JESCO/Duferco SA entity and its Colombian affiliate as a single entity under the regulation.

Moreover, other record evidence is contrary to a finding of a significant risk of price manipulation. Commerce found that the transactions it used to calculate CV profit, i.e., the not-below-cost sales that were made to the Colombian distributor, were made at arm's length. Final Decision Mem. 22-23. For this finding, Commerce relied upon record evidence, consisting of prices at which Duferco SA/JESCO sold OCTG to one or more unaffiliated customers in Colombia, showing that the sales it used to calculate CV profit were made at prices comparable to the market price of OCTG in Colombia. See Duferco SA — Final LTFV Determination Analysis Mem. 6-7. A finding that a sale was made at arm's length may be supported by record evidence that the sale price is comparable to the price at which the exporter or producer sold the foreign like product to a party who is not affiliated with the seller. See 19 C.F.R. § 351.403(c).

U.S. Steel cites record evidence showing common ownership between JESCO and the Colombian distributor and the similarity of the Colombia transactions to U.S. transactions between JESCO and the single Duferco entity. U.S. Steel's Br. 10-11. This evidence does not establish a significant risk of price manipulation. U.S. Steel also argues that "it is of no moment" that the sales in Colombia used to determine CV profit "passed the arm's length test," on the ground that "Commerce's well-established practice is to disregard intra-company transfers between companies that are part of the same collapsed entity regardless of whether they pass any of Commerce's tests for transactions between affiliated companies, including the arm's length test." Id. at 11 (citation omitted). The court disagrees. This argument presumes a Commerce decision to collapse the entities in question, which did not occur here. In any event, it is illogical to consider a company's selling to an affiliate at arm's length prices to be irrelevant to a "collapsing" analysis conducted under 19 U.S.C. § 351.401(f) that is directed to the question of a significant risk of manipulation of price.

2. The Department's Finding that JESCO's Sales to Colombia Were Made in the Ordinary Course of Trade Is Supported by Substantial Record Evidence

U.S. Steel contends that "Commerce's calculation of CV profit based on JESCO's sales of OCTG to Colombia should also be overturned because it violated the statute's general preference to avoid basing CV profit on sales that are made outside the ordinary course of trade." U.S. Steel's Br. 13. According to U.S. Steel, "[a]s the Federal Circuit has recognized, where, as here, home market sales are not available for use and CV profit must be calculated pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(e)(2)(B), the statute continues to express `a general preference' not to use sales made outside the ordinary course of trade." Id. (citing Thai I-Mei Frozen Foods Co., Ltd. v. United States, 616 F.3d 1300, 1307 (Fed. Cir.2010) ("Thai I-Mei")). In making its argument, U.S. Steel cites the statutory definition of "ordinary course of trade" provided in 19 U.S.C. § 1677(15)8 and CEMEX, S.A. v. United States, 133 F.3d 897, 900 (Fed.Cir.1998) ("CEMEX"), for the proposition that Commerce must consider factors in addition to whether sales are below cost in determining whether sales are in the ordinary course. U.S. Steel's Br. 13.

U.S. Steel's argument is unpersuasive. Section 773(e)(2)(B)(iii) of the Tariff Act, 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(e)(2)(B)(iii), does not limit Commerce to the use of sales made in the ordinary course of trade when determining CV profit. To the contrary, the provision makes no mention of sales in the ordinary course of trade and imparts significant discretion in allowing the use of a "reasonable method." U.S. Steel's citation to Thai I-Mei is unavailing, as the case does not hold that Commerce's discretion is confined in the way U.S. Steel suggests. Nor is the court persuaded by U.S. Steel's citation of the statutory definition for "ordinary course of trade," which applies where the term is used in a statutory provision. The reliance upon CEMEX, S.A. v. United States is also misplaced. That case arose from a claim by the foreign exporter that Commerce had erred in ruling that home market sales of two of the three types of cement sold in the home market were outside the ordinary course of trade within the meaning of 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(a)(1)(B)(i) and therefore not permitted to be used in determining the normal value of subject merchandise sold in the United States. See CEMEX, 133 F.3d at 899-900.

Commerce mentioned "ordinary course of trade" in reaching its decision to use the Colombia sales, but the reference is only in the context of determining whether the sales were below cost: "[i]n using these third country sales we consider it appropriate to perform a sales-below cost test to ensure that they were made in the ordinary course of trade, consistent with the preferred method." Final Decision Mem. 22-23 (footnote omitted). Commerce acted within its discretion in deciding to exclude below-cost sales from its CV profit calculation. Merely by using the term "ordinary course of trade" in explaining its decision to do so, Commerce did not narrow its own discretion on the question of whether those sales otherwise were suitable for use in determining constructed value profit. The question presented, therefore, is not whether the sales Commerce used to determine CV profit were, in respects other than cost recovery, out-side the ordinary course of trade for purposes of the statutory definition, which does not apply to 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(e)(2)(B)(iii). Instead, the question is whether the characteristics of those sales otherwise made the sales unsuitable for use in determining CV profit according to the "reasonable method" standard of 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(e)(2)(B)(iii).

U.S. Steel alleges that the Colombia sales Commerce used were made under "unusual circumstances," pointing to record evidence concerning the circumstances under which the merchandise on the sales was shipped to Colombia and reiterating its argument that the sales were in fact intra-company transfers. U.S. Steel's Br. 14. U.S. Steel also contends that the sales constituted an unrepresentative quantity of goods. Id. at 15. Third, U.S. Steel alleges that a remand is required because Commerce erred in finding that a significant portion of the products sold by JESCO in Colombia are identical to the products sold in the home market and the United States, a finding U.S. Steel contends to be contradicted by record evidence. Id. at 15-16. Finally, U.S. Steel maintains that the profit rate of the sales is "inconsistent with other record evidence showing that OCTG is one of the most profitable steel pipe products." Id. at 16. U.S. Steel directs the court's attention to record evidence consisting of the financial statements of Tenaris, a large multinational corporation that earned a profit of approximately 25% during the POI, and "the weighted-average operating profit for the U.S. OCTG industry," which U.S. Steel contends was 12.6% from 2010-2012. Id. at 17.

The record evidence U.S. Steel cites is not sufficient to support a conclusion that Commerce acted contrary to law in using the Colombia sales to determine CV profit. The circumstances of shipping, the sales quantities, and the profit rate on the sales do not establish that it was unreasonable for Commerce to use these sales for the limited purpose of determining profit for the constructed value calculation. In deciding to use these sales to determine CV profit, Commerce compared the suitability of the data from these sales with other record information that it might have used instead, acknowledging that it was "faced with several imperfect options." Final Decision Mem. 17. Mentioning that the Colombia sales meet two of the three requirements of the "preferred method," i.e., 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(e)(2)(A), Commerce placed weight on the fact that these sales "are sales of the foreign like product and were produced by the respondent in the foreign country," albeit products that were not sold in the foreign country. Id. at 22. Moreover, Commerce found that the sales were at arm's length based on record data from other sales of OCTG in the Colombian market, whereas U.S. Steel's objections are grounded, in large part, on comparisons with markets other than Colombia.

The court also rejects U.S. Steel's argument that a remand is required because of the aforementioned finding as to identical merchandise. The actual finding is stated in the Final Decision Memorandum as follows: "[t]he Colombian sales of JESCO are sales of OCTG products, a significant portion of which are identical to the products sold by JESCO in the home market and the United States...." Final Decision Mem. 22. The Final Decision Memorandum pertained to the Final Results, not the Amended Final Results, the analysis memorandum for which set forth the final choice of Colombian sales for the CV profit calculation, i.e., the sales that were not made below cost. Duferco SA — Amended Final LTFV Determination Analysis Mem. 3. As defendant points out, Commerce did not reach a finding that the specific sales Commerce used to calculate CV profit were identical to the products JESCO sold in the home market or the United States. Def.'s Opp'n 12. U.S. Steel does not contest that the sales in question were of OCTG.

III. CONCLUSION

For the reasons discussed above, plaintiffs are not entitled to relief on their claims. The Department's finding that JESCO's sales to Colombia were actual sales rather than intra-company transfers was supported by substantial evidence on the record. Plaintiffs' various arguments to the contrary, including U.S. Steel's arguments directed to the question of whether the sales used to determine CV profit were in the ordinary course of trade, do not demonstrate that Commerce failed to determine constructed value profit according to a "reasonable method" as required by law. Pursuant to USCIT Rule 56.2, the court will enter judgment in favor of defendant United States.