Slip Op. 17-

                UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE


 HYUNDAI STEEL COMPANY,

        Plaintiff,

 v.
                                                 Before: Gary S. Katzmann, Judge
 UNITED STATES,
                                                 Court No. 16-00238
        Defendant,
                                                 PUBLIC VERSION
 and

 STEEL DYNAMICS, INC., et.al.,

        Defendant-Intervenors.


                                            OPINION

[Commerce’s Final Results are sustained.]

                                                              Dated:'HFHPEHU

J. David Park and Henry D. Almond, Arnold & Porter Kaye Scholer LLP, of Washington, DC,
argued for plaintiff. With them on the brief was Daniel R. Wilson and Sylvia Y. Chen.

Patricia M. McCarthy, Assistant Director, Civil Division, Commercial Litigation Branch, U.S.
Department of Justice, of Washington, DC, argued for defendant. With her on the brief were Chad
A. Readler, Acting Assistant Attorney General, Jeanne E. Davidson, Director, and Renee A.
Burbank, Senior Trial Counsel. Of counsel was Lydia Pardini and of counsel on the brief was
Christopher Hyner, Office of the Chief Counsel for Trade Enforcement & Compliance, U.S.
Department of Commerce, of Washington, DC.

Paul C. Rosenthal, Kelley Drye & Warren LLP, of Washington, DC, argued for defendant-
intervenor, ArcelorMittal USA LLC. With him on the joint response brief were Roger B. Schagrin
and Christopher T. Cloutier, Schagrin & Associates, of Washington, DC, for defendant-intervenor,
Steel Dynamics, Inc.; Stephen A. Jones and Daniel L. Schneiderman, King & Spalding, LLP, of
Washington, DC, for defendant-intervenor, AK Steel Corporation; Jeffrey D. Gerrish and Luke A.
Meisner, Skadden Arps Slate Meager & Flom, LLP, of Washington, DC, for defendant-intervenor,
United States Steel Corporation; and Alan H. Price, Timothy C. Brightbill and Chris B. Weld,
Wiley Rein LLP, of Washington DC, for defendant-intervenor, Nucor Corporation.
Court No. 16-00238                                                                           Page 2


       Katzmann, Judge: What is the extent of the responsibility of a respondent company to

develop the administrative record upon which the United States Department of Commerce

(“Commerce”) bases its final determination in an antidumping duty investigation? What is the

extent of Commerce’s authority to apply adverse inferences to a respondent who has not developed

the record? May Commerce, in accordance with law, deny a constructed export price offset when

such an adjustment had been previously granted to the same company in similar, but not identical,

circumstances? These questions are now before the court.

       Plaintiff Hyundai Steel Company (“Hyundai”) challenges the final determination of sales

at less-than-fair-value in the antidumping investigation by Commerce in Certain Hot-Rolled Steel

Flat Products from the Republic of Korea, 81 Fed. Reg. 53,419 (Dep’t Commerce Aug. 12, 2016)

(“Final Results”).    In particular, Hyundai contends that Commerce should not have applied

adverse facts available (“AFA”) in adjusting Hyundai’s reported expenses with respect to its

transactions with certain affiliated companies. Hyundai further argues Commerce should have

granted a constructed export price offset -- in other words, Commerce should have made

adjustments commensurate with differences between Hyundai’s selling activities in the Korean

and U.S. markets as part of its analysis. The court finds neither of these contentions persuasive,

and sustains Commerce’s determination.

                                             BACKGROUND

                                      I.    Legal Background

       Pursuant to United States antidumping law, Commerce must impose antidumping duties

on subject merchandise that “is being, or is likely to be, sold in the United States at less than fair

value” and that causes material injury or threat of material injury to a domestic industry. 19 U.S.C.
Court No. 16-00238                                                                          Page 3


§ 1673 (2012). 1 “Sales at less than fair value are those sales for which the ‘normal value’ (the

price a producer charges in its home market) exceeds the ‘export price’ (the price of the product

in the United States).” Apex Frozen Foods Private Ltd. v. United States, 

, 1326

(Fed. Cir. 2017). Normal value is defined as “the price at which the foreign like product is first

sold . . . in the exporting country [i.e., the home market].” 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(a)(l)(B)(i). Here,

“normal value” refers to the price of Hyundai’s hot-rolled steel sold in Korea. Export price, or

constructed export price (“CEP”), means the price at which the subject merchandise is first sold to

an unaffiliated purchaser in the United States. 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(a)–(b). Commerce uses CEP

when a seller affiliated 2 with the producer makes the first sale to an unaffiliated purchaser in the

United States. 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(b).


1
  Further citations to the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, are to the relevant provision of Title 19
of the U.S. Code, 2012 edition. Citations to 19 U.S.C. § 1677e, however, are not to the U.S. Code
2012 edition, but to the unofficial U.S. Code Annotated 2017 edition. The current U.S.C.A.
reflects the amendments made to 19 U.S.C. § 1677e (2012) by the Trade Preferences Extension
Act of 2015, Pub. L. No. 114–27, § 502, 129 Stat. 362, 383–84 (2015). The TPEA amendments
are applicable to all determinations made on or after August 6, 2015, and therefore, are applicable
to this proceeding. See Dates of Application of Amendments to the Antidumping and
Countervailing Duty Laws Made by the Trade Preferences Extension Act of 2015, 80 Fed. Reg.
46,793, 46,794 (Dep’t Commerce Aug. 6, 2015).
2
    Per 19 U.S.C. § 1677(33), affiliated entities are:

                  (A) Members of a family, including brothers and sisters (whether by
                  the whole or half blood), spouse, ancestors, and lineal descendants.
                  (B) Any officer or director of an organization and such organization.
                  (C) Partners.
                  (D) Employer and employee.
                  (E) Any person directly or indirectly owning, controlling, or holding
                  with power to vote, 5 percent or more of the outstanding voting stock
                  or shares of any organization and such organization.
                  (F) Two or more persons directly or indirectly controlling,
                  controlled by, or under common control with, any person.
                  (G) Any person who controls any other person and such other
                  person.
Court No. 16-00238                                                                         Page 4


       When making a comparison between export price, or CEP, and normal value, Commerce seeks

to ensure that a producer’s costs are reflective of the market value of those goods or services, and

may adjust both values. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(a), (b). Companies sometimes use affiliated

companies to provide services like shipping, insurance, and other similar services for both home

market sales and United States sales. Because of the companies’ affiliation, the costs may be

distorted and not reflect the true market price of those services. Therefore, when a party sells its

goods by using services from an affiliated company, Commerce must determine whether the

transactions with the affiliated company were made at arm’s-length, or comparable to transactions

conducted with an unaffiliated party. For home market sales, if a party cannot establish that a

transaction with the affiliated party was made at arm’s-length, Commerce may make an “arm’s-

length adjustment.” See 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(b) (permitting Commerce to determine whether home

market sales are distorted); 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(f)(2) (“A transaction directly or indirectly between

affiliated persons may be disregarded if . . . the amount representing that element does not fairly



               For purposes of this paragraph, a person shall be considered to
               control another person if the person is legally or operationally in a
               position to exercise restraint or direction over the other person.

Commerce’s regulation 19 C.F.R. § 351.102(b)(3) further provides that:

               “Affiliated persons” and “affiliated parties” have the same meaning
               as in [§ 1677(33)]. In determining whether control over another
               person exists, within the meaning of [§ 1677(33)], [Commerce] will
               consider the following factors, among others: Corporate or family
               groupings; franchise or joint venture agreements; debt financing;
               and close supplier relationships. [Commerce] will not find that
               control exists on the basis of these factors unless the relationship has
               the potential to impact decisions concerning the production, pricing,
               or cost of the subject merchandise or foreign like product.
               [Commerce] will consider the temporal aspect of a relationship in
               determining whether control exists; normally, temporary
               circumstances will not suffice as evidence of control.
Court No. 16-00238                                                                          Page 5


reflect the amount usually reflected in sales of merchandise under consideration in the market

under consideration.”); 19 C.F.R. § 351.402(e) (2015). 3

         Information that producer respondents submit to Commerce during an investigation is

subject to verification. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(i)(1). 4

                                       A.   Adverse Facts Available

         When either necessary information is not available on the record, or a respondent (1)

withholds information that has been requested by Commerce, (2) fails to provide such information

by Commerce’s deadlines for submission of the information or in the form and manner requested,

(3) significantly impedes an antidumping proceeding, or (4) provides information that cannot be

verified, then Commerce shall “use the facts otherwise available in reaching the applicable

determination.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a).          This subsection thus provides Commerce with a

methodology to fill informational gaps when necessary or requested information is missing from




3
    19 C.F.R. § 351.402(e) provides:

                 Treatment of payments between affiliated persons. Where a person
                 affiliated with the exporter or producer incurs any of the expenses
                 deducted from constructed export price under [19 U.S.C. §
                 1677a(d)] and is reimbursed for such expenses by the exporter,
                 producer or other affiliate, [Commerce] normally will make an
                 adjustment based on the actual cost to the affiliated person. If
                 [Commerce] is satisfied that information regarding the actual cost to
                 the affiliated person is unavailable to the exporter or producer,
                 [Commerce] may determine the amount of the adjustment on any
                 other reasonable basis, including the amount of the reimbursement
                 to the affiliated person if [Commerce] is satisfied that such amount
                 reflects the amount usually paid in the market under consideration.

All citations to Title 19 of the Code of Federal Regulations are to the official 2015 edition.
4
 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(i)(1) provides: “The administering authority shall verify all information relied
upon in making a final determination in an investigation.”
Court No. 16-00238                                                                           Page 6


the administrative record. See Nippon Steel Corp. v. United States, 

, 1381 (Fed.

Cir. 2003).

       Commerce “may use an inference that is adverse to the interests of that party in selecting

from among the facts otherwise available” (“AFA”), if it “finds that an interested party has failed

to cooperate by not acting to the best of its ability to comply with a request for information[.]” 

A respondent’s failure to cooperate to “the best of its ability” is “determined

by assessing whether [it] has put forth its maximum effort to provide Commerce with full and

complete answers to all inquiries.” Nippon 

.

       When applying an adverse inference, Commerce may rely on information from the petition,

a final determination in the investigation, a previous administrative review, or any other

information placed on the record. 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b)(2); 19 C.F.R. § 351.308(c)(1)(2). If

Commerce uses an adverse inference under § 1677e(b)(1)(A) in selecting among facts otherwise

available, Commerce is not required to demonstrate that the dumping margin used “reflects an

alleged commercial reality of the interested party.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(d)(3).

       Commerce has explained the rationale behind its AFA policy:

               [Commerce’s] practice when selecting an adverse rate from among
               the possible sources of information is to ensure that the result is
               sufficiently adverse “as to effectuate the statutory purposes of the
               AFA rule to induce respondents to provide the Department with
               complete and accurate information in a timely manner.”

Ozdemir Boru San. ve Tic. Ltd. Sti. v. United States, 41 CIT ___, ___, 

, at *5

(Ct. Int’l Trade 2017) (citations omitted). Commerce maintains that its practice also ensures “that

the party does not obtain a more favorable result by failing to cooperate than if it had cooperated

fully.” 

of Administrative Action, accompanying the Uruguay Round
Court No. 16-00238                                                                           Page 7


Agreements Act, H.R. No. 103–316, vol. 1, at 870 (1994), reprinted in 1994 U.S.C.CAN. at 4199

(“SAA”)); 5 compare 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(d)(3).

                                           B.     CEP Offset

       Commerce may also adjust the normal value to take into account differences in the level

of trade between the home market and U.S. market to “reconstruct the price at a specific, ‘common’

point in the chain of commerce, so that value can be fairly compared on an equivalent basis.”

Micron Tech., Inc. v. United States, 

, 1303 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (quoting Koyo Seiko

Co. v. United States, 

, 1568 (Fed. Cir. 1994)); see 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(a)(1)(B). Level

of trade adjustments are made when the difference in the level of trade (i) involves the performance

of different selling activities; and (ii) demonstrably affects price comparability, based on a pattern

of consistent prices differences between the sales at the different levels of trade. 19 U.S.C.

1677b(a)(7)(A); see 

(quoting Koyo Seiko Co. v. United 

).

       In cases where “normal value is established at a level of trade which constitutes a more

advanced stage of distribution than the level of trade of the constructed export price, but the data

available do not provide an appropriate basis to determine . . . a level of trade adjustment,” a CEP

offset will be appropriate, and the “normal value shall be reduced by the amount of indirect selling

expenses incurred in the country in which normal value is determined on sales of the foreign like

product but not more than the amount of such expenses for which a deduction is made under

section 1677a(d)(1)(D).” 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(a)(7)(B). “The effect is to reduce the price of the



5
  The SAA “shall be regarded as an authoritative expression by the United States concerning the
interpretation and application of the Uruguay Round Agreements and this Act in any judicial
proceeding in which a question arises concerning such interpretation or application.” 19 U.S.C. §
3512(d).
Court No. 16-00238                                                                            Page 8


more advanced level of trade by ‘indirect selling expenses’ that have been included in the price on

the apparent theory that such costs would not have been incurred if the sale had been made on a

less advanced level of trade.” 

.

        According to the SAA, the foreign exporter must supply evidence that “the functions

performed by the sellers at the same level of trade in the U.S. and foreign markets are similar, and

that different selling activities are actually performed at the allegedly different levels of trade” to

qualify for a CEP offset. SAA at 829. Although neither the statute nor the SAA defines “same

level of trade,” the phrase is understood “to mean comparable marketing stages in the home and

United States markets, e.g., a comparison of wholesale sales in Korea to wholesale sales in the

United States.” 

; see 19 C.F.R. § 351.412(c)(2) (“[Commerce] will

determine that sales are made at different levels of trade if they are made at different marketing

stages (or their equivalent).”). The differences in selling functions performed in the U.S. and home

markets must be “substantial” to qualify for a CEP offset. 19 C.F.R. § 351.412(c)(2) (“Substantial

differences in selling activities are a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for determining that

there is a difference in the stage of marketing.”); see also Sucocitrico Cutrale Ltda. v. United States,

, at *6 (Ct. Int’l Trade 2012) (“Although Cutrale may perform more selling

functions or may perform selling functions more intensely in its home market, these differences

do not warrant a CEP offset. The CEP offset provision applies in situations in which there is a

substantial difference in the level of trade.” (citing 

)) (Not Reported in

F. Supp. 2d).

        In short, Commerce will only grant a CEP offset where: (1) normal value is compared to

CEP; (2) normal value is determined at a more advanced level of trade than the level of trade of

the CEP; and (3) despite a company’s cooperation to the best of its ability, whether the difference
Court No. 16-00238                                                                       Page 9


in the level of trade affects price comparability cannot be determined based on available data. 19

C.F.R. § 351.412(f).

                                    II.   Factual Background

       On August 11, 2015, domestic steel producers AK Steel Corporation, ArcelorMittal USA

LLC, Nucor Corporation, SSAB Enterprises, Steel Dynamics, Inc., and United States Steel

Corporation -- the defendant-intervenors in this action -- filed an antidumping duty petition with

Commerce, concerning imports of certain hot-rolled steel flat products (hot-rolled steel) from

Korea. On September 9, 2015, Commerce initiated an antidumping duty investigation concerning

certain hot-rolled steel flat products. Certain Hot-Rolled Steel Flat Products from Australia,

Brazil, Japan, the Republic of Korea, the Netherlands, and the Republic of Turkey: Initiation of

Less-Then-Fair-Value Investigations, 80 Fed. Reg. 54,261 (Dep’t Commerce Sept. 9, 2015). The

Period of Investigation (“POI”) was July 1, 2014, through June 30, 2015. 

On

October 1, 2015, Commerce issued a memorandum stating that it had selected Hyundai Steel as

one of the mandatory respondents in the investigation based on its volume of subject imports over

the POI, pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1677f-1(c)(2). 6 See Respondent Selection Memorandum (Oct.

1, 2015), P.R. 75, C.R. 25.


6
  In antidumping duty investigations or administrative reviews, Commerce may select mandatory
respondents pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1677f-1(c)(2), which provides:

               If it is not practicable to make individual weighted average dumping
               margin determinations [in investigations or administrative reviews]
               because of the large number of exporters or producers involved in
               the investigation or review, the administering authority may
               determine the weighted average dumping margins for a reasonable
               number of exporters or producers by limiting its examination to—

                       (A) a sample of exporters, producers, or types of products
                       that is statistically valid based on the information available
                       to the administering authority at the time of selection, or
Court No. 16-00238                                                                        Page 10


       On October 5, 2015, Commerce issued an antidumping duty questionnaire to Hyundai, and

Hyundai provided its responses to the questionnaire sections throughout that November. See

Antidumping Duty Questionnaire, P.R. 81; Section A Questionnaire Resp. (Nov. 2, 2015) (“Sec.

A QR”), P.R. 110, C.R. 50; Sections B & C Questionnaire Resp. (Nov. 23, 2015) (“Sec. B-C QR”),

P.R. 141, C.R. 98; Section D Questionnaire Resp. (Nov. 19, 2015) (“Sec. D QR”), P.R. 136, C.R.

76. Commerce issued supplemental questionnaires between December 2015 and February 2016,

to which Hyundai replied between January and March 2016.                See Commerce’s Suppl.

Questionnaire (Dec. 23, 2015), P.R. 165, C.R. 133; Hyundai’s Sections A-C Suppl. Questionnaire

Resp. (Jan. 20, 2016) (“Sec. A-C SQR”), P.R. 190, C.R. 209; Hyundai’s Sections B & C Suppl.

Questionnaire Resp. (Feb. 25, 2016) (“Sec. B-C SQR”), P.R. 240, C.R. 324.

       On March 22, 2016, Commerce published its preliminary determination in the

investigation. Certain Hot-Rolled Steel Flat Products from the Republic of Korea: Affirmative

Preliminary Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value and Postponement of Final

Determination, 81 Fed. Reg. 15,228 (Dep’t Commerce Mar. 22, 2016), and accompanying

Preliminary Decision Memorandum, P.R. 253 (“PDM”). Commerce calculated a preliminary

antidumping duty margin of 3.97 percent for Hyundai Steel. PDM.

       Prior to issuing a final determination, Commerce conducted sales, cost and further

manufacturing verifications at the offices of Hyundai and certain of their United States affiliates

during the months of January, April and June 2016. Thus, from January 18 through January 29,

2016, Commerce verified Hyundai’s responses with respect to cost. See Cost Verification Report




                      (B) exporters and producers accounting for the largest
                      volume of the subject merchandise from the exporting
                      country that can be reasonably examined.
Court No. 16-00238                                                                           Page 11


(May 26, 2016), P.R. 278, C.R. 576. From April 18 through April 22, 2016, Commerce conducted

a verification of Hyundai’s home market and U.S. sales data, and from June 12 through June 15,

2016, Commerce conducted a verification of Hyundai’s U.S. sales data. See Sales Verification

Outline (Apr. 11, 2016), P.R. 266, C.R. 352; Sales Verification Report (July 5, 2016), P.R. 289,

C.R. 617. During the second verification, Commerce requested contract information between

Hyundai’s affiliated service providers and their unaffiliated customers. See Sales Verification

Report at 13–15. Hyundai was unable to supply this requested information. 

12, 2016, Commerce published the Final Results, in which it calculated a final

margin of 9.49 percent for Hyundai. In the Final Results, Commerce applied AFA to Hyundai, on

the basis of Hyundai’s inability to supply information regarding its affiliates’ transactions with

unaffiliated parties, which Commerce requested at the June 2016 verification. IDM at 18–20.

Specifically, Commerce verified that, of Hyundai’s affiliated freight provider’s 7 (“Freight

Affiliate”) two largest shareholders, one shareholder is a part owner of Hyundai Steel and the other

shareholder is the Vice Chairman of Hyundai Steel. IDM at 19. Commerce further verified that

these two individuals are father and son. 

that it performed a similar analysis

with regard to Hyundai’s affiliated insurance provider 8 (“Insurance Affiliate”) and found that

Hyundai and that company were affiliated. 

found, “as confirmed at

verification, that Hyundai Steel and the affiliated companies were held and commonly controlled

by the same family members during the POI.” 

found “that Hyundai Steel

failed the completeness portion at verification with regard to this issue, i.e., failed to demonstrate



7
    Hyundai’s Freight Affiliate is named [[                ]].
8
    Hyundai’s Insurance Affiliate is named [[                                              ]].
Court No. 16-00238                                                                           Page 12


the arm’s-length nature of these services provided by the affiliated companies. Accordingly, we

find that we are unable to determine the arm’s-length nature of transactions provided by these

affiliates.” IDM at 19. Commerce therefore concluded that “the necessary information to make

this determination is not on the record due to Hyundai Steel’s failure to provide it,” and thus

resorted to facts otherwise available under 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a). 

found that “Hyundai Steel failed to cooperate by not acting to the best of its ability to provide this

requested information,” and thus applied AFA under 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b) to these transactions.

Commerce applied AFA in the following manner:

               For the final determination, we will apply AFA to Hyundai Steel’s
               home market inland freight, home market warehousing expenses,
               international freight, marine insurance, and domestic inland freight
               for U.S. sales. For home market inland freight and warehousing, we
               will apply Hyundai Steel’s lowest reported values for its home
               inland freight and warehousing fields for the final determination.
               For marine insurance and international freight (including wharfage),
               we will apply the highest reported values for the final determination.
               For domestic inland freight for U.S. sales, we have selected the
               highest value as AFA.

IDM at 19.

       Commerce also denied Hyundai a statutory CEP offset to adjust for differences between

levels of trade in its home market and U.S. sales. IDM at 24–26. Commerce found that Hyundai

had performed selling functions at virtually the same level of intensity in the U.S and home

markets, and thus that no level of trade difference existed that merited a CEP offset. 

the corresponding antidumping duty order on October 3, 2016. Certain

Hot-Rolled Steel Flat Products From Australia, Brazil, Japan, the Republic of Korea, the

Netherlands, the Republic of Turkey, and the United Kingdom: Amended Final Affirmative

Antidumping Determinations for Australia, the Republic of Korea, and the Republic of Turkey

and Antidumping Duty Orders, 81 Fed. Reg. 67,962 (Dep’t of Commerce Oct. 3, 2016). Hyundai
Court No. 16-00238                                                                        Page 13


commenced this action on November 2, 2016, and filed its complaint on December 2. Summons,

ECF No. 1; Compl., ECF No. 9. Hyundai filed its motion for judgment on the agency record on

May 2, 2017, and its final motion for judgment on the agency record the next day. ECF Nos. 45–

47 (“Pl.’s Br.”). The Government filed its responsive brief in opposition to Hyundai’s motion on

August 2, 2017.     ECF Nos. 53–54 (“Def.’s Br.”).        Defendant-intervenors filed their joint

responsive brief in opposition to Hyundai’s motion on the same day. ECF Nos. 51–52 (“Def.-

Inter.’s Br.”). Hyundai filed its reply brief on October 2, 2017. ECF No. 55 (“Pl.’s Reply”). Oral

argument was held before the court on December 11, 2017. ECF No. 64.

                      JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

       The Court has jurisdiction over this action pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c) and 19 U.S.C.

§ 1516a(a)(2)(A)(i)(I) and (a)(2)(B)(iii). The standard of review in this action is set forth in 19

U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(l)(B)(i): “[t]he court shall hold unlawful any determination, finding or

conclusion found . . . to be unsupported by substantial evidence on the record, or otherwise not in

accordance with law.”

                                         DISCUSSION

                               I. Commerce’s AFA Application

       Hyundai’s argument that Commerce’s application of AFA was unsupported by substantial

evidence and contrary to law is essentially tripartite. Hyundai argues (1) that Commerce’s

determination to apply AFA with respect to transactions with its affiliated service providers was

contrary to law; (2) that the record regardless confirms that Hyundai’s transactions with those

affiliates were made on an arm’s-length basis; and (3) that Commerce’s AFA adjustments were

inconsistent with Hyundai’s verified questionnaire responses.
Court No. 16-00238                                                                           Page 14


            A. Commerce’s Determination to Apply AFA with Respect to Transactions with
            Hyundai’s Affiliated Service Providers was Supported by Substantial Evidence and in
                                           Accordance with Law.

       Hyundai argues that Commerce’s finding that Hyundai did not cooperate to the best of its

ability, per 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b), was contrary to law because Hyundai provided all requested

information during the fact-gathering phase of the investigation, 9 and generally cooperated to the

best of its ability at each of the three verifications conducted by the agency. Pl.’s Br. at 12.

Hyundai asserts that Commerce “never requested information regarding its service providers’ sales

prices to unaffiliated customers prior to the very last verification,” and that Commerce’s Sales

Verification Outline did not signal that Commerce would reopen the record to request additional

sales contracts information from Hyundai’s affiliates. Pl.’s Br. at 12 (emphasis added). Hyundai

notes that Commerce did, in fact, request that same information from Hyundai in the separate

investigation involving cold-rolled steel flat products from Korea. IDM at 18 (citing Certain Cold-

Rolled Steel Flat Products from the Republic of Korea: Final Determination of Sales at Less Than

Fair Value, 81 Fed. Reg. 49953 (July 28, 2016)). However, Hyundai argues, that proceeding is

irrelevant because Commerce there made its request during the questionnaire phase of the

proceeding; further, Hyundai indicated in that proceeding that it had been unable to obtain the

same data. Pl.’s Br. at 13.




9
  In response to Commerce’s Supplemental Questionnaire request for additional documentation
regarding the arm’s-length nature of its affiliates’ transactions, Hyundai provided the freight
contract between the Freight Affiliate and one of its subcontractors, [[                            ]],
Sec. A-C SQR at Ex. S-38, a worksheet comparing the freight charged by the Freight Affiliate and
the freight charged by its subcontractor, 

S-56, the ocean freight contract between the
Freight Affiliate and another of its sub-contractors, [[          ]], 

and invoices billed
to Hyundai Steel by the Freight Affiliate and the invoice billed to the Freight Affiliate by its sub-
contractor, 

S-60.
Court No. 16-00238                                                                         Page 15


       Hyundai characterizes Commerce’s verification-phase request as an ultra vires expansion

of the scope of verification in a manner contrary to its purpose, asserting that “[n]owhere in the

procedural framework for AFA . . . does the statute or this Court’s (or the Federal Circuit’s)

precedent allow for assessing AFA based on data that were never requested in Commerce’s

questionnaire or subsequent supplemental questionnaires.” Pl.’s Br. at 14. Rather, “the purpose

of verification is to verify the accuracy of the information already on the record, not to continue

the information-gathering stage of the Department’s investigation.” Pl.’s Br. at 14 (quoting

Borusan Mannesmann Boru Sanayi ve Ticaret A.S. v. United States, 39 CIT ___, ____, 

1306, 1349 (2015)). Hyundai argues that here, the agency’s conduct did nothing to “promote

cooperation or accuracy or reasonable disclosure by cooperating parties.” Bowe Passat v. United

States, 

, 343 (1993) (Not Reported in F. Supp.). In sum, Hyundai argues that it did in

fact cooperate to the best of its ability by doing the maximum it was able to do under the

circumstances, and thus the application of AFA per 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b) was unwarranted. Pl.’s

Br. at 14–15.

       The court first considers Commerce’s decision to resort to facts otherwise available under

19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a) and finds that it was supported by substantial evidence. 10 As has been noted,

supra pp. 4-5, under the statute, Commerce shall use the facts otherwise available in reaching its



10
   Substantial evidence is “more than a mere scintilla,” but “less than the weight of the evidence.”
Altx, Inc. v. United States, 

, 1116 (Fed. Cir. 2004). “A finding is supported by
substantial evidence if a reasonable mind might accept the evidence as sufficient to support the
finding.” Maverick Tube Corp. v. United States, 

, 1359 (Fed. Cir. 2017) (citing
Consol. Edison Co. of N.Y. v. NLRB, 

, 229 (1938)). “The substantiality of evidence
must take into account whatever in the record fairly detracts from its weight.” CS Wind Vietnam
Co. v. United States, 

, 1373 (Fed. Cir. 2016). This includes “contradictory evidence
or evidence from which conflicting inferences could be drawn.” Suramerica de Aleaciones
Laminadas, C.A. v. United States, 

, 985 (Fed. Cir. 1994) (quoting Universal Camera
Corp. v. NLRB, 

, 487 (1951)).
Court No. 16-00238                                                                          Page 16


final determination if necessary information is not available on the record, or, relevantly, an

interested party either withholds information that has been request by Commerce or fails to provide

such information by the deadlines for submission. 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a)(1), (2)(A), (2)(B). Here,

Commerce stated that “the necessary information to make [the arm’s-length] determination is not

on the record due to Hyundai Steel’s failure to provide it.” IDM at 19. Commerce had previously

requested in its Supplemental Questionnaire freight contracts between Hyundai’s affiliates and all

unaffiliated freight providers during the POI for freight and warehousing services in both the U.S.

and home market. Supplemental Questionnaire at 16–17, 22–23, 25. Hyundai provided what it

characterized as representative examples of various transactions between Hyundai, its affiliates,

and unaffiliated parties, but did not furnish in entirety the documents requested by Commerce.

Sec. A-C SQR at 31–33, 43–48, Exs. S-38, S-56, S-59, S-60. Finding that information insufficient

for the purposes of its arm’s-length determination, Commerce at verification again requested

freight and insurance documentation between Hyundai, its affiliates, and other unaffiliated parties.

IDM at 18; Sales Verification Report at 14–15. Commerce explained that this documentation

would be used in its sales-trace procedure, which it utilizes to trace the selected sale from initial

inquiry and order through a company’s records to receipt of payment from the Customer. Sales

Verification Report at 14–15; Sales Verification Outline at 9–10. Hyundai did not provide this

documentation, instead proffering rates charged by unaffiliated service providers. Hyundai hoped

to establish, by way of price comparison, the arm’s-length nature of its transactions with its

affiliates. IDM at 18; Sales Verification Report at 14–15. However, having asked for information

of great volume and different variety, and in light of the agency’s discretion under the statute, see

infra, Commerce reasonably found that Hyundai’s alternate submissions were insufficient, and

that the arm’s-length transaction analysis could not be completed without the information that
Court No. 16-00238                                                                          Page 17


Commerce had requested. IDM at 19. Accordingly Commerce’s resort to facts otherwise

available per 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a) in order to complete its analysis was reasonable.

       The court next considers Commerce’s decision to apply AFA under 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b)

with respect to Hyundai’s Steel’s transactions with its Freight Affiliate and Insurance Affiliate.

“If [Commerce] . . . finds that an interested party has failed to cooperate by not acting to the best

of its ability to comply with a request for information from [Commerce], [then Commerce] . . .

may use an inference that is adverse to the interests of that party in selecting from among the facts

otherwise available.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b)(1)(A); see 19 C.F.R. § 351.308; QVD Food Co. v.

United States, 

, 1324 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (discussing burdens of proof in administrative

proceedings before Commerce). Commerce “may employ [such] inferences . . . to ensure that the

party does not obtain a more favorable result by failing to cooperate than if it had cooperated

fully.” Viet I–Mei Frozen Foods Co. v. United States, 

, 1109 (Fed. Cir. 2016)

(quoting SAA at 870). “Because Commerce lacks subpoena power, Commerce’s ability to apply

adverse facts is an important one.” Maverick Tube, 

, 1360 (Fed. Cir. 2017) (quoting

Essar Steel Ltd. v. United States, 

, 1276 (Fed. Cir. 2012)). Thus, “[t]he purpose of

the adverse facts statute is ‘to provide respondents with an incentive to cooperate’ with

Commerce's investigation.” 

De Cecco Di Filippo Fara S. Martino S.p.A. v.

United States, 

, 1032 (Fed. Cir. 2000)). “Compliance with the ‘best of its ability’

standard is determined by assessing whether respondent has put forth its maximum efforts to

provide Commerce with full and complete answers to all inquiries in an investigation.” 

) (emphasis added).

       The procedural background here requires the court to consider the extent of Hyundai’s

ability to comply with Commerce’s request for documentation between its affiliates and
Court No. 16-00238                                                                          Page 18


unaffiliated parties. Commerce found that “Hyundai Steel and the affiliated companies were held

and commonly controlled by the same family members during the POI,” to wit, by a “group”

possessing “the ability to directly or indirectly control its group members.” IDM at 19; see 19

U.S.C. § 1677(33); see also Ta Chen Stainless Steel Pipe, Inc. v. United States, 

,

1336 (Fed. Cir. 2002). “[A] person shall be considered to control another person if the person is

legally or operationally in a position to exercise restraint or direction over the other person.” 19

U.S.C. § 1677(33). Pertinently, the agency verified that of the Freight Affiliate’s two largest

shareholders, one is part owner of Hyundai and the other is the Vice Chairman of Hyundai Steel;

these individuals are father and son, respectively. IDM at 19. Commerce made a similar finding

regarding the cross-ownership, by family members, of Hyundai and its Insurance Affiliate. Id.;

Sales Verification Report at 15. Hyundai does not dispute these findings in the instant proceeding.

See Pl.’s Br. Commerce’s factual determination that the overarching “group” possesses “the

ability to directly or indirectly control” its members, including Hyundai, its Freight Affiliate, and

its Insurance Affiliate, is supported by substantial evidence.

       Given Commerce’s finding that these entities were under common control, the agency

reasonably expected that Hyundai would be able to access its affiliates’ documentation. IDM at

19. While “[t]he best-of-one’s-ability standard ‘does not require perfection and recognizes that

mistakes sometimes occur,” it “does not condone inattentiveness, carelessness, or inadequate

record keeping.” Papierfabrik Aug. Koehler SE v. United States, 

, 1379 (Fed. Cir.

2016) (quoting Nippon 

). The record does not disclose that Hyundai

attempted to collect the information requested by Commerce at verification nor that Hyundai

requested additional time during which to acquire that information. IDM at 18; Sales Verification

Report at 14–15. Rather, per Commerce, “Hyundai Steel stated that despite the ownership,
Court No. 16-00238                                                                          Page 19


managerial, and familial affiliations between [Hyundai and its Freight Affiliate], it was not within

the Hyundai’s Steel’s [sic] capability to obtain the requested data.” Sales Verification Report at

14. The court emphasizes that Hyundai does not challenge Commerce’s findings regarding

common control, see 19 U.S.C. 1677(33), and that the record contains no explanation for

Hyundai’s purported inability to gather the requested information, or the nature of Hyundai’s

attempts to acquire it during this proceeding. Without further explanation of its alleged inability

to acquire the requested information, Hyundai cannot be said to have put forth its “maximum

efforts” in responding to Commerce’s request. Compare Maverick 

(“[The

respondent] effectively concedes that it possessed information necessary to Commerce’s

investigation, that Commerce requested that information, and that [the respondent] did not provide

that information. Such behavior cannot be considered ‘maximum effort to provide Commerce with

full and complete answers.’”).

       Hyundai’s submissions in lieu of the requested information, see Sales Verification Report

at 14–15, do not cure Hyundai’s failure to act to the best of its ability in responding to Commerce’s

request. Commerce possesses wide latitude over verification procedures, Micron Tech., Inc. v.

United States, 

, 1396 (Fed. Cir. 1997), including its informational requests. Further,

“the burden of creating an adequate record lies with interested parties and not with Commerce.”

Nan Ya Plastics Corp. v. United States, 

, 1337 (Fed. Cir. 2016). “The placement of

the burden on interested parties stems from the fact that [Commerce] has no subpoena power.” 

court is not persuaded that a respondent’s submission of substitute information

constitutes its “maximum efforts” to comply where the respondent has not offered an adequate

explanation for its inability to comply with Commerce’s primary request for information. IDM at

18–19; Sales Verification Report at 14–15; compare Husteel v. United States, 39 CIT ___, ___, 98
Court No. 16-00238                                                                          Page 

, 1361 (2015) (“Failing to provide data requested by Commerce is not the same

as being unable to provide the requested data and providing a reasonable alternative.”).

       The court is further unpersuaded by Hyundai’s arguments that it was not on notice that

Commerce could request information regarding its affiliates’ transactions with unaffiliated

customers. Hyundai was aware from Commerce’s questionnaires, Sales Verification Outline, and

the overarching scheme to determine whether Hyundai’s transactions with its affiliates were made

at arm’s length -- and therefore comparable to transactions with unaffiliated parties, per 19 C.F.R.

§§ 351.402(e), 351.403 11 -- that Commerce required information regarding Hyundai’s affiliates

and the affiliates’ service providers. As a preliminary point, and as 

, Commerce’s

determination that Hyundai’s controlling group wielded the ability to directly or indirectly control

Hyundai’s affiliates was supported by substantial record evidence. More substantively, the record

demonstrates that Commerce did place Hyundai on notice that its affiliates’ contractual

documentation could be subject to verification. Indeed, Commerce signaled from the beginning

of the proceeding that Hyundai’s relationship with its affiliates was subject to scrutiny pursuant to

the arm’s-length transaction analysis. See Initial Questionnaire; compare Ta 

. In its Section A, B, and C questionnaires, Commerce requested, and Hyundai provided,

information about the nature of Hyundai’s affiliates and their ownership. Sec. A QR at A-10-13;

Sec. B-C QR at B-28-31, C-26-28, C-30-31. Commerce later in the Supplemental Questionnaire

requested freight contracts between Hyundai’s affiliates and all unaffiliated freight providers

during the POI for freight and warehousing services in both the U.S. and home market.




11
  19 C.F.R. § 351.403 “clarifies the authority of [Commerce] to use sales to or through an affiliated
party as a basis for normal value.”
Court No. 16-00238                                                                           Page 21


Supplemental Questionnaire at 16–17, 22–23, 25. Commerce instructed Hyundai to “[r]eview the

nature of any affiliations between Hyundai Steel and other companies, including, but not limited

to, all suppliers and customers, as reported in your submissions,” and to “[i]dentify the

shareholders and officers in Hyundai Steel and every affiliated company involved in the production

and sale of hot-rolled steel.” Sales Verification Outline at 6. Pursuant to its sales-trace procedure,

Commerce instructed Hyundai to “incorporate affiliated party documents in the sales trace

package” if an affiliated party is involved in the chain of distribution for a specific sales

transaction. 

Further, Commerce explicitly characterized its Sales Verification Outline

as “not necessarily all inclusive” and “reserve[d] the right to request any additional information or

materials necessary for a complete verification.” 

Commerce’s regulation covering

verification procedures, 19 C.F.R. § 351.307, likewise places respondents on notice that

Commerce will request access to all files, records, and personnel relevant to the submitted factual

information concerning (1) producers, exporters, or importers; (2) persons affiliated with those

producers, exporters, or importers; or (3) unaffiliated purchasers. 19 C.F.R. § 351.307(d).

       Similarly, the court is not persuaded by Hyundai’s use of the proposition that “[t]he purpose

of verification is to verify the accuracy of information already on the record, not to continue the

information-gathering stage of [Commerce’s] investigation.” Pl.’s Br. at 14 (quoting Borusan, 

at 1350 (quoting Certain Oil Country Tubular Goods From the Republic of Turkey,

79 Fed. Reg. 41,964 (Dep’t Commerce July 18, 2014) (final affirmative countervailing duty

determination), accompanying IDM (“COTG IDM”) at 55)). That citation iterates Commerce’s

position that “parties may not submit new factual information at verification under the deadlines
Court No. 16-00238                                                                        Page 22


in 19 C.F.R 351.301.” 12 Borusan, 

at 1349 (quoting COTG IDM at 55) (emphasis

added). Commerce, by contrast, possesses considerable latitude in the formation and application

of its verification procedures, and is authorized to request the submission of factual information

“at any time during a proceeding.” 19 C.F.R. § 351.301(a); see 

(“Congress has implicitly delegated to Commerce the latitude to derive verification procedures ad

hoc.”).

          Hyundai additionally argues that Commerce ignored its statutory procedural requirements

under 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(d), 13 which requires the agency to provide a respondent “an opportunity



12
  19 C.F.R. § 351.301 prescribes time limits for submission of factual information to Commerce
during antidumping and countervailing duty proceedings. It provides, in relevant part:

                 The Department obtains most of its factual information in
                 antidumping and countervailing duty proceedings from submissions
                 made by interested parties during the course of the proceeding.
                 Notwithstanding paragraph (b) of this section, the Secretary may
                 request any person to submit factual information at any time during
                 a proceeding or provide additional opportunities to submit factual
                 information.
13
     19 U.S.C. § 1677m(d) provides, in relevant part:

                 If [Commerce] determines that a response to a request for
                 information under this subtitle does not comply with the request,
                 [Commerce] shall promptly inform the person submitting the
                 response of the nature of the deficiency and shall, to the extent
                 practicable, provide that person with an opportunity to remedy or
                 explain the deficiency in light of the time limits established for the
                 completion of investigations or reviews under this subtitle. If that
                 person submits further information in response to such deficiency
                 and either—

                        (1) [Commerce] finds that such response is not satisfactory,
                        or
                        (2) such response is not submitted within the applicable time
                        limits,
Court No. 16-00238                                                                         Page 23


to remedy or explain” any alleged deficiency in its informational submissions in light of impending

statutory or regulatory deadlines. Pl.’s Br. at 11; Pl.’s Reply at 6–8. Hyundai asserts that

Commerce here arranged its AFA determination as a trap, wherein the agency did not request the

affiliates’ information until verification, yet found an adverse inference warranted due to an

alleged reporting error attributable to Hyundai’s questionnaire responses.

       Hyundai’s arguments do not persuade the court that Commerce was statutorily required by

19 U.S.C. § 1677m(d) to take additional actions in the underlying investigation. If Commerce

“determines that a response to a request for information under this subtitle does not comply with

the request,” then it “shall promptly inform the person submitting the response of the nature of the

deficiency and shall, to the extent practicable, provide that person with an opportunity to remedy

or explain the deficiency in light of the time limits established.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(d). Here, as

has been noted, Commerce, in issuing its supplemental questionnaire to Hyundai, specifically

stated that it had “reviewed [Hyundai’s] responses to [the previous questionnaires] and ha[d]

identified certain areas which require additional information, as detailed in the enclosed

supplemental questionnaire.” The Supplemental Questionnaire explicitly requested documents

regarding Hyundai’s affiliates.     Supplemental Questionnaire at 16–17, 22–23, 25.             The

Supplemental Questionnaire thereby did provide Hyundai an opportunity to cure purported

deficiencies in satisfaction of the highlighted statutory safeguards. See Maverick 

(“[The respondent] had already failed to provide the information requested in Commerce’s

original questionnaire, and the supplemental questionnaire notified [the respondent] of that defect.




               then [Commerce] may, subject to subsection (e) of this section,
               disregard all or part of the original and subsequent responses.
Court No. 16-00238                                                                        Page 24


§ 1677m(d) does not require more.”). However, Hyundai’s SQR did not fully comply with

Commerce’s requests for additional documentation, providing instead individual contracts that it

characterized as representative samples. Sec. A-C SQR at 31–33, 43–48, Exs. S-38, S-56, S-59,

S-60. As 

, Commerce had adequately noticed Hyundai that it was investigating

the activities of the company’s affiliates for the purposes of its arm’s-length determination. Upon

reviewing the cross-ownership between Hyundai and its affiliates at verification, Commerce

found, with the support of substantial evidence, that they operated under common “group” control

pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1677(33). IDM at 18–19. Commerce thus reasonably requested during

verification access to the affiliates’ documentation, which Hyundai asserted it could not provide.

Commerce was not obligated to provide Hyundai with additional safeguards under 19 U.S.C. §

1677m(d).

         B.     Commerce’s Determination that the Transactions were not Made on an Arm’s-
                       Length Basis is Supported by Substantial Evidence.

        Hyundai also argues that Commerce’s determination that Hyundai had “failed to

demonstrate the arm’s-length nature” of the services provided by its affiliates, IDM at 19–20, was

unsupported by the evidence in the record, which instead supports the opposite conclusion. Pl.’s

Br. at 15.

        As to home market inland freight expenses, home market warehousing expenses, and

domestic inland freight expenses for export, Hyundai argues that the materials it provided to

Commerce -- ostensibly demonstrating that the price the Freight Affiliate charged to Hyundai was

greater than the cost the Freight Affiliate incurred for procuring the freight service from an

unaffiliated provider, Sec. A-C SQR at Ex. S-56 -- were the same materials Commerce requested

from Hyundai to demonstrate that the services were provided on an arm’s-length basis. Pl.’s Br.
Court No. 16-00238                                                                         Page 25


at 15. Hyundai states that these materials were sufficient for Commerce to conclude that the

services were provided on an arm’s-length basis in the Preliminary Results. 

freight expenses, Hyundai asserts it demonstrated both that its

Freight Affiliate passed on the full costs of its services to Hyundai, Sec. A-C SQR at 48, Exs. S-

59–61, and that Hyundai was charged comparably for the same services by an unaffiliated service

provider. Pl.’s Br. at 16–17 (citing Sales Verification Report at 10; Sales Verification Exhibits at

Ex. 27).

       Finally, as to marine insurance, Hyundai asserts that Commerce verified the expenses

charged by the Insurance Affiliate were arm’s-length because the prices charged by an unaffiliated

provider were comparatively lower. Pl.’s Br. at 16 (citing Sales Verification Report at 15, 21).

       The court is not persuaded by Hyundai’s argument that the documentation it provided to

Commerce necessarily constituted the record evidence required for Commerce to complete its

arm’s-length determination. Assuming arguendo that Hyundai’s submissions could support the

conclusion that the transactions at issue were made on an arm’s-length basis, “the possibility of

drawing two inconsistent conclusions from the evidence does not prevent an administrative

agency’s finding from being supported by substantial evidence.” Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v.

United States, 

, 933 (Fed. Cir. 1984) (citing Consolo v. Fed. Mar. Comm’n, 

, 619–20 (1966)).

       It is also true that “[t]he substantiality of evidence must take into account whatever in the

record fairly detracts from its weight.” CS 

. Further, in the context of

Commerce’s execution of its statutory mandates, “reviewing courts must accord deference to the

agency in its selection and development of proper methodologies.” Thai Pineapple Pub. Co. v.

United States, 

, 1365 (Fed. Cir. 1999) (citing Daewoo Elecs. Co. v. Int’l Union of
Court No. 16-00238                                                                        Page 26


Elec. Elec., Tech., Salaried & Mach. Workers, AFL–CIO, 

, 1516 (Fed. Cir. 1993)).

Here, Commerce acknowledged Hyundai’s submission of its supportive materials, and reasonably

concluded that they did not constitute substantial record evidence that would necessitate Hyundai’s

preferred conclusion, or permit the completion of the arm’s-length analysis pursuant to 19 U.S.C.

§ 1677b(f)(2). Sales Verification Report at 14–15. Indeed, Hyundai’s submissions did not meet

the extent of materials requested by Commerce in the Supplemental Questionnaire at 16–17, 22–

23, 25.    As has been noted, at verification Commerce requested freight and insurance

documentation between Hyundai’s affiliates and other unaffiliated parties for the purpose of

verifying Hyundai’s submitted factual information as it relates to the arm’s-length nature of the

relevant affiliate transactions. IDM at 18. In sum, the court finds reasonable and supported by

substantial evidence Commerce’s determination that Hyundai’s purportedly representative

contractual information did not permit a complete arm’s-length analysis.

                 C. Commerce’s AFA Adjustments were Made in Accordance with Law.

       Hyundai argues that Commerce’s AFA adjustments themselves were inconsistent with its

verified questionnaire responses, and thus unreasonable. 14 Pl.’s Br. at 18.

       Regarding international freight expenses, Hyundai takes issue with Commerce’s

application of “the highest transaction value . . . to all transactions as an AFA adjustment,”

including those between Hyundai and an unaffiliated provider, rather than to only those

transactions between Hyundai and its affiliated provider. Pl.’s Br. at 19 (citing IDM at 18–21)


14
   As to marine insurance expenses, Hyundai argues that it demonstrated, and that Commerce
confirmed at verification, that these expenses were on an arm’s-length basis, specifically because
the rate charged by the Insurance Affiliate exceeded the insurance premium rate charged to
Hyundai by an unaffiliated provider. Pl.’s Br. at 18–19. The court, however, reiterates that
Commerce’s determination regarding the arm’s-length nature of Hyundai Steel’s transactions was
supported by substantial evidence, as 

.
Court No. 16-00238                                                                         Page 27


(emphasis added). Similarly, regarding domestic inland freight to port, Hyundai argues that

Commerce erroneously applied an AFA adjustment to sales for which Hyundai had used an

unaffiliated freight provider. 15 Pl.’s Br. at 20–21 (citing IDM at 19; Sales Verification Report at

20; Sales Verification Exhibits at Exs. 25, 26, 29).

          Finally, regarding home market inland freight, Hyundai argues that Commerce was

incorrect to apply, as an AFA adjustment, the absolute lowest reported amount for inland freight

to the warehouse and inland freight to the customer, where the reported amount was greater than

zero, regardless of destination.        Pl.’s Br. at 21 (citing Final Determination Calculation

Memorandum at 2–3). Specifically, Hyundai argues that Commerce improperly decreased the

reported expense for home market sales, while increasing expenses for U.S. sales. 

asserts, Commerce should have applied the same upwards adjustment, in both markets,

to all related expenses from a given provider. Pl.’s Br. at 21–22. Hyundai further argues that

Commerce erred by using the absolute lowest reported amount as an AFA adjustment, rather than

using the lower amount relevant to a given destination. Pl.’s Br. at 22. Per Hyundai, this broad

application of the same low value to transactions with freight expenses that logically vary based

on destination runs counter to the ostensible purpose of adjusting towards an arm’s-length expense.

Pl.’s Br. at 22.

          The court is satisfied that Commerce acted in accordance with law in utilizing AFA for its

arm’s-length adjustments in the manner it did. Generally, “Commerce has wide, though not

unbounded, discretion ‘to select adverse facts that will create the proper deterrent to non-

cooperation with its investigations and assure a reasonable margin.’” 

     This unaffiliated freight provider is named [[    ]].
Court No. 16-00238                                                                           Page 28


1380 (quoting De 

). That discretion is bounded by the relevant statutory

framework.

       Pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(f)(2), Commerce may adjust various expenses incurred for

inputs or services provided by affiliates in the dumping margin calculation to reflect market values,

if necessary. See 19 C.F.R. §§ 351.402(e), 351.403. As has been noted, supra pp. 4-5, after finding

that a respondent has failed to cooperate by not acting to the best of its ability to comply with a

request for information, Commerce “may use an inference that is adverse to the interests of that

party in selecting from among the facts otherwise available.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b)(1)(A). Under

the adverse facts available framework, Commerce’s decision to apply, as adverse inferences, the

highest values to the expenses incurred in the U.S. market, and the lowest values to expenses

incurred in the home market, was reasonable and in accordance with law. As 

,

Commerce’s determination that it did not possess sufficient record evidence to complete its arm’s-

length analyses was supportable. The agency thus reasonably resorted to facts otherwise available

per 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a), and ultimately AFA pursuant to § 1677e(b), upon determining that

Hyundai did not act to the best of its ability in responding to Commerce’s request for certain

information. Here, Commerce determined that Hyundai failed to satisfy the completeness part of

verification with regard to international freight and inland freight, and properly applied AFA

adjustments to those categories of transactions. 16 Sales Verification Report at 14–15; IDM at 19.


16
    Regarding Hyundai’s arguments that Commerce’s application of AFA adjustments to
transactions with unaffiliated service providers was improper, the court notes that Hyundai did not
fully develop the record. As to domestic inland freight, Hyundai did not provide Commerce with
information that would have allowed the agency to determine which vendor provided inland freight
services on a sale-by-sale basis. As to international freight, Commerce noted that “[w]hile the
company had reported [[              ]] as a subcontractor for [[        ]], we observed that based on
the documentation for this transaction, [[            ]] itself was the ocean freight provider.” Sales
Verification Report at 21.
Court No. 16-00238                                                                           Page 29


Further, Commerce was not required to demonstrate that the application of AFA “reflect[ed] an

alleged commercial reality” of Hyundai. 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(d)(3). The court therefore finds

unpersuasive Hyundai’s argument that home market inland freight expenses should have been

adjusted, adverse inference notwithstanding, in reflection of the relativity of expenses among

freight to different locations. Commerce’s AFA application and execution of the arm’s-length

adjustments pursuant to 19 U.S.C. §§ 1677e, 1677b, respectively, were thus reasonable and in

accordance with law.

                                          II. CEP Offset

       Hyundai contends that Commerce’s determination that Hyundai Steel did not qualify for a

CEP offset (1) was not supported by substantial evidence on the record and (2) was arbitrary and

capricious because Commerce had granted Hyundai CEP offsets in proceedings involving different

but similarly distributed products. Pl.’s Br. at 22; Pl.’s Reply at 12–13. The court is not persuaded

by Hyundai’s arguments.

           A. Commerce’s Denial of a CEP Offset Is Supported by Substantial Evidence.

       Hyundai contends that Commerce’s CEP offset denial was unsupported by substantial

evidence because Hyundai’s home market level of trade is more advanced than its U.S. level of

trade. Pl.’s Br. at 22. As previously discussed, substantial evidence is “more than a mere scintilla,”

but “less than the weight of the evidence.” 

. “A finding is supported by

substantial evidence if a reasonable mind might accept the evidence as sufficient to support the

finding.” Maverick 

(citing Consol. 

). “The

substantiality of evidence must take into account whatever in the record fairly detracts from its

weight.” CS 

. This includes “contradictory evidence or evidence from
Court No. 16-00238                                                                             Page 30


which conflicting inferences could be drawn.” 

(quoting 

).

        In Hyundai’s view, the record established that Hyundai Steel performed significantly less

selling activities related to its U.S. affiliates than its unaffiliated home market customers in all four

categories of selling activities that Commerce usually considers in its CEP offset analysis: (1) sales

and marketing activities; (2) freight and delivery; (3) inventory and warehousing; and (4) warranty

and technical support. Pl.’s Br. at 23; IDM at 24; see, e.g., Certain Orange Juice from Brazil, 75

Fed. Reg. 50,999 (Dep’t of Commerce Aug. 18, 2010) and accompanying IDM at cmt. 7 (dividing

selling functions into the four categories).

        Regarding (1) sales and marketing activities, Hyundai argues that, although it “plays a

supporting role to its [U.S.] affiliates,” Hyundai alone performs these activities in its very large

and profitable home market and thus performs them to a greater degree in its home market. Pl.’s

Br. at 24; HCUSA CEP Sales Verification Exhibits at Exhibit 10, P.R. 275, C.R. 496; Sec. A QR

at Ex. A-1; Sec. B-C QR at Ex. B-9. With respect to (2) freight and delivery activities, Hyundai

acknowledges that Hyundai delivered its products to both the home market and the U.S. market,

but that the volume of home market shipments, variation in shipment quantity, and number of

home market customers indicate that it performed this function at a more intense level in its home

market. Pl.’s Br. at 25. As for (3) inventory and warehousing, Hyundai states that it incurred

warehousing expenses for some home market sales but for no U.S. sales, and argues that this

selling function was thus performed to a greater degree in its home market. Pl.’s Br. at 25; Sec.

B-C QR at Ex. B-29, Ex. C-31. Finally, regarding (4) warranty and technical support, Hyundai

contends that although it guarantees its products in all markets, it only manages and incurs

warranty expenses in its home market, which Hyundai argues establishes that the warranty
Court No. 16-00238                                                                        Page 31


function was performed at different levels of trade in the U.S. and home markets. Pl.’s Br. 25;

Sec. B-C QR at Ex. C-38.

       The court is not persuaded that Commerce’s determination is unsupported by substantial

evidence. Although Hyundai argues that its home market’s significantly greater size -- and

accompanying greater number of customers and sales transactions -- means that its home market

is at a more advanced level of trade with regards to category (1), sales and marketing activities,

these factors do not have an impact on the type of selling functions performed or the level of

intensity of those selling functions in a market. See Antifriction Bearings (Other Than Tapered

Roller Bearings) and Parts Thereof From France, et al., 60 Fed. Reg. 10,900, 10,940–41 (Dep’t of

Commerce Feb. 28, 1995) (final administrative review) (“[N]umber of sales to customers at a

given level of trade is irrelevant to rendering determinations regarding the existence of distinct

levels of trade”); Furfuryl Alcohol From the Republic of South Africa, 63 Fed. Reg. 11,209, 11,211

(Dep’t Commerce Mar. 6, 1998) (preliminary administrative review) (“[O]ur examination is not

contingent on the number of customers nor on the number of sales for which the activity is

performed.”).

       Regarding category (2), freight and delivery, Hyundai stated in the administrative record

that “Hyundai is responsible for arranging the entire freight service process for both the U.S. and

home market sales” and reported a “high degree of activity for freight services in both the U.S.

and home market sales,” which supports Commerce’s finding that this category of selling functions

was performed at the same level of trade in both markets. Sec. A-C SQR at 9. Further, as explained

above, the number of customers or transactions are not taken into account as part of the level of

trade analysis. See Furfuryl Alcohol, 63 Fed. Reg. at 11,211.
Court No. 16-00238                                                                         Page 32


       Regarding category (3), inventory and warehousing and category (4), warranty and

technical support, Hyundai’s claims that it incurred greater warehousing and warranty expenses in

its home market are not sufficient to render Commerce’s denial unsupported by substantial

evidence. First, Hyundai reported more intense involvement with the warranty selling function in

the U.S. market than the home market. Sec. A QR at Ex. A-13. More importantly, the minor

differences in these categories Hyundai emphasizes are not enough to merit a CEP offset:

“[a]lthough [an importer] may perform more selling functions or may perform selling functions

more intensely in its home market, these differences do not warrant a CEP offset. The CEP offset

provision applies in situations in which there is a substantial difference in the level of trade.”

Sucocitrico Cutrale, 

, at *6 (citing 

). Minor differences

are inadequate; the variation in selling functions must be substantial, “such as the difference

between wholesale and retail,” to merit a CEP offset.         Id.; see 19 C.F.R. § 351.402(c)(2)

(“Substantial differences in selling activities are a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for

determining that there is a difference in the stage of marketing.”).

       Commerce reasonably determined that the differences here were not substantial. IDM at

25. According to evidence in the record, overall, only two out of the sixteen selling functions --

cash discounts and direct guarantees -- provided in the home market were not provided in the U.S.

market. 

to the selling functions chart Hyundai placed on the record, it

provided most services at the same level of intensity in both markets. Sec. A QR at Ex. A-13.

Even though Hyundai reported lower levels of intensity for some selling activities in the U.S.

market, for about as many others, it reported higher levels of activity in the U.S. market. 

16-00238                                                                        Page 33


       This Court has found previously that Commerce reasonably determined that such minor

differences are not substantial enough to merit a CEP offset, and the court finds the underlying

reasoning persuasive here:

               Commerce determined that Cutrale performed seven common
               selling functions at a similar level of intensity in both its home and
               U.S. markets, with “relatively minor differences” between the levels
               in the two markets. See Gov’t Br. at 27. Commerce also found that
               the one additional home market function Cutrale performed-
               advertising-was not significant. Although Commerce noted minor
               differences between the two markets, these differences do not rise
               to the level required by the statute, such as the difference between
               wholesale and retail. See Micron 

. Thus,
               Commerce’s factual determination that there is not a substantial
               difference in the levels of trade in the two markets is reasonable and
               supported by substantial evidence. Therefore, this Court upholds
               Commerce’s decision that Cutrale is not entitled to a CEP offset.

Sucocitrico Cutrale, 

, at *6.

       In light of the foregoing considerations, the court finds that Commerce’s denial of the CEP

offset was supported by substantial evidence.

              B. Commerce’s CEP Offset Denial Was Not Arbitrary and Capricious.

       “[A]n agency’s finding may be supported by substantial evidence,” yet “nonetheless reflect

arbitrary and capricious action.” Changzhou Wujin Fine Chem. Factory Co., Ltd. v. United States,

, 1377 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (quoting Bowman Transp., Inc. v. Arkansas–Best Freight

Sys., Inc., 

, 284 (1974)). While “the substantial evidence standard applies to review

of factual determinations,” where “we are evaluating the agency’s reasoning . . . [we] review[ ]

under the arbitrary and capricious (or contrary to law) standard.” 

Vehicle Mfrs.

Ass’n v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 

, 48–49 (1983)); see Administrative Procedure

Act, 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A) (2012) (directing that the Court shall “hold unlawful and set aside

agency action, findings, and conclusions found to be arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion,
Court No. 16-00238                                                                           Page 34


or otherwise not in accordance with law.”). “[W]here the agency is vested with discretion to set

the procedure by which it administers its governing statute, the court reviews such decisions for

abuse of discretion . . . . In abuse of discretion review, ‘an agency action is arbitrary when the

agency offers insufficient reasons for treating similar situations differently.’” Jiangsu Jiasheng

Photovoltaic Tech. v. United States, 38 CIT ___, ___, 

, 1323 (2014) (quoting

SKF USA Inc. v. United States, 

, 1382 (Fed. Cir. 2001)).

       Hyundai contends that Commerce’s determination that Hyundai Steel did not qualify for a

CEP offset was arbitrary and capricious because Commerce had granted Hyundai CEP offsets in

proceedings involving different but similarly distributed products.           Pl.’s Reply at 12–13.

According to Hyundai, “Commerce provided no meaningful justification for reaching the opposite

conclusion regarding the same sales channels and similar products in” this case, and thus violated

the “fundamental principle of administrative law that ‘[w]hen an agency changes its practice, it is

obligated to provide an adequate explanation for the change.’” Pl.’s Reply at 14–15 (quoting SKF

USA, Inc. v. United States, 

, 1373 (Fed. Cir. 2011)).

       “While it is true that [a]n agency is obligated to follow precedent,” Commerce retains

“discretion to . . . adapt its views and practices to the particular circumstances of the case at hand,

so long as the agency’s decisions are explained and supported by substantial evidence on the

record.”   M.M. & P. Maritime Advancement, Training, Educ. & Safety Program v. Dep’t

Commerce, 

, 755 (Fed. Cir. 1984); Nakornthai Strip Mill Public Co. Ltd. v. United

States, 

, 1276–77, 

, 1307–08); see also Pakfood Pub. Co. v.

United States, 

, 1135, 

, 1343 (2010). Hyundai took into account

the “particular circumstances of the case at hand” when reaching its decision, as 

.

The other cases Hyundai mentions involve different products, markets, and time periods, and the
Court No. 16-00238                                                                         Page 35


record before the court does not show how similar the selling functions Hyundai performed in

those situations were to the selling functions Hyundai performed in this case. The selling functions

in those cases could well have differed from the functions Hyundai performed here, and thus

Commerce could reasonably have come to a different conclusion about the applicability of a CEP

offset in those cases based on the particular relevant facts. Therefore, the court is not persuaded

that Commerce’s “opposite conclusions” in those cases mean that Commerce acted arbitrarily here.

       Further, “[e]ven assuming Commerce’s determinations at issue are factually identical, as a

matter of law a prior administrative determination is not legally binding on other reviews before

this court.” Alloy Piping Prod., Inc. v. United States, 

, 358–59 (2009) (rejecting the

plaintiffs’ contention that, because the facts were nearly identical in a previous administrative

review and the review at issue, Commerce acted arbitrarily by denying a CEP offset in one review

but granting it in the other (citing Timken U.S. Corp. v. United States, 

, 1352 (Fed.

Cir. 2006))) (Not Reported in F. Supp. 2d). Moreover, Commerce is not bound by decisions made

in different segments of a proceeding, let alone decisions made in different proceedings. See

(finding that “Commerce makes determinations based upon the

record of the relevant segment of the proceeding, not previous segments, and [that] the record of

this review supports Commerce’s determination” in the third administrative review despite coming

to the opposite conclusion in the first and second administrative reviews of the same antidumping

duty order). Thus, the court does not find that Commerce acted arbitrarily and capriciously in

denying the CEP offset.
Court No. 16-00238                                                                 Page 36


                                     CONCLUSION

      For the foregoing reasons, Commerce’s Final Results are sustained.

      So Ordered.

                                                                /s/ Gary S. Katzmann
                                                                Gary S. Katzmann, Judge


Dated: 'HFHPEHU
       New York, New York