EMMET G. SULLIVAN, District Judge.
Plaintiff, a federal prisoner, brings this civil rights action against various officials, employees and agents of the Federal Bureau of Prisons ("BOP"), the Federal Bureau of Investigation ("FBI"), the United States Attorney's Office for the District of Kansas, and the United States Marshals Service ("USMS") in their individual capacities under Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Fed. Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388, 91 S.Ct. 1999, 29 L.Ed.2d 619 (1971), and under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983 and 1985(3).
Plaintiff has a history of committing crimes while incarcerated. Notwithstanding his conviction on fourteen counts of bank fraud, one count of making, uttering and possession a counterfeit security, and one count of failure to appear, he continued his criminal activities "[w]hile serving a 105-month sentence at the federal penitentiary in Leavenworth, Kansas." United States v. Akers, 261 Fed.Appx. 110, 111 (10th Cir.2008). The Tenth Circuit summarizes his activities as follows:
Id. The indictment did not deter plaintiff's criminal activities:
Id. at 112 (internal citation omitted). "The government filed a superseding indictment against Akers which, in addition to the five counts of wire fraud alleged in the original indictment, included a conspiracy to commit bank fraud count related to [plaintiff's] activities with Mixan, who was named as a co-defendant." Id. Plaintiff pled guilty to one count of wire fraud, id., and while awaiting sentencing, his criminal activities continued:
Id. at 112-13.
Plaintiff is serving a sentence of 327 months' imprisonment, Mem. of P. & A. in Supp. of Defs.' Mot. to Dismiss ("Defs.' Mem."), Ex. A (Public Information Inmate Data) at 4, and currently is incarcerated at the BOP's Administrative Maximum facility in Florence, Colorado ("ADX").
The sentencing court was "`appalled[,] disappointed and with the Department of Justice's failure to prevent [plaintiff] from continuing his criminal conduct while incarcerated," United States v. Akers, 261 Fed.Appx. at 114 n. 2, and made the following recommendations to the BOP:
Defs.' Mem., Ex. B (excerpt of criminal judgment).
In February 2007, the Warden of the ADX "placed [plaintiff] on restricted general correspondence [status] pursuant to 28 C.F.R. § 540.15" because plaintiff's "use of the mail to conduct fraudulent business activity pose[d] a threat to security and good order of the institution and protection of the public." Defs.' Mem., Ex. C (Memorandum to plaintiff from R. Wiley dated February 26, 2007). Plaintiff's "general correspondence (incoming/outgoing) [was] limited to/from verifiable family members only (spouse, mother, father, children, and siblings)," id. (Notice of Inmate Restrictions effective February 21, 2007). His restricted general correspondence status ended on March 23, 2009. See Pl.'s Resp. to Fed. Defs.' Combined Mot. to Dismiss ("Pl.'s Opp'n"), Ex. 33 (Memorandum from R. Wiley dated March 23, 2009).
According to plaintiff, defendants "willfully entered into a ... conspiracy to violate [his] constitutional rights ... by frustrating and restricting his communication with the outside world, without notice or due process, in order to destroy his family, social, business, ... professional and religious ties to the community." Am. Compl. at 2.
Plaintiff had been incarcerated at a correctional facility operated by Corrections Corporation of America ("CCA") in Leavenworth, Kansas, from July 2004 through December 5, 2005. Am. Compl. at 3. During that time, CCA staff "began confiscating [plaintiff's] social and legal mail ... and eavesdropping on [his] legal phone calls to his attorneys" without justification, id. at 3-4, under orders from FBI Special Agent James Keszei, id. at 5. In addition, confiscated mail and personal property were forwarded to Deputy United States Marshals Michael Shute and Christopher
Leslie Smith, of the BOP's Counter-Terrorism Division, with the approval of BOP Central Office staff, allegedly was responsible for plaintiff's classification as a "terrorist," id. at 5, assignment of a "maximum management variable," and his designation to ADX, id. at 4-5.
As a result of the federal defendants' actions, plaintiff allegedly is unable to "access his financial accounts located and held by E-Trade Financial," id. at 8, and to maintain contact with his family, id. at 9. He demands an award of monetary damages, id. at 17-20, and injunctive relief, id. at 20-22, among other relief.
"A District of Columbia court may exercise personal jurisdiction over a person domiciled in, organized under the laws of, or maintaining [a] principal place of business in, the District of Columbia as to any claim for relief." D.C. Code § 13-422. It is the plaintiff's burden to make a prima facie showing that the Court has
The Court first must determine whether personal jurisdiction may be exercised under the District of Columbia's long-arm statute. See GTE New Media Servs., Inc. v. BellSouth Corp., 199 F.3d 1343, 1347 (D.C.Cir.2000); see also Ibrahim v. District of Columbia, 357 F.Supp.2d 187, 192-93 (D.D.C.2004) (determining in a § 1983 suit whether under District of Columbia long-arm statute personal jurisdiction exists over defendants outside the forum in which the underlying suit was commenced under District of Columbia long-arm statute). The long-arm statute allows the Court to exercise personal jurisdiction over a non-resident defendant with regard to a claim arising from the defendant's conduct in:
D.C. Code § 13-423(a).
Second, the Court must determine whether the exercise of personal jurisdiction satisfies due process requirements. See, e.g., Morris v. U.S. Prob. Serv., No. 09-0799, 723 F.Supp.2d 225, 228, 2010 WL 2802661, at *2 (D.D.C. July 16, 2010) (citations omitted). This portion of the analysis turns on whether a defendant's "minimum contacts" with the District of Columbia establish that "the maintenance of the suit does not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice." Int'l Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316, 66 S.Ct. 154, 90 L.Ed. 95 (1945) (internal quotation marks omitted). These minimum contacts must arise from "some act by which the defendant purposefully avails [himself] of the privilege of conducting activities with the forum state, thus invoking the benefits and protections of its laws." Asahi Metal Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Super. Ct. of Cal., Solano Cty., 480 U.S. 102, 109, 107 S.Ct. 1026, 94 L.Ed.2d 92 (1988) (quoting Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 474, 105 S.Ct. 2174, 85 L.Ed.2d 528 (1985)).
The federal defendants argue that, with the exception of Harrell Watts, the Court lacks personal jurisdiction over them. See Defs.' Mem. at 10-14. According to the complaint, defendant Nalley, the BOP's North Central Regional Director, maintains an office in Kansas City, Kansas, as do FBI Special Agent Keszei, Assistant United States Attorney Martin, and Deputy
Plaintiff argues that these individuals' actions occurred in conjunction with BOP, FBI and USMS personnel working from offices in the District of Columbia, and that they "routinely and persistently violated the plaintiff's civil rights for the purposes of the D.C. Code `long arm statute.'" Pl.'s Opp'n at 4-5. These assertions alone are not sufficient.
Plaintiff does not allege specific facts showing that these defendants transact any business or contract to supply services in the District of Columbia. Although persistent conduct undertaken in a person's individual capacity may constitute transacting business for purposes of the long-arm statute, see Pollack v. Meese, 737 F.Supp. 663, 666 (D.D.C.1990), the complaint sets forth no allegations that these defendants have any personal connection with the District of Columbia other than their federal employment. The mere fact that they are federal government employees, affiliated with agencies headquartered or maintaining offices in this district, does not render them subject to suit in their individual capacities in the District of Columbia. Id. at 666 (concluding that the Court had no basis for asserting personal jurisdiction over the warden of a BOP facility in Springfield, Missouri because he "surely does not transact any business in the District of Columbia"); see Ali v. District of Columbia, 278 F.3d 1, 7 (D.C.Cir. 2002) (dismissing claims of District of Columbia offender housed under contract in a Virginia facility against Virginia officials in their individual capacities over whom this district court lacked personal jurisdiction); cf. FC Inv. Group LC v. IFX Markets, Ltd., 479 F.Supp.2d 30, 39 (D.D.C.2007) (concluding that "defendant's `regular' phone calls into the District of Columbia from elsewhere do not constitute `transacting business' in the District of Columbia"), aff'd, 529 F.3d 1087 (D.C.Cir.2008).
Plaintiff is no more successful in establishing that these defendants caused any tortious injury in the District of Columbia. The actual injuries of which plaintiff complains occurred in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Kansas City, Kansas, and Florence, Colorado. Regardless of whether these defendants acted in or outside of the District of Columbia, plaintiff suffered no injury here. The amended complaint is devoid of factual allegations supporting the exercise of personal jurisdiction over these defendants based on their purposeful or repeated contacts with this forum, and there is no showing that these defendants could reasonably anticipate being haled into court here. For these reasons, the Court concludes that it lacks personal jurisdiction over defendants Nalley, Keszei, Martin, Shute, Johnson, Franklin, Wiley, Synsvoll, Crist, Bond, Martinez, Heim and the unidentified mailroom officers work at FTC Oklahoma City and ADX.
"Courts in this jurisdiction must examine challenges to ... venue carefully to guard against the danger that a plaintiff might manufacture venue in the District of Columbia." Cameron v. Thornburgh, 983 F.2d 253, 256 (D.C.Cir.1993). In a civil action where the Court's jurisdiction is not based solely on diversity of citizenship, such as this case, venue is proper in "(1) a judicial district where any defendant resides, if all defendants reside in the same State, (2) a judicial district in which a
In a case filed in a jurisdiction in which venue is improper, the Court, must either dismiss the case or, in the interest of justice, transfer the action to any other district where it could have been brought. 28 U.S.C. § 1406(a). The decision to transfer an action on this ground is left to the discretion of the Court. See Novak-Canzeri v. Saud, 864 F.Supp. 203, 207 (D.D.C.1993). As the Court will address below, plaintiff's claims against the federal defendants are not meritorious, and it is not in the interest of justice to transfer this action elsewhere.
Defendants Watts and Nalley argue that the only theory under which they can be sued is a respondeat superior theory, by which they as supervisors would be deemed liable in their individual capacities for the unlawful actions of their subordinates. Defs.' Mem. at 16. No such theory applies with respect to a constitutional claim against a federal employee in his individual capacity under Bivens, which provides a plaintiff "an implied private action for damages against federal officers alleged to have violated [his] constitutional rights." Corr. Servs. Corp. v. Malesko, 534 U.S. 61, 66, 122 S.Ct. 515, 151 L.Ed.2d 456 (2001). Critical to a Bivens claim is an allegation "that the defendant federal official was personally involved in the illegal conduct." Simpkins v. District of Columbia Gov't, 108 F.3d 366, 369 (D.C.Cir.1997).
According to plaintiff, Watts and Nalley acknowledged and approved the alleged unlawful actions of BOP staff at FTC Oklahoma City and ADX. Plaintiff neither pleads nor otherwise establishes that Watts or Nalley personally took part in confiscating plaintiff's mail or otherwise causing him injury. Their supervisory roles do not render them personally liable for the alleged wrongful acts of the other BOP employees. See Monell v. New York City Dep't of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 691, 98 S.Ct. 2018, 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978) (holding that respondeat superior liability cannot form the basis of liability for a § 1983 claim); Cameron, 983 F.2d at 258 (concluding that a complaint naming the Attorney General and the BOP Director as defendants based on theory of respondeat superior, without allegations specifying their involvement in the case, does not state a claim against them under Bivens); Epps v. United States Attorney General, 575 F.Supp.2d 232, 239 (D.D.C.2008) (citing Marshall v. Reno, 915 F.Supp. 426, 429-30 (D.D.C.1996)) ("A superior official cannot be held liable under Section 1983 or Bivens for the constitutional torts of employees under him or her; the common law theory of respondeat superior does not pertain to the federal government in this context.").
"[G]overnment officials performing discretionary functions generally are shielded from liability for civil damages insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known." Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S.Ct. 2727, 73 L.Ed.2d 396 (1982). "Qualified
In Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 121 S.Ct. 2151, 150 L.Ed.2d 272 (2001), the Supreme Court set forth a two-step analysis for resolving government officials' qualified immunity claims. First, the Court decides "whether the facts that a plaintiff has alleged or shown make out a violation of a constitutional right." Id. at 201, 121 S.Ct. 2151. If the plaintiff accomplishes this first task, the Court then decides whether the right at issue was clearly established at the time of the defendant's alleged misconduct. Id. The sequence of this analysis no longer is mandatory, and now the courts may "exercise their sound discretion in deciding which of the two prongs of the qualified immunity analysis should be addressed first in light of the circumstances in the particular case at hand." Pearson, 129 S.Ct. at 818.
The Court now addresses plaintiff's contentions and concludes that he fails to allege the violation of a constitutional right with respect to his security classification, designation to ADX, and the alleged interference with incoming and outgoing mail.
The federal defendants argue that plaintiff's claims arising from his transfer and designation to ADX and the assignment of a management variable lack merit because a federal prisoner has no protected liberty interest in these matters. Defs.' Mem. at 19-21. Plaintiff maintains that prison officials "must put the prisoner on notice of what historical events will be used to demonstrate his fulfillment of the predicate concerns for his classification and placement in a `supermax' facility and the corresponding restrictions on his liberty prior to innacting [sic] restrictive conditions of confinement that qualify as `special administrative measures'" under applicable BOP regulations. Pl.'s Opp'n at 17. He alleges that "he was classified as a terrorist and assigned to the ADX `supermax' facility without due process," id. at 18, based in part on "erroneous information that was constructively amended by the U.S. Probation Officer to reflect finding(s) of criminal conduct that was neither found guilty or [sic] plead guilty to in any court of law or B.O.P. administrative proceedings," id. at 19.
Plaintiff's assertions do not overcome case law holding that a prisoner has no constitutionally protected interest in his place of confinement or security classification. See Olim v. Wakinekona, 461 U.S. 238, 245, 103 S.Ct. 1741, 75 L.Ed.2d 813 (1983) (holding that a prisoner has no constitutionally
Insofar as plaintiff alleges violations of rights protected by the First, Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Amendments to the United States Constitution, his claims fail.
"There is no iron curtain drawn between the Constitution and the prisoners of this country," Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 555-56, 94 S.Ct. 2963, 41 L.Ed.2d 935 (1974), and "[i]nmates clearly retain protections afforded by the First Amendment." O'Lone v. Estate of Shabazz, 482 U.S. 342, 348, 107 S.Ct. 2400, 96 L.Ed.2d 282 (1987). Plaintiff's First Amendment challenges pertain both to his right to freedom of speech and his right to access to the courts.
A prison regulation infringing on an inmate's right to free speech is valid if it is reasonably related to a legitimate penological interest, see Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78, 89, 107 S.Ct. 2254, 96 L.Ed.2d 64 (1987); Spitsyn v. Morgan, 160 Fed. Appx. 593, 594-95 (9th Cir.2005) (vacating district court's judgment on the pleadings where a state prisoner alleged that prison officials violated his constitutional rights by withholding his mail "because restrictions on prisoners' mail may implicate the First Amendment in the absence of a reasonable relationship to legitimate penological interests"). Deference should be given to prison administrators' decisions, especially when those decisions deal with issues of prison safety and security. See Turner, 482 U.S. at 89, 107 S.Ct. 2254; see also Cotner v. Knight, 61 F.3d 915 (10th Cir. 1995) (table) ("[T]he rights of prisoners to correspond with people outside of the prison must be weighed against the intractable problems of prison safety and security, areas in which prison officials are far better equipped to deal with than the judiciary.").
BOP regulations authorize a warden to place an inmate on restricted general correspondence status "based on misconduct or as a matter of classification." 28 C.F.R. § 540.15(a). Among the determining factors
Plaintiff had initiated fraudulent schemes from prison on more than one occasion, and he had used the mail in furtherance of these efforts. Although Warden Riley's decision to restrict plaintiff's correspondence to immediate family members implicated plaintiff's First Amendment rights, the decision furthered a legitimate penological interest by limiting his ability to manipulate or swindle others. For these same reasons, the federal defendants exercise of discretion to follow the sentencing judge's recommendations prior to imposition of the general correspondence restriction, these acts, too, furthered a legitimate penological interest. Hill v. United States, No. 1:08cv1, 2010 WL 3210971, at *5 (N.D.W.Va. July 1, 2010) (Magistrate Judge's Amended Report and Recommendation that individual corrections officers did not unconstitutionally interfere with an inmate's right to communicate with his doctor by directing the doctor to send her letters to the plaintiff through the prison medical center for security reasons); see Thornburgh v. Abbott, 490 U.S. 401, 415-19, 109 S.Ct. 1874, 104 L.Ed.2d 459 (1989) (finding that policy allowing prison officials to reject incoming mail deemed detrimental to security does not violate First Amendment); Koop v. Rolfs, 129 F.3d 126 (9th Cir.1997) (table) (dismissing state prisoner's claim that prison officials violated his First Amendment rights by reading incoming personal mail); Olmsted v. Horner, No. 08-cv-438, 2008 WL 4104007, at *5 (W.D.Wis. Sept. 3, 2008) (upholding restriction on inmate's sending or receiving mail to or from his criminal co-defendant as reasonably related to valid correctional goals, and to his ex-wife at her request); cf. Samford v. Dretke, 562 F.3d 674, 680 (5th Cir.2009) (per curiam) (upholding enforcement of "negative mail list" and removal of plaintiff's sons from approved visitors list).
An inmate has a First Amendment right of access to the courts that is adequate, effective, and meaningful. See Bounds v. Smith, 430 U.S. 817, 821-22, 97 S.Ct. 1491, 52 L.Ed.2d 72 (1977); Ex parte Hull, 312 U.S. 546, 549, 61 S.Ct. 640, 85 L.Ed. 1034 (1941). It is not enough for an inmate to state in a conclusory fashion that he was denied access to the courts; rather, he also must allege actual injuries as a result of the denial by claiming that an actionable claim was rejected, lost, or prevented from being filed. See Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 356, 116 S.Ct. 2174,
Plaintiff alleges a violation of his Fourth Amendment right to be free from unlawful search or seizure of his mail. However, "[a] right of privacy in traditional Fourth Amendment terms is fundamentally incompatible with the close and continual surveillance of inmates and their cells required to ensure institutional and internal order." Hudson v. Palmer, 468 U.S. 517, 527-28, 104 S.Ct. 3194, 82 L.Ed.2d 393 (1984). And in plaintiff's case, "restrictions based upon plaintiff's correspondence following his repeated efforts to initiate new fraudulent schemes while incarcerated did not violate the Fourth Amendment because plaintiff had no reasonable expectation of privacy in his non-legal mail." Akers v. Shute, No. 08-3106-SAC, 2010 WL 934616, at *2 (D.Kan. Mar. 11, 2010).
Plaintiff received written notice of the general correspondence restriction, and this notice informed plaintiff of his right to "respond to [his] being placed on restricted general correspondence (orally or written)," of the Warden's duty to respond in writing, and the plaintiff's right to "seek formal review ... through the Bureau's Administrative Remedy Program." Defs.' Mem., Ex. C. Plaintiff was afforded notice of his restricted general correspondence status, an opportunity to respond, and the right to pursue an inmate grievance if he disagreed with the Warden's final decision. It cannot be said that plaintiff was denied notice and an opportunity to be heard before the Warden imposed the mail restriction pursuant to 28 C.F.R. § 540.15.
Although correspondence with counsel in a criminal matter implicates the Sixth Amendment right to counsel, the right is not without limits. See, e.g., Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 556, 94 S.Ct. 2963, 41 L.Ed.2d 935 (1974) ("[T]he fact that prisoners retain rights under the Due Process Clause in no way implies that these rights are not subject to restrictions imposed by the nature of the regime to which they have been lawfully committed."); see also McMaster v. Pung, 984 F.2d 948, 952 (8th Cir.1993) (finding that, because inmate "was being disciplined for his intimate contact with his female attorney," neither a ban on contact visits with the attorney nor inspection of legal mail from the attorney violated his right to counsel). Here, plaintiff does not allege that the restriction prejudiced or injured him with respect to criminal proceedings.
Plaintiff cannot establish that the federal defendants violated a right protected by the First, Fourth, Fifth or Sixth Amendment to United States Constitution, and, therefore, these defendants are entitled to qualified immunity. See Wickner v. McComb, No. 09-1220, 2010 WL 3385079, at *11 (D.Minn. July 27, 2010) (prison staff who seized from plaintiff's cell certain mail, which he used to hide or smuggle contraband, did not violate plaintiff's First Amendment right and therefore were entitled to qualified immunity); Ray v. Metts, No. 4:04-23048, 2009 WL 2983008, at *11 (D.S.C. Sept. 14, 2009) (prison officials who enforced policy "adopted to prevent contraband,
A prisoner may not proceed in forma pauperis if, while incarcerated, he has filed at least three prior cases that were dismissed as frivolous, malicious, or for failure to state a claim. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g). In December 2008, this Court determined that plaintiff had not yet accumulated "three strikes" for purposes of 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g). Akers v. Watts, 589 F.Supp.2d 12, 15-16 (D.D.C.2008). Defendants indicate that plaintiff since has accumulated an additional "strike" such that plaintiff should "be denied in forma pauperis status in this jurisdiction going forward." Mem. of P. & A. in Support of Defs.' Mot. to Dismiss at 1 n. 1. The Court concurs.
Because plaintiff has accumulated more than "three strikes," see Akers v. Watts, 589 F.Supp.2d at 14 (identifying two strikes); Akers v. Poisson, No. 9-54-P-S, 2009 WL 1375167, at *1 (D.Me. May 15, 2009) (affirming the Magistrate Judge's Recommended Decision and dismissing complaint with prejudice for failure to state a claim for which relief can be granted); Akers v. Keszei, No. 08-cv-334-JL, 2009 WL 1026449, at *1 (D.N.H. Apr. 15, 2009) (approving the Magistrate Judge's Report and Recommendation to "dismiss[] the action in its entirety as it has failed to state any claim upon which relief might be granted"); Akers v. Crow, No. 09-3037-RDR, 2009 WL 512335, at *3 (D.Kan. Mar. 2, 2009) (dismissing the complaint "as frivolous and as stating no claim for relief"), he is not eligible to proceed in forma pauperis in the future, absent a showing that he "is under imminent danger of serious physical injury" at the time he files a new civil action. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g).
Plaintiff cannot state cognizable claims with respect to the assignment of a management variable, his transfer or designation to ADX, his restricted general correspondence status, or any other alleged interference with incoming or outgoing mail. It matters not whether he adequately states a conspiracy claim, whether his claims are barred as untimely or under Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477, 114 S.Ct. 2364, 129 L.Ed.2d 383 (1994), whether he exhausted his available administrative remedies prior to the filing of this action, or whether the relief he demands is permissible under the prevailing law.
