Slip Op. 19-52

                UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE


 POSCO,

        Plaintiff,

 and

 NUCOR CORPORATION,

        Consolidated Plaintiff,

 v.
                                                   Before: Jennifer Choe-Groves, Judge
 UNITED STATES,
                                                   Consol. Court No. 16-00227
        Defendant,

 and

 STEEL DYNAMICS, INC., AK STEEL
 CORPORATION, ARCELORMITTAL
 USA LLC, UNITED STATES STEEL
 CORPORATION, HYUNDAI STEEL
 COMPANY, and GOVERNMENT OF
 KOREA,

        Defendant-Intervenors.


                                            OPINION

[Sustaining the U.S. Department of Commerce’s remand redetermination following a
countervailing duty investigation of certain hot-rolled steel flat products from the Republic of
Korea.]

                                                                     Dated: May 1, 2019

Donald B. Cameron, Julie C. Mendoza, R. Will Planert, Brady W. Mills, Mary S. Hodgins, and
Eugene Degnan, Morris, Manning & Martin LLP, of Washington, D.C., for Plaintiff POSCO and
Defendant-Intervenors Hyundai Steel Company and the Government of Korea. Sabahat
Chaudhary also appeared.
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Alan H. Price, Christopher B. Weld, and Adam M. Teslik, Wiley Rein LLP, of Washington,
D.C., for Consolidated Plaintiff and Defendant-Intervenor Nucor Corporation. Cynthia C.
Galvez, Derick G. Holt, Laura El-Sabaawi, Maureen E. Thorson, Stephanie M. Bell, Tessa V.
Capeloto, Timothy C. Brightbill, and Usha Neelakantan also appeared.

Patricia M. McCarthy, Assistant Director, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, U.S.
Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., for Defendant United States. With her on the brief
were Joseph H. Hunt, Assistant Attorney General, and Jeanne E. Davidson, Director. Of counsel
was Emma T. Hunter, Attorney, Office of the Chief Counsel for Trade Enforcement &
Compliance, U.S. Department of Commerce.

Melissa M. Brewer, Kathleen W. Cannon, Paul C. Rosenthal, R. Alan Luberda, and Scott M.
Wise, Kelley Drye & Warren, LLP, of Washington, D.C., for Defendant-Intervenor
ArcelorMittal USA LLC.

Daniel L. Schneiderman and Stephen A. Jones, King & Spalding, LLP, of Washington, D.C., for
Defendant-Intervenor AK Steel Corporation.

Roger B. Schagrin, Christopher T. Cloutier, Elizabeth J. Drake, and Paul W. Jameson, Schagrin
Associates, of Washington, D.C., for Defendant-Intervenor Steel Dynamics, Inc.

Thomas M. Beline and Sarah E. Shulman, Cassidy Levy Kent (USA) LLP, of Washington, D.C.,
for Defendant-Intervenor United States Steel Corporation.


       Choe-Groves, Judge: This case reviews the U.S. Department of Commerce’s

(“Commerce”) methodology when selecting the highest calculated rate after applying facts

otherwise available with an adverse inference (“adverse facts available” or “AFA”) and

Commerce’s corroboration of those rates. Plaintiff POSCO (“POSCO”) and Consolidated

Plaintiff Nucor Corporation (“Nucor”) initiated this action contesting various aspects of the final

determination in a countervailing duty investigation, in which Commerce found that

countervailable subsidies are being provided to producers and exporters of certain hot-rolled

steel flat products from the Republic of Korea (“Korea”). See Countervailing Duty Investigation

of Certain Hot-Rolled Steel Flat Products From the Republic of Korea, 81 Fed. Reg. 53,439

(Dep’t Commerce Aug. 12, 2016) (final affirmative determination), as amended, 81 Fed. Reg.
Consol. Court No. 16-00227                                                                  Page 3



67,960 (Dep’t Commerce Oct. 3, 2016) (amended final affirmative countervailing duty

determination and countervailing duty order) (collectively, “Final Determination”). Before the

court are the Final Results of Redetermination Pursuant to Court Remand, Nov. 13, 2018, ECF

No. 100-1 (“Remand Results”), filed by Commerce as directed in the court’s prior opinion. See

POSCO v. United States, 42 CIT __, 

(2018) (“POSCO I”). For the reasons

discussed below, the court sustains the Remand Results in full.

                                   PROCEDURAL HISTORY

        The court presumes familiarity with the facts of this case. See POSCO I. The court held

that 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(d)(2) 1 requires Commerce to provide its reasoning when selecting the

highest calculated AFA rate. Id. at __, 337 F. Supp. 3d at 1278–79. In this case, the two AFA

rates applied to POSCO in the Final Determination were the 1.64% rate from Bottom Mount

Combination Refrigerator-Freezers From the Republic of Korea, 77 Fed. Reg. 17,410 (Dep’t

Commerce Mar. 26, 2012) (final affirmative countervailing duty determination) (“Refrigerators

From Korea”), and the 1.05% rate from Large Residential Washers From the Republic of Korea,

77 Fed. Reg. 75,975 (Dep’t Commerce Dec. 26, 2012) (final affirmative countervailing duty

determination) (“Washers From Korea”). The court remanded Commerce’s Final Determination

with directions for Commerce to explain the basis for its decision. POSCO I, 42 CIT at __, 337

F. Supp. 3d at 1278–79. The court reserved consideration on the issue of corroboration. 

1
  All further citations to the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, are to the relevant provisions of
Title 19 of the U.S. Code. All further citations to the U.S. Code are to the 2012 edition, with
exceptions. All further citations to 19 U.S.C. § 1677e are to the 2015 version, as amended
pursuant to the Trade Preferences Extension Act of 2015, Pub. L. No. 114-27, 129 Stat. 362
(2015). All citations to the Code of Federal Regulations are to the 2015 edition.
Consol. Court No. 16-00227                                                                Page 4



       Commerce filed its Remand Results on November 13, 2018. See Remand Results. On

remand, Commerce continued to find that POSCO failed to act to the best of its ability in the

administrative investigation and that the evidence on the record supported applying AFA to

POSCO. See 

Because Commerce determined that POSCO failed to disclose

certain information, Commerce concluded that “the record does not support the application of an

alternative rate to POSCO” and selected the highest calculated AFA rate. 

       Although Commerce continued to find that selection of the highest calculated AFA rate

was appropriate in this investigation, Commerce reevaluated the reliability of one of the previous

rates. See 

Instead of using the 1.64% rate from Refrigerators From Korea,

Commerce revised its calculation and selected only the 1.05% rate from Washers From Korea.

See 

In corroborating the 1.05% rate from Washers From Korea, Commerce found that

the rate was reliable because it was “a non-de minimis rate calculated for a cooperating Korean

company in another [countervailing duty] proceeding for a similar program.” 

As a

result, Commerce calculated a revised subsidy rate of 41.57% for POSCO. 

       POSCO filed comments on the Remand Results. See Pl. POSCO’s Comments U.S.

Dep’t Commerce’s Nov. 13, 2018 Final Redetermination Pursuant Ct. Remand, Dec. 12, 2018,

ECF No. 102 (“POSCO’s Comments”). Nucor also filed comments on the Remand Results,

supporting Commerce’s explanation of its selection methodology but contesting the use of the

revised 1.05% rate. See Nucor’s Comments U.S. Dep’t Commerce’s Nov. 13, 2018 Final

Redetermination Pursuant Remand 1, Dec. 13, 2018, ECF No. 103 (“Nucor’s Comments”).

Defendant United States filed a reply to the comments and in support of the Remand Results.

See Def.’s Resp. Comments Remand Redetermination, Feb. 13, 2019, ECF No. 109.
Consol. Court No. 16-00227                                                                 Page 5



                        JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

        The court has jurisdiction pursuant to Section 516A(a)(2)(B)(i) of the Tariff Act of 1930,

as amended, 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(a)(2)(B)(i), and 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c). The court shall hold

unlawful any determination, finding, or conclusion found “to be unsupported by substantial

evidence on the record, or otherwise not in accordance with law.” 19 U.S.C.

§ 1516a(b)(1)(B)(i).

                                              ANALYSIS

        The two issues on remand are Commerce’s selection of the highest calculated AFA rate

and Commerce’s corroboration.

   I.          Selection of the Highest Calculated AFA Rate

        Commerce may apply AFA if a respondent does not cooperate “to the best of [its] ability,

regardless of motivation or intent.” Nippon Steel Corp. v. United States, 

, 1383

(Fed. Cir. 2003). Commerce’s selection of an AFA rate in a countervailing duty proceeding is a

hierarchical methodology, as codified in the Trade Preferences Extension Act of 2015. See 19

U.S.C. § 1677e(d)(1)(A). When selecting an AFA rate in a countervailing duty proceeding,

Commerce may:

        (i)       Use a countervailable subsidy rate applied for the same or similar
                  program in a countervailing duty proceeding involving the same
                  country; or
        (ii)      If there is no same or similar program, use a countervailable subsidy
                  rate for a subsidy program from a proceeding that the administering
                  authority considers reasonable to use.

an AFA rate under this statutory hierarchy, Commerce may select the

highest calculated rate. 

Commerce must explain the basis for its selection by
Consol. Court No. 16-00227                                                                    Page 6



conducting a fact-specific inquiry and providing its reasons for selecting the highest calculated

rate. See id.; see also POSCO I, 42 CIT at __, 337 F. Supp. 3d at 1278.

       The court held in POSCO I that Commerce did not explain adequately its selection of the

highest calculated rates (1.64% from Refrigerators From Korea and 1.05% from Washers From

Korea) when applying AFA to POSCO in the Final Determination. See POSCO I, 42 CIT at __,

337 F. Supp. 3d at 1278. On remand, Commerce elaborated on its practice and explained that

Commerce interprets 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(d)(2) “as an exception to the selection of an AFA rate”

under 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(d)(1). Remand Results at 11. Commerce asserts that it is presumed to

choose the highest calculated rate available unless Commerce determines, based on “unique and

unusual facts on the record,” that the highest calculated rate available within that step of its

hierarchy is not appropriate. 

the factors that led to the application of

AFA to POSCO, including POSCO’s failure to report information about its affiliated input

suppliers, to provide information about its facility located in a free economic zone, and to report

certain loans that its affiliated trading company received. 

After re-evaluating the

situation that led to the use of AFA, Commerce concluded that “the record does not support the

application of an alternative rate to POSCO” and continued to use the highest calculated rate

under the statute. 

       POSCO does not believe that Commerce complied fully with the court’s decision in

POSCO I, but in the interest of a “speedy end to this litigation,” defers to the court’s discretion

and refrains from commenting further. POSCO’s Comments 2. POSCO does not articulate any

specific grounds for challenging Commerce’s alleged noncompliance with the court’s decision.

It is well established that arguments that are not appropriately developed in a party’s briefing

may be deemed waived. United States v. Great Am. Ins. Co. of N.Y., 

, 1328 (Fed.
Consol. Court No. 16-00227                                                                  Page 7



Cir. 2013); see also JBF RAK LLC v. United States, 38 CIT __, __, 

, 1356

(2014), aff’d, 

(Fed. Cir. 2015). Because POSCO fails to put forth substantive

arguments for the court to weigh, it has waived its ability to contest Commerce’s alleged

noncompliance.

         POSCO failed to raise any substantive issues with the Remand Results in the

administrative proceedings before Commerce. See Remand Results at 21 (noting the lack of

substantive comments from POSCO on the draft remand results). Notably, POSCO did not

challenge Commerce’s assertion that the agency may choose the highest calculated rate available

by default unless Commerce determines, based on “unique and unusual facts on the record,” that

the highest calculated rate available is not appropriate. The court questions the validity of

Commerce’s position on this issue, but because POSCO did not exhaust its administrative

remedies, the court will not examine this aspect of the Remand Results at this time. See 28

U.S.C. § 2637(d) (providing that this Court shall, where appropriate, require the exhaustion of

administrative remedies); Boomerang Tube LLC v. United States, 

, 912 (Fed. Cir.

2017) (explaining that, absent a strong contrary reason, parties should exhaust their remedies

before the pertinent administrative agencies). The court sustains the Remand Results on the

issue of Commerce’s selection of the highest calculated AFA rate.

   II.      Corroboration

         When relying on secondary information to select an AFA rate, Commerce has a statutory

duty to corroborate the selected rate to the extent practicable. 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(c)(1).

Secondary information includes information derived from the petition, a final determination in a

countervailing duty investigation or antidumping investigation, or any other previous

administrative review permitted under the statute. 19 C.F.R. § 351.308(c)(1). When Commerce
Consol. Court No. 16-00227                                                                 Page 8



corroborates secondary information, the threshold inquiry is whether the “secondary information

to be used has probative value.” 

Commerce demonstrates probative value by

showing that the selected rate is both reliable and relevant. See Özdemir Boru San. ve Tic. Ltd.

Sti. v. United States, 41 CIT __, __, 

, 1247 (2017) (citing Ad Hoc Shrimp

Trade Action Comm. v. United States, 

, 1354 (Fed. Cir. 2015)).

       Commerce selected and applied two AFA rates from previous countervailing duty

investigations in the Final Determination: 1.64% from Refrigerators From Korea and 1.05%

from Washers From Korea. See POSCO I, 42 CIT at __, 337 F. Supp. 3d at 1272. On remand,

Commerce reconsidered the two AFA rates. Commerce found that the 1.64% rate was no longer

reliable, in part due to a separate proceeding before this Court that addressed Commerce’s use of

the 1.64% rate for AFA purposes. See Remand Results at 17–18. Commerce decided to apply

only the 1.05% rate in this investigation. See 

Commerce conducted a corroboration

analysis for the 1.05% rate and explained that it found “[a]ctual rates based on actual usage by

Korean companies” to be “reliable where they have been calculated in the context of an

administrative proceeding.” 

Commerce prefers to “assign AFA rates that are the same

in terms of the type of benefit,” because those rates are relevant to the respondent, which means

“that it is an actual calculated [countervailing duty] rate for a Korea program from which the

companies could actually receive a benefit.” 

that the 1.05% rate was

reliable because it was “a non-de minimis rate calculated for a cooperating Korean company in

another [countervailing duty] proceeding for a similar program.” 

a

sufficient explanation for its corroboration of the selected AFA rate of 1.05% based on Washers

From Korea. The court concludes that Commerce’s corroboration is supported by substantial

evidence.
Consol. Court No. 16-00227                                                                  Page 9



         Nucor argues that Commerce’s decision to modify and corroborate the selected AFA rate

as applied to POSCO exceeds the scope of the court’s remand order. See Nucor’s Comments 3.

The court ordered Commerce to “select and properly justify the AFA rates applied to POSCO”

consistent with its opinion. POSCO I, 42 CIT at __, 337 F. Supp. 3d at 1284. Because the AFA

rates were subject to change, the court did not discuss corroboration at the time. See id. at __,

337 F. Supp. 3d at 1279. Commerce’s selection and corroboration of the lower 1.05% rate

derived from Washers From Korea on remand is reasonable in this case because Commerce

articulated that the rate was derived from actual rates based on actual usage. The court ordered

Commerce to reexamine its selection of the AFA rates, and Commerce followed its statutory

duty under 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(c)(1) when it corroborated the modified rate. The court sustains

Commerce’s corroboration of the 1.05% rate applied to POSCO as AFA.

                                         CONCLUSION

         For the aforementioned reasons, the court sustains Commerce’s Remand Results in full.

         Judgment will be entered accordingly.



                                                                /s/ Jennifer Choe-Groves
                                                              Jennifer Choe-Groves, Judge

Dated:      May 1, 2019
         New York, New York