CHRISTINE M. ARGUELLO, District Judge.
This matter is before the Court on two motions: (1) Defendant's Motion to Exclude Plaintiffs' Experts Stephen Thomas, Craig Shriver, and Ken Essex Pursuant to Rule 702 (Doc. # 152), and (2) Plaintiffs' Motion to Exclude Defendant's Experts Chris Tremaine and Kelly Spence Pursuant to Rule 702 (Doc. # 159). For the reasons outlined below, the Court denies in part and grants in part Defendant's motion and denies in full Plaintiffs' motion.
In September 2013, the City of Evans experienced significant floods, which devastated mobile home parks in the city. The mobile homes in these parks were flooded for at least six days. After contracted inspectors surveyed the damaged homes, pursuant to the authority of the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment
Plaintiffs are individuals and entities active in the mobile home industry. Plaintiff Craig Shriver ("Plaintiff Shriver") owns and manages Plaintiff Riverside Storage and Recycling Center ("Plaintiff Riverside"). In the spring of 2015, Plaintiff Shriver and Plaintiff Riverside contracted with two mobile home parks in Evans to clean up and take possession of mobile homes impacted by the flooding. Of the mobile homes that had been identified by Evans to be destroyed, Plaintiff Shriver removed and destroyed some but removed and rehabilitated others. Also in early 2015, Plaintiff Riverside contracted with Plaintiff Kimberly Hills to bring fifty mobile homes to Kimberly Hills' mobile home park in the City of Federal Heights ("Defendant City") in return for a $6,000 per home incentive payment.
Plaintiff Shriver applied for set permits
On July 24, 2014, after having inspected the homes for which set permits had been issued, Defendant City wrote a letter to the mobile home parks and setters stating that it had come to its attention that certain flood-affected mobile homes were being brought into the City. Defendant City attached its "Used Manufactured Home Set Inspection Policy," which requires certain disclosures, repairs, and inspections for flood-damaged homes. On August 19, 2014, Defendant City learned of the Evans's Tier 1 designation of these mobile homes through VIN numbers lists kept by a Colorado state agency.
Plaintiffs allege that Defendant City then voided the mobile home set permits, removed occupancy insignias, and ordered Plaintiffs to remove the homes. (Doc. # 78.) Plaintiffs assert procedural due process violations
On September 16, 2016, Plaintiffs filed their expert disclosures pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(2). (Doc. # 152-1.) Relevant here, Plaintiffs identified retained expert witness Steve Thomas and non-retained expert witness Craig Shriver (Plaintiff Shriver). On October 14, 2016, Defendant City filed its expert disclosures, which included Chris Tremaine and Kelly Spence of Tremaine Enterprises, Inc. as retained expert witnesses. (Doc. # 159-13.) Tremaine and Spence's report (the "TEI Report") was attached. (Doc. # 159-3-5.)
On October 25, 2016, Plaintiffs filed their expert rebuttal disclosures. (Doc. # 152-4.) In addition to previously-identified retained expert witness Thomas and non-retained expert witness Plaintiff Shriver, Plaintiffs also identified a new non-retained rebuttal expert witness, Ken Essex. (Id.) Defendant City's expert rebuttal disclosures are not relevant to the instant motions.
Defendant City filed its Motion to Exclude Plaintiffs' Experts Stephen Thomas, Craig Shriver, and Ken Essex Pursuant to Rule 702 on August 14, 2017. (Doc. # 152.) Plaintiffs filed their Motion to Exclude Defendant City's Experts Chris Tremaine and Kelly Spence Pursuant to Rule 702 on August 24, 2017. (Doc. # 159.) The parties timely filed responses and reply briefs on each motion. (Doc. ## 161, 162, 164, 165.)
Under Daubert, the trial court acts as a "gatekeeper" by reviewing a proffered expert opinion for relevance pursuant to F.R.E. 401, and reliability pursuant to F.R.E. 702. See Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 589-95 (1993); see also Goebel v. Denver & Rio Grande W. R.R. Co., 215 F.3d 1083, 1087 (10th Cir. 2000). The proponent of the expert must demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence that the expert's testimony and opinion is admissible. United States v. Nacchio, 555 F.3d 1234, 1241 (10th Cir. 2009; United States v. Crabbe, F. Supp. 2d 1217, 1220-21 (D. Colo. 2008); F.R.E. 702 advisory comm. notes. This Court has discretion to evaluate whether an expert is helpful, qualified, and reliable under F.R.E. 702. See Goebel, 214 F.3d at 1087; United States v. Velarde, 214 F.3d 1204, 1208-09 (10th Cir. 2000).
Federal Rule of Evidence 702 governs the admissibility of expert testimony. Rule 702 provides that a witness who is qualified as an expert by "knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education" may testify if:
F.R.E. 702.
In determining whether expert testimony is admissible, the Court generally employs a three-step process. First, it must first determine whether the expert is qualified "by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education" to render an opinion. Nacchio, 555 F.3d at 124. Second, if the expert is sufficiently qualified, the Court must determine whether the proposed testimony is sufficiently "relevant to the task at hand," such that it "logically advances a material aspect of the case." Norris v. Baxter Healthcare Corp., 397 F.3d 878, 884, 884 n.2 (10th Cir. 2005). "Doubts about whether an expert's testimony will be useful should generally be resolved in favor of admissibility unless there are strong factors such as time or surprise favoring exclusions. The jury is intelligent enough to ignore what is unhelpful in its deliberations." Robinson v. Mo. Pac. R.R. Co., 16 F.3d 1083, 1090 (10th Cir. 1994) (quotation omitted).
Third, the Court examines whether the expert's opinion "has `a reliable basis in the knowledge and experience of his [or her] discipline.'" Id. (quoting Daubert, 509 U.S. at 592). In determining reliability, a district court must decide "whether the reasoning or methodology underlying the testimony is scientifically valid." Id. (quoting Daubert, 509 U.S. at 592-93). In making this determination, a court may consider: "(1) whether a theory has been or can be tested or falsified, (2) whether the theory or technique has been subject to peer review and publication, (3) whether there are known or potential rates of error with regard to specific techniques, and (4) whether the theory or approach has general acceptance." Norris, 397 F.3d at 884 (citing Daubert, 509 U.S. at 593-94). The Supreme Court has made clear that this list is neither definitive nor exhaustive; accordingly, a trial court has broad discretion to consider other factors. Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 150 (1999).
The requirement that testimony must be reliable does not mean that the party offering such testimony must prove "that the expert is indisputably correct." Bitler v. A.O. Smith Corp., 400 F.3d 1227, 1233 (10th Cir. 2004) (quoting Mitchell v. Gencorp Inc., 165 F.3d 778, 781 (10th Cir. 1999)). Rather, the party need only prove that "the method employed by the expert in reaching the conclusion is scientifically sound and that the opinion is based on facts which sufficiently satisfy Rule 702's reliability requirements." Id.
Guided by these principles, this Court has "broad discretion" to evaluate whether an expert is helpful, qualified, and reliable under F.R.E. 702. Velarde, 214 F.3d at 1208-09.
Plaintiffs allege that Defendant City did not correctly apply applicable legal codes, including the International Residential Code ("IRC"), the International Property Maintenance Code ("IPMC"), and its own municipal code. (Doc. # 78.) In support of these allegations, Plaintiffs designated Stephen Thomas of Colorado Code Consulting, LLC, as a retained expert witness. (Doc. # 152-1.) Thomas prepared a ten-page report for Plaintiffs. (Doc. # 152-2.) Thomas opined in his report that the Defendant City failed to follow their own codes and standards, including the IRC and IPMC, which Defendant City had adopted by reference. (Id.)
Defendant City moves that the Court preclude Thomas "from testifying as to whether [Defendant City] should have followed the [IPMC] instead of the [IRC] and that the [Defendant City] violated the Notice provision of the IPMC." (Doc. # 152.) According to Defendant City, this testimony "attempts to invade the province of the [C]ourt to instruct the jury on the law." (Id.)
The Court disagrees and concludes that Thomas's testimony is admissible. Contrary to Defendant City's characterization, Thomas's primary conclusion is not that Defendant City followed the incorrect code by applying the IRC. In fact, at the outset of his report, Thomas stated that the applicable codes
A witness "may refer to the law in expressing an opinion without that reference rendering the testimony inadmissible." Id. Because Thomas's opinion does no more than "aid the jury in understanding the facts in evidence even though reference to those facts is couched in legal terms," see id., the Court DENIES Defendant City's Motion to Exclude Plaintiffs' Expert Thomas.
Plaintiffs initially designated Plaintiff Shriver as a non-retained expert witness and summarized his experience and his opinions. (Doc. # 152-1.) Plaintiffs also identified Shriver as a non-retained expert for rebuttal purposes. (Doc. # 152-4.) Plaintiffs' expert rebuttal disclosure was identical to their initial disclosure, save for one four-sentence addition about Shriver's testimony.
Defendants assert that Shriver's opinions are unreliable and include an improper legal opinion. (Doc. # 152.) Defendants also argue that Shriver's opinions "are improper `rebuttal' opinions and should have been included in Plaintiffs' initial expert disclosures." (Id.)
The Court is not persuaded and concludes that Shriver's testimony is admissible. First, Shriver's opinions meet the reliability requirement of F.R.E. 702. The text of F.R.E. 702 "expressly contemplates that an expert may be qualified on the basis of experience," and "[i]n certain fields, experience is the predominant, if not sole, basis for a great deal of reliable expert testimony." F.R.E. 702 advisory comm. notes (2000). Plaintiffs sufficiently allege that Shriver has a great deal of pertinent experience.
Second, the Court rejects Defendant City's contention that Shriver's testimony includes an improper legal opinion. Though Defendant City challenges the entirety of Shriver's testimony, it takes particular issue with the indication that Shriver "will testify that once a building permit is signed off and a [certificate of occupancy (`CO')] issued, the house is safe for occupancy" and characterizes this as an improper legal opinion. (Doc. # 152 at 10 (quoting Doc. # 152-1 at 2.)) Provided that Plaintiffs limit Shriver's opinion as they assert in their response to "the
Third, Shriver's opinions are not improper rebuttal opinions. Defendant City notes that the summary of Shriver's opinions in Plaintiffs' rebuttal disclosures differs by only four sentences from Plaintiffs' initial disclosures. (Doc. # 152.) Defendant City argues that these four additional sentences "are clearly not rebutting or contradicting Defendant's experts" and thus "should have been disclosed as part of Plaintiffs' Initial Expert Disclosures." (Id.) The Court disagrees. Defendant City's expert report, the TEI Report, stated that Plaintiffs did not follow the proper remediation protocol and underestimated the costs of remediation, and concluded that Plaintiffs would not have made a profit. (Doc. # 159-3.) Plaintiff's rebuttal disclosures as to Shriver's testimony responded directly the TEI Report. The opinions thus are proper rebuttal opinions pursuant to F.R.E. 702.
For these reasons, the Court DENIES Defendant City's Motion to Exclude Plaintiffs' Expert Shriver.
When Plaintiffs filed their expert rebuttal disclosures, they identified a new non-retained rebuttal expert witness, Ken Essex. (Doc. # 152-4.) Plaintiffs' summary of Essex's testimony is
The Court agrees with Defendant City that because the opinions are identical, Essex's testimony is needlessly cumulative. See (Doc. # 152.) The cumulative nature of Essex's opinion substantially outweighs any probative value it may have. Pursuant to F.R.E. 403, the Court therefore GRANTS Defendant City's Motion to Exclude Plaintiffs' Expert Essex.
Defendant City identified Tremaine and Spence as retained expert witnesses and included their report, the TEI report, in its initial disclosures. (Doc. # 159-13); see also (Doc. # 159-3-5.)
Plaintiffs argue that Tremaine and Spence's testimony should be excluded for three reasons: (1) they "are not qualified to opine on the intermediary conclusions in the TEI Report;" (2) their testimony is based on "insufficient review of applicable evidence, [and] improper reliance on inapplicable evidence," and is not based on any "particular or supported methodology;" and (3) their opinions are "unhelpful because they do not address the reality of [Plaintiff] Shriver's planned remediation approach." (Doc. # 159.)
First, the Court concludes that Tremaine and Spence have sufficient knowledge, skill, experience, training, and education to testify as experts. See F.R.E. 702. As the Court explained above, "an expert may be qualified on the basis of experience." F.R.E. 702 advisory comm. notes (2000). Defendant City attached to its initial disclosures Tremaine's and Spence's resumes. (Doc. # 159-7.) These resumes reflect decades of experience in adjusting property claims, in consulting on claims, and in general contracting and construction. See (id.) In the Court's view, Tremaine and Spence have the "extensive and specialized experience" necessary to opine as experts. See Kumho, 526 U.S. at 156. Any weaknesses in their testimony concerning interpreting of law, identifying mold from photographs, or opining on the rental market for mobile homes go to the weight to be accorded to their testimony, not its admissibility. See Compton, 82 F.3d at 1520.
Second, the Court rejects Plaintiffs' contention that Tremaine and Spence did not base their opinions on proper evidence. Plaintiffs imply that to present expert testimony, Tremaine and Spence needed to have first-hand knowledge of the particular mobile homes at issue in this case. See (Doc. # 159.) However, nothing in the Daubert-Kumho line of cases "requires an expert to `visit the scene,' so to speak, in order to offer or support an opinion on a contested technical issue." Rankin v. Union Pacific R. Co., No. 04-cv-00372-OES-PAC, 2005 WL 6000492, at *4 (D. Colo. Sept. 29, 2005). Experts may testify "from the reports, diagrams, depositions, or other evidence that has been gathered in a case." Id. The Tremaine Report suggests that Tremaine and Spence are doing just that.
Third, the Court is not persuaded that Tremaine and Spence's testimony about the cost of remediation is unhelpful because it "ignores the reality that [Plaintiff Shriver] had a different remediation plan in place." See (Doc. # 159.) The Court agrees with Defendant City that this argument goes to the weight of the evidence, not its admissibility. See (Doc. # 161.)
The Court therefore DENIES Plaintiffs' Motion to Exclude Defendant's Experts Chris Tremaine and Kelly Spence.
Based on the foregoing, it is ORDERED that:
