GLADYS KESSLER, District Judge.
Plaintiff, Quintell Etheridge, brings this action against Defendant FedChoice Federal Credit Union ("FedChoice"), her former employer, for employment discrimination and unlawful termination based upon a claimed disability. Plaintiff alleges violations of Title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act ("ADA"), 42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq., and the Family and Medical Leave Act ("FMLA"), as amended, 29 U.S.C. § 2601 et seq., breach of contract, and wrongful termination in violation of public policy. This matter is presently before the Court on Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment on all Plaintiff's claims. Upon consideration of the Motion, Opposition, Reply, and the entire record herein, and for the reasons set forth below, the Motion for Summary Judgment is
From 2001 until her termination on March 28, 2008, Plaintiff Quintell Etheridge was a Financial Services Representative at FedChoice, performing duties as a bank teller at a branch located in the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives ("ATF"). Plaintiff's Opposition to Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment, 1, 6 ("Plaintiff's Opp'n")(Oct. 7, 2010) [Dkt. No. 19-1]. As a Financial Services
It is undisputed that, although provided with a chair, Plaintiff was regularly on her feet and required to walk throughout the course of her workday. Compl. ¶ 7. Since the summer of 2007, this included an approximate ½ mile daily walk from the nearest parking garage where Plaintiff, who commuted from her residence in Maryland, parked her car to the ATF building where she worked. Plaintiff's Opp'n 1-2.
According to Plaintiff and undisputed by Defendant, in August 2007, Plaintiff began experiencing severe pain in her right foot
On November 21, 2007, Plaintiff sought and received FMLA leave from Defendant because of this diagnosis. Plaintiff's Stmt. of Facts ¶¶ 23-24. Plaintiff does not dispute that, at the time of requesting her leave, Defendant provided her with written notice of her FMLA rights, including that she was eligible for FMLA leave of up to sixteen weeks under District of Columbia law,
Initially, Plaintiff's FMLA leave was scheduled to last from November 21, 2007 until December 3, 2007. Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment, 1 ("Def.'s Mot.") (Sept. 3, 2010) [Dkt. No. 16]. However, Plaintiff alleges that her symptoms worsened so much during this period that she was unable to walk "other than to take care for her personal daily care and to go to her medical appointments." Plaintiff's Stmt. of Facts ¶ 27. Plaintiff subsequently submitted a work excuse note from Dr. Powell to extend her FMLA leave from December 3, 2007 to January 14, 2008, which was granted by Defendant. Plaintiff Ex. 4 — Nov. 30, 2007 Work Excuse Note (Oct. 7, 2010) [Dkt. No. 19-2]; Def.'s
Plaintiff claims, and Defendant does not dispute, that by late January or sometime in February 2008, Plaintiff's symptoms improved slightly, although she still "could not walk long distances or stay on her feet for any significant length of time." Plaintiff's Stmt. of Facts ¶ 28.
At some point during January/February 2008, Plaintiff contacted her supervisor at FedChoice, Charlene Backstrom, to request a transfer to FedChoice's headquarters in Lanham, Maryland. Id. ¶ 29. Plaintiff believed that tellers at the Lanham headquarters performed more limited duties than at the ATF branch, and engaged in fewer weight-bearing activities. Compl. ¶ 9. This belief, combined with the fact that the Lanham headquarters had a large parking lot with handicap parking spaces adjacent to the front door, led Plaintiff to believe that a transfer to Lanham would allow her to fully perform her work duties. Plaintiff's Stmt. of Facts ¶ 29. Although Plaintiff does not provide specific evidence regarding the statements made during this conversation with her supervisor, it is undisputed that Plaintiff requested a transfer to the Lanham headquarters, that Plaintiff's supervisor passed her request to Susan Barnes, the head of FedChoice's human resources department, and that the request for a transfer was denied. Id. ¶¶ 31-33.
Plaintiff submitted further work excuse notes to Defendant to extend her FMLA leave from February 1, 2008 to March 3, 2008 and then to March 11, 2008, all of which Defendant granted. Plaintiff Ex. 4 — Feb. 1, 2008 and Feb. 27, 2008 Work Excuse Notes (Oct. 7, 2010) [Dkt. No. 19-2]; Def.'s Stmt. of Facts ¶ 5.
With Plaintiff's sixteen weeks of FMLA leave set to expire on March 12, 2008, Plaintiff received a letter dated March 10, 2008 from Tammeca Riley, an employee in FedChoice's human resources department. Plaintiff Ex. 5 — Mar. 10, 2008 Fed Choice Letter to Quintell Etheridge ("Mar. 10, 2008 Fed Choice Letter to Quintell Etheridge") (Oct. 7, 2010) [Dkt. No. 19-3]; Plaintiff's Stmt. of Facts ¶ 39. The letter requested additional information regarding Plaintiff's medical condition, including the date on which Plaintiff would return to work and any work restrictions she would have. Mar. 10, 2008 Fed Choice Letter to Quintell Etheridge. During a telephone conversation with Plaintiff on approximately March 12, 2008, Ms. Riley again requested information as to when Plaintiff could return to work. Plaintiff's Stmt. of Facts ¶ 40. Plaintiff indicated that her condition was improving, but that she had a surgical consultation on March 18, 2008 and would immediately provide Ms. Riley with the result. Id. At this surgical consult, Plaintiff ultimately chose to forgo surgery, informing Ms. Riley of her decision the next day. Id. ¶ 44.
At an unspecified point during March 2008, FedChoice officials, including Ms. Riley, Ms. Barnes, and FedChoice counsel, met to discuss Plaintiff's leave status. Id. ¶ 43; Plaintiff Ex. 6 — Deposition of Susan Barnes ("Barnes Depo."), Tr. 60:13-61:6
On March 27, 2008, Dr. Powell provided a further work excuse note to Defendant, stating that Plaintiff would not be able to perform "normal work activities" until April 11, 2008 and requesting an extension of her leave until that time. Plaintiff Ex. 4 — Mar. 27, 2008 Work Excuse Note ("Mar. 27, 2008 Work Excuse Note") (Oct. 7, 2010) [Dkt. No. 19-2]. The note provided no indication as to when Plaintiff would be returning to work.
On April 1, 2008, Plaintiff learned for the first time, through a telephone conversation with Ms. Riley, that her employment had been terminated as of March 28, 2008, and that Ms. Riley had sent her a letter to that effect on March 30, 2008, which Plaintiff subsequently received on April 3, 2008. Plaintiff's Stmt. of Facts ¶ 48. This letter stated, in part:
Def. Ex. 5 — Mar. 31, 2008 FedChoice Letter to Quintell Etheridge (Sept. 3, 2010) [Dkt. No. 16-1].
Although the parties dispute the precise date, Plaintiff concedes that she began looking for new work "soon after she was terminated because she needed to work and needed health insurance." Plaintiff's Stmt. of Facts ¶ 50. She did not secure new employment until March 2009. Id. ¶ 54.
On approximately September 17, 2008, Plaintiff filed a complaint against Defendant with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ("EEOC"), alleging violations of the ADA. Compl. ¶ 12. On approximately July 13, 2009, Plaintiff received a Right to Sue Letter from the EEOC. Id.
Plaintiff filed the instant Complaint in this Court on October 9, 2009. Defendant moved for summary judgment on all of Plaintiff's claims on September 3, 2010. Plaintiff filed her opposition on October 7, 2010. Defendant filed its Reply on October 18, 2010. Defendant's Reply Memorandum of Points and Authorities In Support of Its Motion for Summary Judgment ("Def.s' Reply") [Dkt. No. 21].
Summary judgment may be granted "only if" the pleadings, the discovery and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See FED.R.CIV.P. 56(c), as amended; Arrington v. United States, 473 F.3d 329, 333 (D.C.Cir.2006). In other words, the moving party must satisfy two requirements: first, that there is no "genuine" factual dispute and, second, if there is, that
In Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 380, 127 S.Ct. 1769, 167 L.Ed.2d 686 (2007), the Supreme Court said,
(quoting Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 247-48, 106 S.Ct. 2505) (emphasis in original).
However, the Supreme Court has also consistently emphasized that "at the summary judgment stage, the judge's function is not ... to weigh the evidence and determine the truth of the matter, but to determine whether there is a genuine issue for trial." Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 249, 106 S.Ct. 2505. In both Liberty Lobby and Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Products, Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 150, 120 S.Ct. 2097, 147 L.Ed.2d 105 (2000), the Supreme Court cautioned that "[c]redibility determinations, the weighing of the evidence, and the drawing of legitimate inferences from the facts, are jury functions, not those of a judge" deciding a motion for summary judgment. Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 255, 106 S.Ct. 2505.
In assessing a motion for summary judgment and reviewing the evidence the parties claim they will present, "[t]he non-moving party's evidence `is to be believed, and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in [that party's] favor.'" Hunt v. Cromartie, 526 U.S. 541, 552, 119 S.Ct. 1545, 143 L.Ed.2d 731 (1999) (quoting Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 255, 106 S.Ct. 2505). The non-movant must, however, "do more than present conclusory allegations... [rather] concrete particulars must be presented...." Kalekiristos v. CTF Hotel Mgmt. Corp., 958 F.Supp. 641, 645 (D.D.C.1997) (internal quotations and citation omitted). "To survive a motion for summary judgment, the party bearing the burden of proof at trial ... must provide evidence showing that there is a triable issue as to an element essential to that party's claim." Arrington, 473 F.3d at 335. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 324, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). "[I]f the evidence presented on a dispositive issue is subject to conflicting interpretations, or reasonable persons might differ as to its significance, summary judgment is improper." United States v. Philip Morris USA, 316 F.Supp.2d 13, 16 (D.D.C.2004) (quoting Greenberg v. FDA, 803 F.2d 1213, 1216 (D.C.Cir.1986)).
In her Complaint, Plaintiff raises four claims for relief. First, Plaintiff alleges that Defendant violated Title I of the ADA by failing to accommodate her claimed disability. Second, Plaintiff alleges that Defendant's
Defendant has moved for summary judgment on all four claims. In her Opposition, Plaintiff voluntarily dismissed her breach of contract claim. Plaintiff's Opp'n 14 n. 1. With regard to her claim for wrongful termination, Plaintiff has failed to present "any significant probative evidence tending to support the complaint" on this issue. Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 256, 106 S.Ct. 2505 (internal quotations and citation omitted). Consequently, Defendant's summary judgment motion on this claim is
As to her two remaining claims, Plaintiff opposes summary judgment on the grounds that there are material facts that are genuinely in dispute. Plaintiff's Opp'n 9. In the alternative, Plaintiff claims that Defendant's Motion fails, because she has adduced sufficient, uncontested facts to support her ADA and FMLA claims. Id.
Despite Plaintiff's claims to the contrary, Defendant has demonstrated that there are no genuine disputes regarding those facts which are relevant to considering Plaintiff's ADA and FMLA claims. Defendant has met its burden on this issue for several reasons.
First, in her Statement of Material Facts in Dispute, Plaintiff agrees with ten out of twelve of Defendant's Statement of Undisputed Material Facts. Specifically, Plaintiff admits that: (1) she sought treatment for ankle, foot, and heel pain on November 21, 2007 and began her medical leave on that date; (2) at the time of requesting her leave, she received written notice from Defendant that she was eligible for FMLA leave, was provided with written notification of her FMLA rights, and was informed that her leave would be counted against her FMLA entitlement; (3) her leave was repeatedly extended from December 2007 through March 2008, and she did not return to work after November 21, 2007; (4) she completed two FMLA certification forms during her leave and received a letter reminding her that FMLA leave and short-term disability benefits run concurrently;
Second, although Plaintiff denies two of the facts included in Defendant's Statement of Undisputed Material Facts, she fails to demonstrate that a genuine dispute exists as to them. Specifically, Plaintiff challenges the following two Statements
With regard to the March 27, 2008 work excuse note, Plaintiff has failed to explain why she is denying Defendant's Statement of this fact. Plaintiff's Stmt. of Facts ¶ 10. A review of the note, which was submitted as Plaintiff's Ex. 4 and Defendant's Ex. 3, demonstrates that Defendant's description is materially accurate in all respects, and provides a nearly verbatim accounting of the note's contents.
With respect to the question of Plaintiff's fitness to return to work on April 14, 2008, Plaintiff does not deny that she has given deposition testimony stating she "would have been able to work by April 2008 and, indeed sought work after she was [] fired by defendant...." Plaintiff's Opp'n 12. Instead, Plaintiff attempts to challenge her own testimony by claiming that there is conflicting record evidence that her doctor would have allowed her to return to work in April. Id. However, she provides no evidence of such conflicting record evidence. Thus, Plaintiff has failed to demonstrate that a genuine issue exists as to this issue.
Finally, in a further attempt to demonstrate the existence of genuine issues of material fact, Plaintiff presents additional facts in her Counter-Statement of The Facts in Dispute. These additional facts are, however, either irrelevant, additions or repetitions of Defendant's undisputed material facts, or relevant to the case but unchallenged by the Defendant. See Plaintiff's Stmt. of Facts ¶¶ 13-54.
Consequently, this Court concludes that there are no genuine issues of material fact preventing resolution of Plaintiff's ADA and FMLA claims. The Court must now consider whether Defendant is entitled, as a matter of law, to summary judgment on these claims.
Plaintiff argues that Defendant violated the ADA because it refused to provide her with a reasonable accommodation for her "long-term medical impairment." Plaintiff's Opp'n 9. In response, Defendant argues that Plaintiff's impairment did not constitute a "disability" under the ADA, as it was "temporary" in nature and therefore was not protected by the statute. Def.'s Mot. 3.
Under Title 1 of the ADA, "[n]o covered entity shall discriminate against a qualified individual with a disability because of the disability of such individual in regard to job application procedures, the hiring, advancement, or discharge of employees, employee compensation, job training, and other terms, conditions, and privileges of employment." 42 U.S.C. § 12112(a).
To make out a prima facie case of discrimination for failure to reasonably accommodate, plaintiff must demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence:(1) that she was an individual who had a disability within the meaning of the statute; (2) that the employer had notice of her disability; (3) that with reasonable accommodation she could perform the essential functions of her job; and (4) that the employer refused to make such accommodations. Lytes v. D.C. Water and Sewer Auth., 527 F.Supp.2d 52, 60 (D.D.C.2007), aff'd, 572 F.3d 936 (D.C.Cir.2009).
The parties' dispute centers around the first prong of the four-part test,
The ADA defines a person with a "disability" as: (1) an individual having a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities; (2) an individual having a record of such an impairment; or (3) an individual regarded as having such an impairment. 42 U.S.C. § 12102(2)(A-C).
Under the EEOC Regulations, a "disability" qualifies as "substantially limiting" if the disabled individual is "`[u]nable to perform a major life activity that the average person in the general population can perform'" or is "`[s]ignificantly restricted as to the condition, manner or duration under which [she] can perform a particular major life activity as compared to the condition, manner, or duration under which the average person in the general population can perform that same major life activity.'" Id. at 195-96, 122 S.Ct. 681 (quoting 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(j)).
In deciding whether an individual is "substantially limited," the court must consider:(1) "`[t]he duration or expected duration of the impairment;'" (2) "`[t]he permanent or long term impact, or the expected permanent or long term impact of or resulting from the impairment;'" and (3) "`[t]he nature and severity of the impairment.'" Id. at 196, 122 S.Ct. 681 (quoting 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(j)) (alterations in original).
"Major life activities" are defined as those "that are of central importance to daily life." Id. at 197, 122 S.Ct. 681. Such activities include standing and walking, amongst others. See id.; Haynes v. Williams, 279 F.Supp.2d 1, 9-10 (D.D.C. 2003); 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(I).
Plaintiff has clearly established, and Defendant does not challenge, that her plantar fasciitis was a medical impairment "of central importance to daily life," namely, her ability to stand and walk. However, for several reasons, Plaintiff has failed to present any evidence demonstrating that this medical impairment substantially limited her in performing these major life activities.
Plaintiff has not shown that her medical impairment was permanent or long-term in nature. Her impairment began in August/September 2007 and lasted until "at least April 2008." Plaintiff's Opp'n 11. Given that "[t]he relevant time for assessing a claim of disability is when [the] accommodation
While Plaintiff does not provide any authority establishing that an impairment such as hers, lasting at most for 8 months, qualifies as a disability under the ADA, there is ample case law establishing that Plaintiff's medical impairment unequivocally qualifies only as "temporary" or "short-term."
Plaintiff has failed to show that, despite the temporary nature of her injury, she was severely impacted by her impairment. Adams v. Citizens Advice Bureau, 187 F.3d 315, 316 (2d Cir.1999) (per curiam). To establish that one is severely limited in a major life activity, plaintiff must do more than merely submit evidence of a medical impairment. Toyota, 534 U.S. at 198, 122 S.Ct. 681. Because determination of the existence of a disability under the ADA must be made on a "case-by-case basis," those claiming the Act's protection must provide evidence demonstrating "that the extent of substantial." Albertson's, Inc. v. Kirkingburg, 527 U.S. 555, 567, 119 S.Ct. 2162, 144 L.Ed.2d 518 (1999).
In this case, Plaintiff's proffered evidence regarding the limitations she experienced because of her disability relate almost exclusively to the period beginning on the first day of her FMLA leave, November 21, 2007, and lasting until some time in January/February 2008.
Other than these evaluations and her deposition testimony, Plaintiff provides only general statements regarding the degree to which her medical impairment limited her walking and standing. See Plaintiff's Opp'n 3.
Plaintiff alleges that she was unlawfully terminated in violation of the FMLA, because Defendant "interfered" with her rights under the statute by misleading her with regard to the expiration of her leave, "refus[ing] her initial request for an accommodation to be transferred to the Lanham branch.... [,][and] intentionally blind-sid[ing] [her] before she could again request an extension of FMLA leave as an accommodation." Plaintiff's Opp'n 14. In response, Defendant argues that Plaintiff was terminated, in compliance with the FMLA, because she had exhausted her FMLA leave and had represented to Defendant, after her leave had expired, that she was unable to return to work. Def.'s Reply 5. Defendant also argues that Plaintiff's claim that the FMLA entitled her to a reasonable accommodation for her disability is misplaced, as the FMLA does not require an employer to provide a reasonable accommodation to an employee. Id. at 6.
The FMLA entitles an eligible employee to twelve weeks of leave during any twelve-month period "because of a serious health condition that makes the employee unable to perform the functions of the position of such employee." 29 U.S.C. § 2612(a)(1)(D). The FMLA, however, is a "balancing act, an attempt to provide employees with some leave, a reasonable leave, without completely ignoring the legitimate demands of the workplace." Miller v. Personal-Touch of Va., Inc., 342 F.Supp.2d 499, 515 (E.D.Va.2004) (internal quotations and citation omitted), aff'd, 153 Fed.Appx. 209 (4th Cir.2005) (per curiam). Consequently, once FMLA leave has expired and the employee has not returned to work, the employer is under no responsibility to restore the employee to her prior position. Jackson v. Wilkes Artis, 565 F.Supp.2d 148, 152 (D.D.C.2008).
Under the FMLA, an employer may be held liable for "interfering" with an employee's rights under the Act. 29 U.S.C. § 2615(a)(1). Such interference may occur if the employer fails to provide written notice to the employee that her leave is designated as FMLA leave. Ragsdale v. Wolverine World Wide, Inc., 535 U.S. 81, 88-90, 122 S.Ct. 1155, 152 L.Ed.2d 167 (2002). According to the FMLA Regulations, an employer provides proper notice where, amongst other requirements, it gives written documentation to the employee designating her leave as paid or unpaid and indicating whether it qualifies as FMLA leave. 29 C.F.R. § 825.300(b). Where proper notice is not given, an interference claim is actionable if the employee can demonstrate that she has suffered prejudice, which occurs only when the employee has lost compensation or benefits by reason of the violation, sustained other monetary losses as a direct result of the violation, or suffered some loss in employment status remediable through equitable relief. Roseboro v. Billington, 606 F.Supp.2d 104, 108 (D.D.C.2009).
In light of this authority, Plaintiff has failed to demonstrate how Defendant "interfered" with her rights under the FMLA. It is undisputed that Plaintiff was entitled to and did in fact receive sixteen
These facts firmly establish that Defendant did not interfere with Plaintiff's rights under the FMLA. Although Plaintiff alleges that Defendant was under an obligation to notify her of the impending expiration of her FMLA leave, she provides no authority supporting that claim.
With regard to Plaintiff's accommodation claim, as Defendant correctly notes, Plaintiff has attempted to read the ADA's reasonable accommodation provision into the FMLA. The FMLA contains no such accommodation requirement and, in fact, an employer's obligations under the FMLA are wholly distinct from its obligations to provide a reasonable accommodation under the ADA. See Rinehimer v. Cemcolift, Inc., 292 F.3d 375, 384 (3d Cir. 2002) (affirming district court jury instruction that FMLA "does not require an employer to provide a reasonable accommodation to an employee"); Tardie v. Rehab. Hosp. of R.I., 168 F.3d 538, 544 (1st Cir. 1999) (noting that, unlike ADA, FMLA Regulations do not contain "reasonable accommodation language"). Having provided no legal grounds for this argument, Plaintiff's accommodation argument must fail.
Consequently, because Plaintiff has not presented a valid cause of action under the FMLA, the Court
For the reasons set forth above, Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment under Rule 56 is
The deposition testimony, which was submitted by Defendant, does not contain the rest of Plaintiff's response.
Thus, it is clear that Plaintiff's facts, assuming they are accurate, establish at most that she was impacted by her impairment for a period of three to four months.