ORDER ACCEPTING MAGISTRATE JUDGE'S RECOMMENDATION

PHILIP A. BRIMMER, Chief District Judge.

This matter is before the Court on the Order and Recommendation of United States Magistrate Judge Scott T. Varholak ("the recommendation") filed on August 23, 2019 [Docket No. 73]. Magistrate Judge Varholak recommends that the Court grant the Colorado Defendants' Motion for Filing Sanctions [Docket No. 29] (the "motion for sanctions") and impose filing restrictions against plaintiff Gilbert T. Tso.1 Magistrate Judge Varholak also recommends that the Court dismiss plaintiff's Amended Complaint [Docket No. 52] (the "amended complaint"). Plaintiff filed timely written objections. Docket No. 74.

The Court will "determine de novo any part of the magistrate judge's disposition that has been properly objected to." Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b)(3). An objection is proper if it is specific enough to enable the Court "to focus attention on those issues — factual and legal — that are at the heart of the parties' dispute." United States v. 2121 East 30th Street, 73 F.3d 1057, 1059 (10th Cir. 1996). In light of plaintiff's pro se status, the Court reviews his filings liberally. See Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520 (1972); Hall v. Bellmon, 935 F.2d 1106, 1110 n.3 (10th Cir. 1991).

I. BACKGROUND

This case arises from the dissolution of plaintiff's marriage to defendant Rebecca Murray and the resulting domestic proceedings in Illinois and Colorado.2 In an earlier case, the Court dismissed all of plaintiff's claims as barred by the Rooker-Feldman doctrine. See No. 17-cv-02523-PAB-STV ("Tso II"), Docket No. 188.3 After the Court entered judgment in Tso II, plaintiff filed this lawsuit on February 1, 2019. Docket No. 1. On February 4, 2019, in Tso II, the Colorado defendants moved to restrict plaintiff from filing additional pro se lawsuits in this Court related to the Illinois and Colorado domestic proceedings. Tso II, Docket No. 207. On May 15, 2019, the Colorado defendants filed the instant motion for sanctions, which is substantially similar to the motion filed in Tso II. Docket No. 29. Plaintiff subsequently filed an amended complaint. Docket No. 52. The amended complaint brings three claims pursuant to the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations ("RICO") Act, 18 U.S.C. § 1961 et seq., five claims challenging the constitutionality of various orders and statutes, and three state-law claims pursuant to the Colorado Organized Crime Control Act ("COCCA"). Id. The magistrate judge sua sponte stayed the deadline for defendants to respond to the amended complaint and any further filings made by plaintiff pending a ruling on defendants' motion for sanctions. Docket No. 56. Plaintiff moved for sanctions against defendants for bringing a sanctions motion against him, see Docket No. 57, which the magistrate judge denied. Docket No. 61. The Court overruled plaintiff's objection to both orders. Docket No. 68. The Tenth Circuit dismissed plaintiff's appeal of both orders for lack of jurisdiction. Docket No. 69.

On August 23, 2019, the magistrate judge issued this recommendation. Docket No. 73. The magistrate judge recommends granting the motion for sanctions. The recommendation summarizes plaintiff's "long history of filing repetitive claims" and "pursu[ing] numerous facially appropriate motions." Docket No. 73 at 25. The recommendation concludes that, "[b]ecause [plaintiff's] unwillingness to accept the validity of the [Illinois and Colorado domestic proceedings] imposes an undue burden on the Court's and [d]efendants' time and resources . . . the imposition of filing restrictions is warranted." Id. The recommendation proposes that plaintiff be barred from filing new actions in this Court related to the Illinois and Colorado domestic proceedings "without the representation of a licensed attorney admitted to practice in the District of Colorado, unless [plaintiff] obtains permission" from the Court to proceed pro se. Id. at 27-28. The recommendation further outlines a process by which plaintiff can petition for permission to proceed pro se. Id. at 28.

Additionally, the magistrate judge recommends that this case be dismissed. Id. at 29-47. The magistrate judge concludes that, to the extent plaintiff's first RICO claim is not barred by the Rooker-Feldman doctrine, the claim fails because (1) the amended complaint fails to allege that the defendants were engaged in "racketeering activity" and (2) the amended complaint fails to establish "continuity." Id. at 32-37. The magistrate judge further concludes that plaintiff's second and third RICO claims, as well as all of his constitutional challenges, are barred by the Rooker-Feldman doctrine. Id. at 37-46. Finally, the magistrate judge recommends that, as all of plaintiff's federal claims required dismissal, the Court should decline to exercise jurisdiction over plaintiff's state-law COCCA claims. Id. at 46-47.

On September 18, 2019, the Court granted the motion for filing restrictions in Tso II. Docket No. 227. In that order, the Court adopted the same filing restrictions on plaintiff that the magistrate judge proposes in the recommendation. Compare Docket No. 73 at 27-28 with Tso II, Docket No. 227 at 9-10.4

II. MOTION FOR SANCTIONS

The Court turns first to the recommendation on defendants' motion for sanctions. Because "the right of access to the courts is neither absolute nor unconditional," federal courts may "regulate the activities of abusive litigants by imposing carefully tailored restrictions under the appropriate circumstances." Tripati v. Beaman, 878 F.2d 351, 352-53 (10th Cir. 1989). Filing restrictions are proper where (1) a "litigant's abusive and lengthy history is properly set forth," (2) the court provides guidelines as to what the litigant "must do to obtain the court's permission to file an action," and (3) the litigant receives "notice and an opportunity to oppose the court's order before it is instituted." Id. at 353-54; United States v. Coleman, 707 F. App'x 563 (10th Cir. 2017) (unpublished).

The Court understands plaintiff to be making four objections to the recommendation: (1) there is no merit to the contention that plaintiff is an abusive litigant; (2) it is premature to conclude that Rooker-Feldman bars all of plaintiff's claims; and (3) the proposed filing restrictions are not the least-restrictive means of enjoining plaintiff's behavior. Docket No. 74 at 4-5, ¶ 10.

Plaintiff's argument that the magistrate judge failed to establish that plaintiff is an abusive litigant is without merit. The magistrate judge's recommendation carefully sets out plaintiff's extensive litigation history, both in the Illinois and Colorado state proceedings and in federal court. See Docket No. 73 at 9-27. The recommendation describes all four of plaintiff's federal cases in this District, in which plaintiff has repeatedly pursued both "facially inappropriate motions" — e.g. repeatedly moving for temporary restraining orders against defendants and Fed. R. Civ. P. 11 sanctions against defendants' counsel — and claims for which both this Court and the Tenth Circuit have made clear that plaintiff is "not entitled to any relief." See id. at 25.

Plaintiff contends that his filing history is not "lengthy and abusive" under Tripati because he has only brought four actions in this Court. See Docket No. 74 at 5-6 (noting that the abusive litigants in the cases cited in Tripati entered between thirty-seven and 700 complaints). However, there is no support in the post-Tripati case law for the proposition that a litigant must file a certain number of abusive actions before a court may impose filing restrictions. See, e.g., Coleman, 707 F. App'x 563 (affirming filing restrictions against litigant who filed "six motions and two civil lawsuits"); Calvin v. Lyons, 770 F. App'x 433, 434 (10th Cir. 2019) (unpublished) (affirming filing restrictions against litigant after filing four civil actions). The Tenth Circuit has, for example, affirmed filing restrictions placed on a litigant who "filed multiple lawsuits in federal court, all but one related to the same state divorce and custody proceedings." See Blaylock v. Tinner, 543 F. App'x 834, 836 (10th Cir. 2013) (unpublished). The litigant continued to file lawsuits despite being informed that his claims were barred by the Rooker-Feldman doctrine, which the Court described as "painting new veneers on essentially the same claim." See id. The Court has no difficulty finding that, like the litigant in Blaylock, plaintiff's repetitive attempts to relitigate the Illinois and Colorado domestic proceedings in federal court in Colorado are sufficiently numerous as to merit filing restrictions.

Moreover, this case is unlike Tripati and the other cases plaintiff relies upon involving the filing of a large number of cases in that those cases involve plaintiffs who file a large volume of cases on different subjects against different defendants. By contrast, plaintiff continues to file cases against mostly the same defendants based on the same dispute. Plaintiff's conduct merits filing restrictions, despite plaintiff filing fewer cases than the plaintiff in Tripati, because plaintiff is ignoring the jurisdictional defect common to each of his cases and shows no sign of abating his practice of filing new cases (with the same jurisdictional defect) after one of his current cases is dismissed. The magistrate judge's proposed filing restrictions take this distinction into account by tailoring the restrictions to the subject matter of plaintiff's past filings in the District of Colorado.

The Court also agrees with the magistrate judge, contrary to plaintiff's assertions, that plaintiff's litigation history is "abusive." See Docket No. 73 at 25 (noting that plaintiff's litigation history has "impose[d] an undue burden" on defendants' time and resources); Calvin, 770 F. App'x at 435 (noting that a plaintiff's "relentless pursuit of an order that a federal court cannot issue" can become abusive even though his or her "intentions may be innocent"). Thus, the Court will overrule plaintiff's first objection.

Plaintiff's second objection argues that it is "premature" to argue that his claims are barred by Rooker-Feldman. Docket No. 74 at 8-11. As an initial matter, plaintiff's right to appellate review in this case is not affected by the proposed filing restrictions. If the Tenth Circuit disagrees with the Court's disposition of this action, this case will continue. However, the Tenth Circuit has already held that plaintiff's claims arising out of the Illinois and Colorado domestic proceedings in 16-cv-02480-WJM-STV were barred by Rooker-Feldman. See Tso v. Murray, 760 F. App'x 564, 567-68 (10th Cir. 2019) (unpublished) ("Tso I") (noting that, except for "one insignificant exception," "the harms for which [plaintiff] seeks relief . . . all result from state-court judgments"). Plaintiff has not articulated a persuasive reason why his claims would fare any better were he permitted to file more lawsuits arising out of the same set of facts.5 It is evident from plaintiff's objection that he continues to ignore that the Rooker-Feldman doctrine deprives the Court of jurisdiction over his challenges to the Illinois and Colorado domestic judgments. See Docket No. 74 at 8-11; see also Tso II, Docket No. 188 at 20 ("The problem with plaintiff's claims is not that his pleadings are less skillful. It is that they allege conduct that Congress has barred this Court from reviewing.").6 Thus, the Court will overrule plaintiff's second objection.

Finally, plaintiff objects that the proposed filing sanctions are not the least-restrictive means of addressing his filing behavior. Docket No. 74 at 11-12. Plaintiff suggests that the Court should allow plaintiff to continue "unencumbered" as a pro se litigant with the assistance of a "second chair" attorney who "serves at the pleasure of" plaintiff. Id. The Court disagrees. Plaintiff does not cite — and the Court has not found — any Tenth Circuit authority applying a least-restrictive means analysis in crafting filing restrictions.7 Moreover, there is no basis for allowing plaintiff to continue pro se with "assistance" from a second-chair attorney. Plaintiff fails to explain why this option is superior to the restriction proposed in the recommendation, which requires plaintiff to obtain representation from a licensed attorney admitted to practice in this District in order to file a new action related to the subject matter identified herein. The Court does not believe that allowing plaintiff to continue with "assistance" from an attorney is adequate to ensure that plaintiff's pattern of abusive and lengthy filings on this subject matter will cease.

The Court is satisfied that filing restrictions against plaintiff are appropriate. Accordingly, the Court will adopt the filing restrictions proposed in the recommendation, which are identical to the filing restrictions already adopted by the Court in Tso II, Docket No. 227.

III. DISMISSAL OF THE AMENDED COMPLAINT

The magistrate judge recommends that the Court dismiss all claims in plaintiff's amended complaint. Docket No. 73 at 29-47. The Court understands plaintiff to be making three objections to the recommendation: (1) the amended complaint adequately alleges pattern and continuity, as required for plaintiff's first RICO claim; (2) the Rooker-Feldman doctrine does not bar the Court from reviewing state court orders where the underlying actions producing the orders were not "lawful," and plaintiff's other two RICO claims and five constitutional claims should thus be allowed to proceed; and (3) the magistrate judge erred in dismissing plaintiff's three state-law claims for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Docket No. 74 at 12-15.

Plaintiff's first objection is unsuccessful. "RICO provides a cause of action for those injured in business or property by reason of prohibited racketeering activities." Bixler v. Foster, 596 F.3d 751, 761 (10th Cir. 2010). In order to state a claim under RICO, a plaintiff must allege that he was harmed by: "(1) conduct (2) of an enterprise (3) through a pattern (4) of racketeering activity." Id. "A pattern of racketeering activity must include at least two predicate acts." Gillmor v. Thomas, 490 F.3d 791, 797 (10th Cir. 2007) (quotation omitted). The crux of plaintiff's first RICO claim is that defendants Rebecca Murray, Russell Murray, Dena Murray, Joanne Jensen, Dr. Richard Spiegle, Jeannie Ridings, Tanya Akins, Kililis Ridings & Vanau PC, and Sherr Puttmann Akins Lamb PC, through litigation misconduct, caused plaintiff to suffer injuries, specifically the loss of certain real property in Illinois and the loss of assets required to finance litigation against the defendants. Docket No. 52 at 83-85, ¶¶ 317-19. The magistrate judge concluded that plaintiff's first RICO claim is futile because, to the extent the claim alleges that plaintiff suffered injuries due to alleged litigation misconduct and is thus not barred by the Rooker-Feldman doctrine, (1) defendants' alleged conduct in the first RICO claim in the amended complaint is not "racketeering activity" within the meaning of RICO and (2), even if the conduct is racketeering activity, the amended complaint does not establish a "pattern" of racketeering activity because the non-conclusory allegations in the complaint do not establish "continuity." Docket No. 73 at 32-37.

Plaintiff argues that the amended complaint alleges more than two predicate acts of racketeering activity, referring generally to dozens of paragraphs of allegations in the amended complaint. Docket No. 74 at 14.8 However, in order to avoid Rooker-Feldman problems, the RICO claim must allege harms to plaintiff that are not incidents of a state court order. See Tso I, 760 F. App'x at 568 n.1. Moreover, any possible predicate acts for the RICO claim must not implicate Rooker-Feldman. See Tal v. Hogan, 453 F.3d 1244, 1262 n.19 (10th Cir. 2006) (holding that an alleged predicate act that cannot be considered "without calling into question the validity of the state court judgment" is precluded by Rooker-Feldman). Thus, although plaintiff asserts that the complaint establishes more than two predicate acts, he fails to explain why the magistrate judge erred in concluding that consideration of those predicate acts were precluded and fails to identify which predicate acts specifically support his RICO claim. The Court agrees with the magistrate judge's analysis: the alleged injuries to plaintiff related to the litigation of his domestic relations proceedings in state court were not the result of "racketeering activity" within the meaning of RICO. See Docket No. 73 at 33-35.9

The Court further agrees with the recommendation that, even assuming that plaintiff has adequately alleged the requisite predicate acts of racketeering activity, the amended complaint does not satisfy the continuity requirement. An alleged racketeering scheme "directed at one individual with no potential to extend to other persons or entities" does not satisfy the continuity requirement. SIL-FLO, Inc. v. SFHC, Inc., 917 F.2d 1507, 1516 (10th Cir. 1990) (recognizing that, "[i]n enacting the RICO statute, `Congress was concerned . . . with long-term criminal conduct'" (quoting Northwestern Bell, 492 U.S. at 242)); see also Pagel v. Wash. Mut. Bank, Inc., 153 F. App'x 498, 502 (10th Cir. 2005) (unpublished) ("In this circuit, it is well established that a single scheme to accomplish one discrete goal, directed at a finite group of individuals, with no potential to extend to other persons or entities, rarely will suffice to establish a threat of continuing racketeering activity."). Again, the crux of plaintiff's first RICO claim is that certain defendants, through litigation misconduct, caused plaintiff to suffer injuries. Docket No. 52 at 83-85, ¶¶ 317-19. As the magistrate judge points out, there are no non-conclusory allegations made against the defendants named in the first RICO claim that plausibly allege a clear threat of future criminal conduct by those defendants. See Docket No. 73 at 36. Other than conclusory suggestions that the defendants named in the first RICO claim "engaged in various efforts . . . to continue to wage their campaign of `parentectomy,'" see Docket No. 52 at 25, ¶ 90, the complaint alleges no other "persons or entities" targeted by the defendants named in the first RICO claim. See SIL-FLO, 917 F.2d at 1516.10 As in Boone v. Carlsbad Bancorporation, Inc., 972 F.2d 1545 (10th Cir. 1992), "[p]laintiff[ ] allege[s] what is actually a closed-ended series of predicate acts constituting a single scheme . . . to establish a discrete goal directed at a finite group of individuals `with no potential to extend to other persons or entities,'" which is insufficient to establish continuity. 972 F.2d at 1556 (quoting SIL-FLO, 917 F.2d at 1516). Thus, the Court agrees with the magistrate judge that plaintiff's first RICO claim is futile.11

Plaintiff's second objection is similarly unpersuasive. Plaintiff suggests that he may overcome the Rooker-Feldman doctrine by asserting that the acts of the state court judges that produced the judgment "were in fact unlawful." Docket No. 74 at 12; see also Docket No. 76 at 7 (arguing that allegations that state judges committed "fraud upon the court" can overcome Rooker-Feldman).12 However, this argument does not allow plaintiff to overcome Rooker-Feldman. See Tso II, Docket No. 188 at 17 ("[B]ringing in the judges [in a state-court proceeding] as alleged racketeers does not allow for what is, in essence, a collateral attack on a child support order."); see also Bradshaw v. Gatterman, 658 F. App'x 359, 362 (10th Cir. 2016) (unpublished) (noting that Tenth Circuit precedent does not support the theory that evidence of "extrinsic fraud" can overcome Rooker-Feldman)). Similarly, the Tenth Circuit and this Court have previously rejected plaintiff's argument that, because his claims are challenging "[e]nforcement actions," they are not barred by Rooker-Feldman. See, e.g., Tso v. Murray, 760 F. App'x 564, 568 (10th Cir. 2019) (unpublished) ("Tso I") (holding that Rooker-Feldman bars claims based on "deprivations that resulted from the state courts' orders") (emphasis added); Tso II, Docket No. 188 at 15-16 (noting that plaintiff's claims "would require the Court to conclude that `the state court wrongfully entered its judgment' as a result of illegal activity") (quoting Campbell v. City of Spencer, 682 F.3d 1278, 1283 (10th Cir. 2012)); id., Docket No. 220 at 6-7 (holding that "there is no basis to conclude that the `interstate debt obligation' alleged in the complaint is reviewable"). Plaintiff fails to offer any legal basis for the Court to conclude that plaintiff's two remaining RICO claims and his constitutional claims are not barred by the Rooker-Feldman doctrine.13

Finally, plaintiff's contends that his state law claims are reviewable under 28 U.S.C. § 1367. However, as the Court has already dismissed the causes of action that raise a federal question, under 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(3), the Court may decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the state-law claims that remain. See Carroll v. Lawton Indep. Sch. Dist. No. 8, 805 F.3d 1222, 1230 (10th Cir. 2015) (concluding district court did not abuse discretion in declining supplemental jurisdiction over state law claims after dismissing federal claims). Thus, the Court overrules plaintiff's third objection and will dismiss his state-law claims.14

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, it is

ORDERED that the Order and Recommendation of United States Magistrate Judge [Docket No. 73] is accepted. It is further

ORDERED that Plaintiff's Objections to Magistrate Judge's Recommendations [ECF #73] [Docket No. 74] are overruled. It is further

ORDERED that the Colorado Defendants' Motion for Filing Sanctions [Docket No. 29] is granted. It is further

ORDERED that plaintiff Gilbert T. Tso shall continue to be subject to the filing restrictions imposed by the Court in Tso II. See Tso II, Docket No. 227 at 9-10. It is further

ORDERED that plaintiff's First Claim is DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE. It is further

ORDERED that plaintiff's remaining claims are DISMISSED WITHOUT PREJUDICE for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. It is further

ORDERED that Plaintiff's Emergency Motion to Set Aside and for Relief from Order, ECF # 56, 61, and #68; and Order to Show Cause [Pursuant to Fed.R.Cv.P. 52(a), 60(b) and 60(d)] [Docket No. 77] is DENIED AS MOOT. It is further

ORDERED that Plaintiff's Emergency Motion for Order to Show Cause — Temporary Restraining Order and Injunction [Pursuant to Fed.R.Cv.P. 65] [Docket No. 78] is DENIED AS MOOT. It is further

ORDERED that the Recommendation of United States Magistrate Judge [Docket No. 88] is ACCEPTED IN PART. It is further

ORDERED that, within 14 days of the entry of judgment, defendants may have their costs by filing a bill of costs with the Clerk of the Court. It is further

ORDERED that this case is closed.