ORDER

MICHAEL E. HEGARTY, Magistrate Judge.

Plaintiffs are three collective bargaining representatives for employees of Defendant BNSF Railway Company. Plaintiffs brought this action as a result of Defendant's consolidation of collective bargaining agreements ("CBAs") during the implementation of new interdivisional rail service ("ID service"). In the present motion, Plaintiffs seek a status quo injunction requiring Defendant to operate under the CBAs previously in effect while the parties engage in the Railway Labor Act's ("RLA") arbitration process. According to Plaintiffs, I have jurisdiction to enter such an injunction, because this a "major dispute" under the RLA. In a separate motion, Defendant seeks to dismiss this case, because it involves only a "minor dispute."

I hold that the present dispute is minor under the RLA. Defendant's actions were arguably justified by the terms of the 1986 National Agreement the parties entered into, which Plaintiffs do not dispute is part of the parties' CBAs. Accordingly, I grant Defendant's Motion to Dismiss, and I deny Plaintiffs' Motion for a Status Quo Injunction.

BACKGROUND

Defendant is comprised of several former railroads that the Interstate Commerce Commission consolidated in 1996. Am. Compl. ¶ 5, ECF No. 11. Plaintiffs negotiate and administer CBAs with Defendant. Id. ¶ 4. Some of the CBAs and other labor agreements pertain to all of Defendant's employees, and others apply only on certain railroads. Id. ¶ 6.

In June 2017 Defendant notified Plaintiffs that it planned to establish ID service to operate rail lines between new locations. Id. ¶ 7. Defendant stated it was instituting this service pursuant to Article IX of the National Agreement, and that such service would be subject to the Colorado and Southern Railway ("C&S") CBA, regardless of whether the employees were previously governed by that agreement. Id.; ECF No. 20-3.1 The National Agreement permits Defendant to serve a written notice proposing the conditions for new ID service. ECF No. 20-2. The service then operates on a trial basis until the parties complete arbitration. Id.

Plaintiffs subsequently informed Defendant that it could not replace the existing CBAs without obtaining their agreement. Id. ¶ 8. Although the parties engaged in negotiations, they did not resolve the dispute. Id. ¶ 9. In January 2018 Defendant unilaterally implemented the ID service on a trial basis and required all new railway lines to operate under the C&S CBA. Id. ¶ 10; Decl. of Milton H. Siegele ¶ 15, ECF No. 20-1. This allegedly caused many of Defendant's employees to undergo lower wage rates, loss of their profit-sharing plan, loss of their 401(k) employer match, changes in layover time and pay, and changes in job assignments and work schedules. Am. Compl. ¶ 10.

As a result, Plaintiffs filed suit on March 19, 2018. Compl., ECF No. 1. In their Amended Complaint, Plaintiffs assert Defendant violated the RLA's "major dispute provisions" by making changes to rates of pay and working conditions without performing the required procedures. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 23-27. Additionally, Plaintiffs allege Defendant violated various labor agreements between the parties, including the New York Dock conditions, the Cramdown Agreement, and the North Loop Agreement. Id. ¶¶ 13-21. Generally, these agreements require Defendant to follow certain procedures when modifying CBAs. Id.

On March 27, 2018, Plaintiffs filed the present Motion for a Status Quo Injunction, ECF No. 16. Plaintiffs seek to restore the CBAs previously in effect at least until the parties complete the formal arbitration process. Id. According to Plaintiffs, an injunction is proper, because Defendant's authority to unilaterally change the CBAs is a major dispute under the RLA. Id. at 3-8.

On April 17, 2018, Defendant responded to Plaintiffs' motion and contemporaneously filed the present Motion to Dismiss. Resp. to Mot. for Injunction, ECF No. 21; Mot. to Dismiss, ECF No. 19. Defendant's response and motion argue that I lack subject matter jurisdiction to decide this case, because it involves only a minor dispute. Resp. to Mot. for Injunction 4-7; Mot. to Dismiss 12-19. According to Defendant, the plain language of the National Agreement arguably permits it to unilaterally determine working conditions on a trial basis when establishing ID service. Mot. to Dismiss 12-14. Additionally, Defendant relies on the parties' past practices and relevant arbitration awards as support for its authority to make the disputed changes. Id. at 14-16.

On May 11, 2018, Plaintiffs filed a reply in support of their request for an injunction and a response to Defendant's motion. Reply in Supp. of Mot. for Injunction, ECF No. 27; Resp. to. Mot. to Dismiss, ECF No. 28. Plaintiffs primarily rely on a recent arbitration award, which held that the National Agreement does not permit a different carrier to unilaterally change existing CBAs. Resp. to Mot. to Dismiss 5-8. According to Plaintiffs, this arbitration award "expose[s] [Defendant's] position as `frivolous or obviously insubstantial' . . . ." Id. Defendant filed a Reply in Support of its Motion to Dismiss on May 25, 2018, ECF No. 29.

ANALYSIS

The parties' motions seek resolution of same question—is Defendant's authority to use the C&S CBA for its consolidated rail lines a major or minor dispute? If the dispute is major, I have jurisdiction to require Defendant to use the prior CBAs until the parties complete the "lengthy process of bargaining and mediation" the RLA requires. Consol. Rail Corp. v. Ry. Labor Execs.' Ass'n (Conrail), 491 U.S. 299, 302-03 (1989). If this is a minor dispute, I lack jurisdiction over it, and the issue must be determined by the National Railroad Adjustment Board ("NRAB"). Id. at 304 ("The Board (as we shall refer to any adjustment board under the RLA) has exclusive jurisdiction over minor disputes."). I find that this case involves a minor dispute.

In determining whether disputes are major or minor, courts look to whether the carrier seeks to create contractual rights or merely enforce them. Id. at 302. Major disputes relate to "the formation of collective bargaining agreements or efforts to secure them." Id. (quoting Elgin, J. & E.R. Co. v. Burley, 325 U.S. 711, 723 (1945)). In contrast, minor disputes involve "controversies over the meaning of an existing collective bargaining agreement in a particular fact situation." Hawaiian Airlines, Inc. v. Norris, 512 U.S. 246, 253 (1994) (quoting Bhd. of R.R. Trainmen v. Chi. River & Ind. R.R. Co., 353 U.S. 30, 33 (1957)). The "distinguishing feature of [a minor dispute] is that the dispute may be conclusively resolved by interpreting the existing agreement." Conrail, 491 U.S. at 305.

A carrier "bears a `relatively light burden' in establishing exclusive jurisdiction in the Adjustment Board under the RLA." Bhd. of Maint. of Way Emps. Div. v. Burlington N. Santa Fe Ry. Co., 596 F.3d 1217, 1223 (10th Cir. 2010) (quoting Conrail, 491 U.S. at 307)). In fact, "a party need only show that the contested action is `arguably justified' by the terms of the collective bargaining agreement." Id. (quoting Conrail, 491 U.S. at 304-05). An action is arguably justified by the CBA "if it even remotely touches on the terms of the relevant collective bargaining agreement." Id. As the Supreme Court explained in Conrail,

491 U.S. at 310.

Here, I find that Article IX of the National Agreement arguably gives Defendant discretion to designate which CBA will apply to new ID service on a trial basis. Article IX, which Plaintiffs do not contest is part of the parties' CBAs, provides in relevant part:

ECF No. 20-2, at 3-4.

It is at least arguable based on this text that Defendant permissibly designated which CBA will apply to its new ID service. Indeed, Article IX specifically permits carriers to propose "reasonable and practical conditions" for new ID service, which govern on a trial basis until the parties complete the formal arbitration procedure. Although the NRAB may find that Defendant could not alter the existing CBAs in this manner or that the new conditions are unreasonable, Defendant's position that Article IX permitted its action is not "obviously insubstantial or frivolous. . . ."2 Conrail, 491 U.S. at 310.

Relevant case law supports this finding. In International Association of Sheet, Metal, Air, Rail & Transportation Workers v. BNSF Railway Co. (Smart TD), the court held, and the Ninth Circuit agreed, that BNSF's authority to make alterations to existing collective bargaining agreements was a minor dispute in light of Article IX's express language. No. C15-1270RSL, 2015 WL 5159201, at *1-2 (W.D. Wash. Aug. 24, 2015), aff'd, 650 F. App'x 914 (9th Cir. 2016) (unpublished). According to the court, Article IX arguably "authorizes [] the establishment of ID service with working conditions that differ from the prevailing operations . . . ." Id. at *1. Although BNSF did not entirely replace the CBAs in that case, the Supreme Court has stressed that the magnitude or significance of the change is irrelevant to the major/minor dispute determination. Conrail, 491 U.S. at 305 ("[T]he formal demarcation between major and minor disputes does not turn on a case-by-case determination of the importance of the issue presented or the likelihood that it would prompt the exercise of economic self-help."). Furthermore, the court in Smart TD did not find that Article IX gave the carrier discretion to make only minor changes to the existing CBAs. Indeed, Article IX's language is not so limited. Without discussing the magnitude of the changes, the court agreed with the carrier that Article IX arguably authorizes the establishment of working conditions that differ from existing CBAs. Smart TD, 2015 WL 5159201, at *2. I find Smart TD persuasive to my present analysis, and I agree with its holding.

Although not as factually similar as Smart TD, the Third Circuit's statement in Railway Labor Executives' Ass'n v. Pittsburgh & Lake Erie Railroad Co., supports a finding that the present case involves a minor dispute. 845 F.2d 420, 428 (3d Cir. 1988), rev'd on other grounds, 491 U.S. 490 (1989) (without analyzing whether the dispute was major or minor, holding that the RLA did not authorize the district court to enjoin the sale of the carrier's assets). In that case, the union challenged the carrier's authority to sell its assets and eliminate jobs without the union's consent. Id. at 425-26. In holding that the dispute was major, the court found it important that "[t]here is no argument about whether the collective bargaining agreement itself permits or prohibits the proposed sale." Id. at 428 n.9. According to the court, "[i]f that were the crux of the dispute, then this case would require an interpretation of the agreement, and would thus be a minor dispute, to be resolved by arbitration." Id. Here, the crux of the dispute is whether the language of the CBA (Article IX) permits Defendant to institute all working conditions when establishing ID service. Therefore, this case requires an interpretation of the parties' agreements, and this is a minor dispute.

To rebut Defendant's argument, Plaintiffs primarily rely on an arbitration award holding Article IX could not be used to impose working conditions that "run counter to the parties' other existing agreements." Resp. to Mot. to Dismiss 6, ECF No. 28; ECF No. 27-2, at 27-28. According to Plaintiffs, this award "thoroughly undermines [Defendant's] position that its actions are supported by an `arguable contractual justification.'" Resp. to Mot. to Dismiss 8. As an initial matter, "[d]ecisions by arbitrators offer no precedential value and are not binding on federal courts." Air Line Pilots Ass'n Int'l v. E. Air Lines, Inc., 683 F.Supp. 845, 853 (D.D.C. 1988), rev'd on other grounds, 869 F.2d 1518 (D.C. Cir. 1989); Int'l Bhd. of Elec. Workers v. CSX Transp., Inc., 369 F.Supp.2d 982, 987 (N.D. Ill. 2005) ("[A]rbitration awards are of no precedential value in a district court."). This is especially true, because the award did not involve Defendant.

Furthermore, it does not follow from this single arbitration panel's determination that Defendant's contractual justification is frivolous. The award itself demonstrates the arbitrators based their decision on the meaning of the parties' agreements, which makes this a minor dispute. See Hawaiian Airlines, Inc., 512 U.S. at 253 (stating that minor disputes involve "controversies over the meaning of an existing collective bargaining agreement in a particular fact situation." (quoting Bhd. of R.R. Trainmen, 353 U.S. at 33)). Indeed, the arbitrators quote Article IX and analyze the meaning of the quoted sections. ECF No. 27-2, at 29-31. To be sure, the NRAB may agree with the arbitrators' holding and find that Article IX does not grant Defendant the authority to replace CBAs. However, the validity of Defendant's action is not presently before me. I must determine only whether Defendant's interpretation of Article IX is frivolous or obviously insubstantial. I find that it is not.

Plaintiffs argue in passing that the CBAs and other labor agreements altered the National Agreement, because the parties entered into them after the National Agreement. Resp. to Mot. to Dismiss 14. Additionally, it is not entirely clear that the CBAs incorporated the National Agreement. However, these issues are also minor disputes regarding the language of the CBAs. See United Transp. Union v. S.C. Pub. Ry. Comm'n, 130 F.3d 627, 633 (4th Cir. 1997) (holding that a dispute as to whether an agreement incorporated all future national agreements was minor).

To be sure, this is a close call. Defendant altered employees' CBAs, and courts have consistently stated that disagreements over changes to the terms of existing CBAs are major disputes. See, e.g., Int'l Bhd. of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen & Helpers of Am.-Airline Div. & Teamsters Local 19 v. Sw. Airlines Co., 875 F.2d 1129, 1133 (5th Cir. 1989) ("Major disputes involve proposals for new agreements or for changes in existing agreements."). Additionally, it appears that one or more agreements between the parties requires Defendant to follow certain procedures to alter a CBA. ECF No. 16-10, at 5; ECF No. 16-4. However, Article IX gives Defendant authority to propose, and institute on a trial basis, working conditions for ID service. ECF No. 20-2. When faced with a close call based on conflicting terms such as this, courts must construe disputes as minor. Gen. Comm. of Adjustment v. CSX R.R. Corp., 893 F.2d 584, 591 (3d Cir. 1990) ("[I]n close cases, disputes are characterized as `minor.'"); Bhd. of Maint. of Way Emps. Div., 596 F.3d at 1223 ("`[W]hen in doubt,' the courts are to `construe disputes as minor.'" (alteration in original) (quoting Bhd. of Locomotive Eng'g v. Atchison, Topeka, & Santa Fe Ry. Co., 768 F.2d 914, 920 (7th Cir. 1985))). Thus, because Article IX arguably gives Defendant discretion to alter existing CBAs on a trial basis, this dispute is minor.

CONCLUSION

In sum, I find that Article IX of the National Agreement arguably permits Defendant to replace existing CBAs on a trial basis when it is establishing new ID service. Accordingly, this case involves a minor dispute, which is subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the NRAB. Accordingly, I dismiss this case for lack of jurisdiction. Defendant's Motion to Dismiss [filed April 17, 2018; ECF No. 19] is granted. Plaintiffs' Motion for Status Quo Injunction [filed March 27, 2018; ECF No. 16] is denied. The Clerk of the Court is directed to close this case.