PHILIP A. BRIMMER, United States District Judge.
This matter comes before the Court on Defendant Orlando Martinez's Motion for Kastigar Hearing and to Dismiss Indictment or Suppress Evidence Obtained in Violation of His Fifth Amendment Rights [Docket No. 286]. On January 13, 2015, the Court held a Kastigar hearing. Docket No. 432. Both parties filed supplemental briefs. Docket Nos. 446, 452. This motion is fully briefed and ripe for disposition.
Mr. Martinez is the owner of O's Pipes & Tobacco ("O's"), a retail establishment located in Denver, Colorado that sells tobacco. Ex. 4 at 13:2-4.
Docket No. 1 at 8. The indictment alleges that Mr. Martinez and other defendants "possessed, packaged, labeled, marketed, distributed and sold substances containing ADB-Pinaca and AB-Fubinaca" in products with brand names such as "10X," "Crazy Clown," or "Sunburst." Id. at 8-9, ¶¶ 31-32. The products were commonly referred to as "spice" or synthetic cannabinoids. Id. at 3, ¶ 9.
On September 6, 2013, Mr. Martinez received a subpoena from the Colorado Attorney General's Office ordering him to appear and provide testimony under oath. Docket No. 286-1 at 2. On September 13, 2013, September 17, 2013, and October 10,
In March and April 2012, investigators from the Denver Police Department ("DPD") confiscated spice products from O's. Ex. 1 at 00018202. DPD tests of the seized products revealed that some of the products contained synthetic cannabinoids. Id. at 0018202-03. In March and April 2013 and on September 7, 2013, DPD investigators conducted undercover purchases of spice products from O's, some of which tested positive for synthetic cannabinoids. Id. at 00018202-05. On September 20, 2013, DPD arrested Mr. Martinez and executed a search warrant for O's and Mr. Martinez's apartment, seizing several products that later tested positive for synthetic cannabinoids. Id. at 00018206-12. Mr. Leake did not provide the DPD with information concerning Mr. Martinez's immunized testimony until October 4, 2013 at the earliest. Ex. at 2, ¶ 5.
Aurora Police Department ("APD") Investigator Craig Morgan testified that, on September 5, 2013, APD conducted a controlled purchase of spice from Puff N Jewelry in Aurora, Colorado. Docket No. 443 at 9:18-23. APD executed a search warrant of Puff N Jewelry and seized several spice products. Ex. 3A at 00022872-74. Investigator Morgan interviewed Puff N Jewelry's owner, Byung Keuk Lee, who explained that he acquired spice products from a local company called Creager Mercantile and an online retailer called incensecenter.com. Docket No. 443 at 12:25-13:3. Mr. Lee told Investigator Morgan that to purchase spice products from Creager Mercantile Mr. Lee would contact a man he knew as "Tony W.," who would then deliver spice products to Puff N Jewelry that day. Id. at 24:22-25:4. Mr. Lee provided APD with five invoices for spice purchases from Creager Mercantile and the phone number he used to contact Tony W. Id. at 20:1-6. Mr. Lee also stated that Tony W. told Mr. Lee that several stores including "Orlando's" were currently selling "incense." Id. at 19:5-11; Ex. 3A at 00022762.
On September 9, 2013, through law enforcement databases, Investigator Morgan identified Tony W. as Tony Worth, a Creager Mercantile employee. Docket No. 443 at 17:15-19. APD began surveillance on Mr. Worth independent of any other agency. Id. at 18:2-9. APD Investigator John Borquez replaced Investigator Morgan as the primary contact for APD with respect to this investigation. Id. at 17:3-8. Investigator Morgan did not know when APD informed the United States Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Administration ("DEA") of the Puff N Jewelry investigation or when APD
DEA Special Agent Michael Marshall was the primary agent assigned to this case. Shortly before September 15, 2013, Special Agent Marshall was contacted by the Brunswick, Georgia Police Department, an agency that had just made an arrest related to the sale of spice products in Georgia. Id. at 37:10-23. The individual in custody ("CS1") told local authorities that CS1's spice products came from Colorado through an individual named James Johnson. Id. Special Agent Marshall spoke with Investigator Borquez, who indicated to Special Agent Marshall that APD had identified Mr. Worth as the individual supplying spice products to Puff N Jewelry. Id. at 38:12-18. Based upon that information and James Johnson's cell phone records, Special Agent Marshall identified Mr. Worth as a person of interest. Id. at 39:8-11. On September 17, 2013, Special Agent Marshall interviewed CS1 in Colorado. Id. at 37:21-23.
On September 19, 2013, Special Agent Marshall attended a meeting of several local law enforcement agencies (the "September 19 meeting"). Investigator John Borquez from the APD and representatives from the North Metro Task Force were present at the meeting. Docket No. 443 at 38:10-16. The parties agree that Mr. Leake discussed the contents of Mr. Martinez's September 13 and September 17 testimony at the meeting. Ex. O at 1. Special Agent Marshall testified that September 19 was the first time he heard anything about Mr. Martinez. Docket No. 443 at 58:2-4. However, Special Agent Marshall had no specific recollection of what Mr. Leake said at the September 19 meeting; thus, the extent to which Mr. Leake discussed the immunized testimony is unclear. Special Agent Marshall recalled speaking to APD investigators about Creager Mercantile, Tony Worth, and the Puff N Jewelry investigation. Docket No. 443 at 40:4-16. However, there is no evidence that APD discussed Mr. Martinez with Special Agent Marshall. Special Agent Marshall testified that, as of September 19, 2013, he had no information regarding the DPD's investigation of Mr. Martinez, id. at 44:7-16, but did not otherwise recall when he became aware of the DPD's investigation except to say that it was "possible" that he spoke with DPD prior to preparing wiretap affidavits in December 2013 or January 2014. Id. at 47:1-5. On cross examination, Special Agent Marshall testified that he read transcripts of the immunized testimony before he saw any reports from DPD. Id. at 72:23-73:1.
On October 4, 2013, Mr. Leake sent transcripts of Mr. Martinez's September 13 and September 17 testimony to the DEA, and, on October 16, 2013 Mr. Leake sent a transcript of Mr. Martinez's October 10 testimony (collectively, the "transcripts") to the DEA, including Special Agent Marshall and Intel Analyst Kyle McGee. Ex. O; Docket No. 443 at 68:6-10. Special Agent Marshall testified that he continued to speak with Mr. Leake about Mr. Martinez and the investigation generally, but does not recall the substance of those conversations. Docket No. 443 at 62:9-21. Special Agent Marshall testified that he did not use any procedures to segregate the transcripts from other federal agents involved in the DEA's investigation. Docket No. 443 at 89:1-4. Special Agent Marshall testified that he did not rely on any information provided by Mr. Leake, either orally or in transcript form, in investigating this case. Docket No. 443 at 42:11-14. However, as discussed below, Special Agent Marshall's testimony on this point was inconsistent.
In December 2013 and January 2014, Special Agent Marshall read the transcripts in the course of preparing affidavits in support of applications for wiretaps. Id. at 60:19-61:5. Special Agent Marshall did not recall how many of the three transcripts he reviewed, id. at 61:13-16, and, with one exception, could not recall having read specific facts from transcripts. Id. at 71:11-72:12. He admitted that he would not have known about Mr. Martinez's procedure for obtaining spice from Creager Mercantile or how Mr. Martinez learned about spice products until reading the transcripts. Id. at 70:8-71:1. The wiretap affidavit and application on cellular phones associated with James Johnson was filed on February 14, 2014 and states, in relevant part, "Colorado State Assistant Attorney General Jeffrey Leake sent your affiant a correspondence that was seized from Orlando MARTINEZ who owns O's Tobacco shop in Colorado. MARTINEZ was supplied synthetic cannabinoids from the Creager Warehouse." Ex. 10A at 00008157-58; Ex. 10 at 00008136. Special Agent Marshall assumes that Mr. Leake acquired this information from Mr. Martinez's immunized testimony. Docket No. 443 at 84:2-7.
Special Agent Marshall also prepared affidavits in support of search warrants for James Johnson's residence and Creager Mercantile.
Ex. 8 at 00008864. During the investigation, Special Agent Marshall operated under the belief that the immunized testimony could be used in affidavits supporting search warrants or wiretap applications. Docket No. 443 at 89:5-11.
The date upon which Mr. Worth first mentioned Mr. Martinez to Special Agent Marshall is unclear. Special Agent Marshall testified that, after the November 12 interview, he was in frequent contact with Mr. Worth. Special Agent Marshall testified that Mr. Martinez's name came up after the November 12 interview when investigators were trying to determine who Creager Mercantile was supplying with spice products, but Special Agent Marshall could not provide a specific date when Mr. Worth supplied this information. Docket No. 443 at 55:5-56:6. On April 24, 2014, Special Agent Marshall debriefed Mr. Worth. Ex. 7. The report from that interview states that Mr. Worth told investigators that "CREAGER supplied O's PIPES AND TOBACCO." Id. Special Agent Marshall testified:
Docket No. 443 at 75:24-76:5.
On May 5, 2014, Special Agent Marshall testified before the grand jury. Ex. N.
Id. at 18:11-19:1. At the Kastigar hearing, Special Agent Marshall testified that he received the above-mentioned information from Mr. Worth. He testified that he received this information at or after the November 12 interview, but did not otherwise recall when Mr. Worth provided information specific to Mr. Martinez. Docket No. 443 at 91:4-92:10. Special Agent Marshall told the grand jury that
Ex. N at 32:22-33:3. At the Kastigar hearing, Special Agent Marshall testified that he did not recall the source of the invoices between Creager Mercantile and O's referenced in his grand jury testimony. Docket No. 443 at 92:11-24.
Special Agent Marshall testified to the grand jury that the brands 10X, 20X, XXX, XXX Extreme, Requiem, Crazy Clown, and Sunburst were the focus of this case. Ex. N at 53:14-23. At the Kastigar hearing, Special Agent Marshall testified that Mr. Leake's debrief on September 19, 2013 was the first point at which he would have been able to connect those brands to Mr. Martinez. Docket No. 443 at 93:13-17. Special Agent Marshall did not take any steps to ensure that his grand jury testimony was not based directly or indirectly on the immunized testimony. Id. at 89:23-90:2.
On May 5, 2014, the grand jury returned an indictment against nine defendants, including Mr. Martinez. Docket No. 1.
The Fifth Amendment provides that no person "shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself...." U.S. Const. Amend. V, cl. 3. "`Once a defendant demonstrates that he has testified, under a state grant of immunity, to matters related to the federal prosecution, the federal authorities have the burden of showing that their evidence is not tainted by establishing that they had an independent, legitimate source for the disputed evidence.'" Kastigar v. United States, 406 U.S. 441, 460, 92 S.Ct. 1653, 32 L.Ed.2d 212 (1972) (quoting Murphy v. Waterfront Comm'n, 378 U.S. 52, 79 n. 18, 84 S.Ct. 1594, 12 L.Ed.2d 678 (1964)); see also United States v. Lacey, 86 F.3d 956, 972 (10th Cir.1996). "Requiring the prosecution to shoulder this burden ensures that the grant of immunity has `le[ft] the witness and the Federal Government in substantially the same position as if the witness had claimed his privilege in the absence of a grant of immunity.'" United States v. Hubbell, 530 U.S. 27, 40, 120 S.Ct. 2037, 147 L.Ed.2d 24 (2000) (quoting Kastigar, 406 U.S. at 458-459, 92 S.Ct. 1653). Courts will generally "parse the evidence" to whatever degree is necessary to separate evidence tainted by immunized testimony from evidence untainted by immunized testimony. United States v.
Here, the parties do not dispute that Mr. Martinez gave the immunized testimony under a state grant of immunity and that the immunized testimony relates to the present prosecution. Thus, the only remaining question is whether the government has met its burden of showing that the evidence presented to the grand jury was derived from an independent source.
The government cannot use in a subsequent prosecution of the witness the immunized testimony "or any evidence that was tainted—substantively derived, shaped, altered, or affected—by exposure to the immunized testimony. Nor can the government use it to develop investigatory leads, to focus an investigation on a witness, or to motivate another witness to give incriminating testimony." United States v. Slough, 641 F.3d 544, 549 (D.C.Cir.2011) (citations and quotations omitted); see also United States v. Ponds, 454 F.3d 313, 322 (D.C.Cir.2006) ("[Kastigar] prohibits any use [of compelled testimony], direct or indirect").
In Schmidgall I, a customs agent was provided notes from the defendant's immunized interview. 25 F.3d at 1526. The agent, who did not know that the defendant's testimony was protected, briefly perused notes from the interview and filed them away, but did not again read them. Id. The agent was subsequently the primary questioner in an extensive debrief of a key witness and continued to discuss the case with various investigators. Id. at 1526-27. The agent testified before the grand jury. During a Kastigar hearing on the resulting indictment, the government asked the agent to explain the source of each line of his grand jury testimony, which the agent did by reference to interviews of witnesses other than the defendant. Id. at 1529. The Eleventh Circuit determined that the government did not satisfy its burden to show that the agent's grand jury testimony was from an independent source in part because it failed to corroborate the agent's claim that he gathered no substantive information from the interview notes. Id. Moreover, the government failed to establish that the agent's questioning of other witnesses "was in no way influenced by immunized testimony." Id. at 1530.
In United States v. Hampton, 775 F.2d 1479, 1480 (11th Cir.1985), Bryant Hampton provided immunized testimony to state prosecutors on two occasions, transcripts and recordings of which were turned over to federal agents. State investigators also regularly briefed federal agents on the state investigation. Id. Materials from the state investigation were in general circulation among federal agents as they investigated Warren Musselwhite, including Internal Revenue Service Agent Thomas Altif, who reviewed a recording of the immunized testimony and reports prepared by state investigators. Id. at 1482. After Mr. Musselwhite reached a plea agreement with prosecutors and agreed to testify against Mr. Hampton, Mr. Hampton was indicted based upon Mr. Musselwhite's and Agent Altif's testimony. Id. at 1482-83. Federal officials had no procedures in place to shield themselves from the immunized testimony or ensure that
Id. at 1487. Aside from legally insufficient "conclusory denials of use or derivative use," the government "made little effort to affirmatively trace each item of evidence that may have been considered by the indicting grand jury." Id. The court dismissed the indictment against Mr. Hampton. Id. at 1491.
The Court begins its inquiry with an analysis of the evidence presented to the grand jury. The government contends that it can satisfy its burden by tracing "the evidence used in the affidavits, and ultimately before the grand jury, to evidence it had before September 19, 2013." Docket No. 446 at 3. However, assuming that Special Agent Marshall's testimony was the only testimony presented to the grand jury, the government fails to explain how each piece of evidence or line of testimony was derived from a source independent of the immunized testimony. Although courts are required to undergo a line-by-line, piece-by-piece analysis of the evidence to determine an independent source, the deficiency of the government's showing makes such an analysis impossible and is, by itself, a sufficient basis to conclude that the government failed to meet its burden. Cf. Hampton, 775 F.2d at 1487. Even if such an analysis were possible, for the reasons discussed below, the unprotected circulation of the immunized testimony among DEA agents working on this case renders the "prospect of tracing all of the evidence accumulated during the course of the investigation and used as investigatory leads to sources wholly independent of [the immunized testimony] unrealistic at best." Id. at 1490.
Nonetheless, the Court will consider the remainder of the government's arguments. The government's position appears to be that "all the information provided in Orlando Martinez's deposition testimony ... was already known to the Aurora Police Department and constitutes an independent relevant source." Docket No. 446 at 7. The government argues that, prior to September 19, 2013, the APD investigation identified Mr. Worth as a person of interest and identified Mr. Martinez as a potential spice retailer. Id. at 4-5. The government argues that "information regarding the identity of Tony W, Creager Warehouse, the methods of operation, ... and the spice brands in issue" were known to Special Agent Marshall prior to September 19, 2013 and that the references to Mr. Martinez in the search warrant affidavits could have been based on information that was already known to APD and available to the DEA on or before September 5, 2013 Id. at 5-6.
First, the government's claim that, prior to September 19, 2013, APD knew "all the information provided in Orlando Martinez's deposition testimony" is without support. See Docket No. 446 at 7. The APD investigation of Puff N Jewelry revealed Mr. Worth's identity, basic information regarding Creager Mercantile's spice distribution procedures, brand names of certain spice products, and provided some indication that Mr. Martinez sold spice products purchased from Creager Mercantile. The immunized testimony discusses each of these topics in far greater detail, especially with respect to Mr. Martinez's personal knowledge, and contains specific information regarding additional aspects of the charged conspiracy. See, e.g., Ex. 5 at 187:12-197:5 (discussing Mr. Worth and Creager Mercantile); Ex. 4 at 114:2-118:7 (discussing Mr. Martinez's knowledge of the chemical makeup of Crazy Clown and spice product brand names). Thus, there is no foundation for the government's claim that the APD investigation produced the same information as that which is contained in the immunized testimony. Moreover, the Kastigar hearing testimony established that Special Agent Marshall received information regarding the Puff N Jewelry investigation that was "general in nature," Docket No. 443 at 38:12-18, and that Mr. Martinez's name was first communicated to Special Agent Marshall by Mr. Leake during the September 19, 2013 meeting. The fact that the APD may have possessed additional information that was not communicated to Special Agent Marshall is irrelevant. See Ponds, 454 F.3d at 328 ("`[t]he government cannot escape its error simply by showing the availability of wholly independent evidence from which it might have procured indictment or conviction had it not used the immunized testimony'" (quoting United States v. Pelletier, 898 F.2d 297, 303 (2d Cir.1990))).
Second, although the government admits that it must "`demonstrate that each step of the investigative chain through which the evidence was obtained is untainted,'" Docket No. 446 at 9 (quoting Schmidgall I, 25 F.3d at 1528), the government's tracing analysis stops on September 19, 2013. As a result, the government does not address the immunized testimony's circulation after that date and what effect, if any, it had on the investigation. Even though Special Agent Marshall testified that he did not rely on the immunized testimony, the facts presented do not corroborate such a statement, rendering it legally insufficient. See Hampton, 775 F.2d at 1491.
Turning first to direct exposure to the transcripts, Special Agent Marshall does not dispute that he read the transcripts in December 2013 and January 2014. He admitted that the transcripts were his initial source of information concerning Mr. Martinez's procedure for obtaining spice products from Creager Mercantile, Docket No. 443 at 70:871:1, a topic on which Special Agent Marshall testified before the grand jury. See Ex. N at 18:11-19:1. Special Agent Marshall's inability to otherwise recall what facts he learned from reading the transcripts is insufficient to establish that his review of the transcripts did not lead to additional evidence or otherwise shape his investigation. See, e.g.,
Special Agent Marshall appears to have had considerable indirect exposure to the immunized testimony. Special Agent Marshall testified that he and Mr. Leake continued to discuss the investigation, including Mr. Martinez, on a regular basis. Docket No. 443 at 62:9-12. Special Agent Marshall testified that, in addition to debriefs conducted on November 12, 2013 and April 24, 2014, he was in frequent contact with Mr. Worth, but did not recall specifics from their discussions. The government provided no evidence of what information he used when questioning Mr. Worth or, for that matter, any of the other individuals Special Agent Marshall spoke with during his investigation. See United States v. Schmidgall ("Schmidgall II"), 25 F.3d 1533, 1538 (11th Cir.1994) ("The actual interrogation of Purvis was not recorded, so we are unable to compare the information elicited from Schmidgall with questions posed to Purvis to determine if the former shaped the latter."). No procedures were put in place to manage exposure to the immunized testimony from which one could infer that the immunized testimony played no role in the investigation. Rather, Special Agent Marshall was apparently operating under the belief that immunized testimony could be used in his investigation. Despite the fact that Special Agent Marshall appears to have had considerable exposure to the immunized testimony, the government makes no attempt to establish that the immunized testimony did not provide an investigatory lead or shape Special Agent Marshall's questioning of Mr. Worth—the source upon which Special Agent Marshall claims that much of his grand jury testimony is based—and of other individuals. See Schmidgall, 25 F.3d at 1530.
Once it appears that immunized testimony was introduced into an investigation and that the investigation was motivated by both tainted and untainted sources, some courts permit the government to meet its Kastigar burden by showing that the government's investigators "`would have taken the same steps entirely apart from the motivating effect of the immunized testimony.'" Slough, 641 F.3d at 551 (quoting United States v. Nanni, 59 F.3d 1425, 1432 (2d Cir.1995)). Here, this requires the government to establish, by a preponderance of the evidence, that Special Agent Marshall would have given the same testimony to the grand jury in the absence of his exposure to the immunized testimony. Id.
The government has not shown that Special Agent Marshall's grand jury testimony would have been the same had he or other agents not been exposed to the immunized
Based upon information in his possession prior to September 19, 2013, Special Agent Marshall undoubtedly would have pursued Mr. Worth, regardless of whether Special Agent Marshall had information from the immunized testimony. However, on November 12, 2013, Mr. Worth was interviewed by multiple people who had been exposed to the immunized testimony and the government makes no attempt to establish that the questions posed to Mr. Worth were not derived from the immunized testimony. See Schmidgall, 25 F.3d at 1530 (holding that government must show that questioning of source "was in no way influenced by immunized testimony"). Special Agent Marshall had several subsequent interactions with Mr. Worth, including an April 24, 2014 interview, but the government did not establish that information gathered from those interactions was not shaped by the immunized testimony.
The government's claims that the DEA did not rely on the immunized testimony are further contradicted by the affidavits prepared in support of wiretap applications and search warrants, which were prepared after Special Agent Marshall's first interview with Mr. Worth. Although the affidavits contain information from sources other than the immunized testimony, if the DEA's investigation did not rely on the immunized testimony, as the government claims, one would not expect the affidavits to contain explicit references to the immunized testimony. See Ex. 8 at 00008863-64; see also Ex. 10A at 00008157-58.
Moreover, concluding that Special Agent Marshall would have taken the same investigatory steps regardless of the immunized testimony is further complicated by the fact that Mr. Martinez does not appear to have been the initial target of the DEA's investigation. Special Agent Marshall testified that his investigation was initially focused on locating the "source of supply" and that he "wasn't interested in an individual selling `spice' in Denver" such as Mr. Martinez. Docket No. 443 at 62:1-8. Nonetheless, Special Agent Marshall recalls first learning of Mr. Martinez's identity at the September 19, 2013 meeting and first learning of Mr. Martinez's procedure for obtaining spice from Creager Mercantile upon review of the transcripts. Information acquired after exposure to immunized testimony does not automatically run
Perhaps the DEA could or would have learned most of the information contained in the transcripts through independent sources. However, the Court believes, in the context of compelled testimony and the finding of a Kastigar violation, it is inappropriate to speculate regarding those possibilities. Because the government has the burden of proving the motivating effect of the immunized testimony was insignificant, uncertainties are not resolved in its favor. Based upon the government's showing, it is too great a leap to assume that Special Agent Marshall's interviews of Mr. Worth would have been conducted in the same manner and that each of the numerous subsequent steps in the investigation would have taken place "entirely apart from the motivating effect of the immunized testimony," Nanni, 59 F.3d at 1432 (quotation omitted), thereby resulting in grand jury testimony sufficient for the grand jury to indict Mr. Martinez.
"If the evidence presented to the grand jury is not found to have been properly derived from legitimate independent sources, then the indictment must be dismissed, unless the error is held harmless, beyond a reasonable doubt." Beery, 678 F.2d at 863 (quotations and citation omitted). At this stage the government is required to show that the use of the immunized testimony before the grand jury was "inconsequential," Ponds, 454 F.3d at 328 (quotations omitted), such that "the indictment should be dismissed unless the government establishes that the grand jury would have indicted even absent that [tainted] testimony." See Nanni, 59 F.3d at 1433; see also United States v. Rogers, 722 F.2d 557, 560 (9th Cir.1983) ("While this statement ... before the grand jury was improper, it was harmless in light of the more than adequate untainted evidence to support the indictment.").
Special Agent Marshall was the only witness to testify before the grand jury. Because the government largely fails to address the impact of the immunized testimony on Special Agent Marshall's investigation, the government has not provided sufficient evidence to facilitate the task of separating the tainted aspects from the untainted aspects, if any, of Special Agent Marshall's testimony. Because the government has the burden of proving harmless error beyond a reasonable doubt, this failure does not inure to its benefit. In spite of the government's argument to the contrary, Docket No. 446 at 10-11, the fact that Special Agent Marshall did not specifically mention the immunized testimony in front of the grand jury is irrelevant where, as here, the government has the burden of establishing that sufficient portions of his grand jury testimony were untainted. See Kastigar, 406 U.S. at 460, 92 S.Ct. 1653. Even assuming that Special Agent Marshall's grand jury testimony was untainted to the extent that it mirrored information he gathered prior to the September 19 meeting, the Court cannot conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that such evidence is sufficient to support the indictment of Mr. Martinez. See Docket No. 443 at 58:2-4 ("Q. And it's at that [September 19, 2013] meeting, is that the first time you hear anything about Mr. Martinez? A. Yes.").
For the foregoing reasons, the government has failed to show that Mr. Martinez is "in substantially the same position as if [he] had claimed his privilege in the absence of a grant of immunity." See Hubbell, 530 U.S. at 40, 120 S.Ct. 2037 (quoting Kastigar, 406 U.S. at 458-459, 92 S.Ct. 1653). It is therefore
Ex. N at 14:23-15:3.
However, regardless of whether the inevitable discovery test is applicable, for the reasons discussed above, the government falls short of establishing that the evidence before the grand jury would have been "inevitably discovered ... by lawful means." See Kiser, 948 F.2d at 423.
Docket No. 1 at 8-9, ¶ 31-32. Thus, the government is required to establish an independent source for all evidence presented to the grand jury in support of the conspiracy for which Mr. Martinez is charged, rather than, as the parties' arguments suggest, merely addressing those instances before the grand jury where Special Agent Marshall mentioned Mr. Martinez by name.
