COLLEEN KOLLAR-KOTELLY, District Judge.
Plaintiffs Council on American-Islamic Relations Action Network, Inc. ("CAIR-AN") and CAIR-Foundation, Inc. ("CAIR-F") bring this action against two sets of defendants: Paul David Gaubatz and Chris Gaubatz (the "Gaubatz Defendants"); and the Center for Security Policy, Inc. ("CSP") and three of its employees, Christine Brim, Adam Savit, and Sarah Pavlis (collectively with CSP, the "CSP Defendants"). Plaintiffs allege that Defendants conceived and carried out a scheme to place Chris Gaubatz in
There are three motions pending before the Court and addressed in this memorandum opinion: the Gaubatz Defendants' [34] Motion to Dismiss Under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure ("Motion to Dismiss"); Plaintiffs' [43] Motion to Amend Complaint ("First Motion to Amend"); and Plaintiffs' [48] Motion for Leave to File Second Amended Complaint ("Second Motion to Amend"). Upon consideration of the submissions by Plaintiffs and the Gaubatz Defendants, the relevant authorities, and the record as a whole, the Court shall grant in part and deny in part the Gaubatz Defendants' Motion to Dismiss and grant Plaintiffs' First Motion to Amend and Second Motion to Amend.
CAIR-AN is a self-described national Muslim advocacy group with a mission that includes enhancing the understanding of Islam and promoting a positive image of Muslims in the United States. Second Am. Compl. ("2d Am. Compl."), ECF No. [48-4], ¶ 10.
Chris Gaubatz is Paul David Gaubatz's son.2d Am. Compl. ¶¶ 12-13. CSP is a non-profit corporation incorporated and located in the District of Columbia. Id. ¶ 14. Christine Brim, Adam Savit, and Sarah Pavlis are all employed by CSP. Id. ¶¶ 15-17.
Sometime prior to April 2008, Defendants conceived a plan to infiltrate Plaintiffs' offices with the aim of obtaining Plaintiffs' internal documents and recording conversations involving Plaintiffs' employees.2d Am. Compl. ¶ 19. According to their plan, Chris Gaubatz would attempt to secure an internship with CAIR-AN under an assumed identity and deliver any materials that he was able to obtain from Plaintiffs' offices to Paul David Gaubatz and the CSP Defendants for further dissemination. Id. In furtherance of this plan, the Gaubatz Defendants entered into two written agreements with CSP to provide CSP with materials. Id. ¶ 35.
Consistent with the agreed-upon plan, Chris Gaubatz sought and obtained an internship with the office for CAIR-AN Maryland/Virginia in April 2008. 2d Am.
Chris Gaubatz obtained his internship with CAIR-AN under false pretenses. During the application process, he made false statements and omitted important facts about his background, interests, and intentions. 2d Am. Compl. ¶¶ 22-23. Among other things, he used an assumed name and represented that he was a student at a liberal arts college, that his father was in the construction business, and that he was a practicing Muslim. Id. ¶ 22. When Chris Gaubatz made these representations, he knew them to be false, and he made them in order to induce Plaintiffs to repose trust and confidence in him so that he might obtain an internship with CAIR-AN. Id. ¶¶ 23-25. He succeeded and was hired as an intern. Id. ¶ 29.
As a condition of and in consideration for his internship, Chris Gaubatz signed a confidentiality and non-disclosure agreement (the "Confidentiality Agreement").2d Am. Compl. ¶¶ 29, 102. The other party to the agreement is identified as the "Council on American-Islamic Relations." Id. Ex. A (Confidentiality Agreement) at 1. The agreement provides:
Id. Ex. A (Confidentiality Agreement) at 1-2. Paul David Gaubatz and the CSP Defendants were aware of the Confidentiality Agreement because Chris Gaubatz told them that he had signed the agreement. Id. ¶ 31.
Chris Gaubatz worked as an intern for CAIR-AN until August 2008, though he returned to perform additional work over a weekend in September 2008. 2d Am. Compl. ¶ 32. During the course of his internship, he sought to collect information about Plaintiffs and their employees with the intention of publicly disclosing that information for profit and in order to cast Plaintiffs in a negative light. Id. ¶ 36. To that end, he physically removed more than 12,000 of Plaintiffs' internal documents without authorization and delivered those documents to Paul David Gaubatz. Id. ¶¶ 37-38. Electronic documents, including e-mails and computer-generated spreadsheets, were obtained by accessing Plaintiffs' computers and computer systems with user-names and passwords that were not assigned to him. Id. ¶¶ 40-41.
Chris Gaubatz also used a concealed electronic device to make audio and video recordings of conversations involving Plaintiffs' employees without authorization and consent.2d Am. Compl. ¶ 42. He was able to compile over fifty computer discs containing recordings of Plaintiffs' employees. Id. ¶ 44. The Gaubatz Defendants delivered the recordings to CSP and Christine Brim who, with the assistance of the other CSP Defendants, organized and edited the recordings. Id. ¶¶ 45-46.
Defendants publicly disclosed the documents and recordings that they obtained from Plaintiffs. The CSP Defendants provided a compilation of recordings to the
The original Complaint was filed on October 29, 2009. See Compl., ECF No. [1]. The Complaint was filed in the name of the "Council on American-Islamic Relations," which for reasons that will soon become clear the Court will refer to as CAIR-AN. See infra Part III.A. The Complaint named as defendants the Gaubatz Defendants and ten John and Jane Does whose identities were then unknown but who were alleged to have participated in and benefitted from the activities alleged in the Complaint. 2d Am. Compl. ¶¶ 12-14. The original Complaint asserted a single claim under Title II of the ECPA and common law claims for conversion, breach of fiduciary duty, breach of contract, and trespass. Id. ¶¶ 49-77.
Contemporaneous with the filing of the Complaint, CAIR-AN moved for a temporary restraining order and a preliminary injunction. See Mem. in Supp. of Pl.'s Mot. for a TRO & Prelim. Inj., ECF No. [2-1]. On November 2, 2009, after repeated efforts to contact the Gaubatz Defendants proved fruitless, the Court held an ex parte hearing to address CAIR-AN's request for a temporary restraining order. See Min. Entry (Nov. 2, 2009). On November 3, 2009, the Court granted in part and denied in part CAIR-AN's motion for a temporary restraining order, temporarily prohibiting the Gaubatz Defendants from making certain uses of materials obtained from Plaintiffs' offices and requiring the return of such materials to CAIR-AN's counsel. See Council on American-Islamic Relations v. Gaubatz, 667 F.Supp.2d 67 (D.D.C.2009).
On November 19, 2009, CAIR-AN and the Gaubatz Defendants jointly moved for a consent order granting CAIR-AN's motion for a preliminary injunction. See Joint Mot. to Enter Consent Order Granting Prelim. Inj., ECF No. [19]. That same day, the Court entered the proposed consent order. See Consent Order Granting Prelim. Inj., ECF No. [22]. Pursuant to that order, the Gaubatz Defendants are (a) enjoined from making any use, disclosure, or publication of any document obtained from any office or facility of CAIR-AN, any recording of meetings of or conversations involving CAIR-AN's officials or employees, and any copies of such documents or recordings, (b) required to remove from any website or blog under their control any such documents or recordings, and (c) required to return any such documents or recordings, including any copies, to CAIR-AN's counsel. See id. ¶¶ 1-4. Subsequently,
Following resolution of CAIR-AN's motion for a preliminary injunction, the Court granted CAIR-AN leave to depose CSP based on CAIR-AN's representations that CSP was believed to be in possession of materials obtained from Plaintiffs' offices. See Order (Dec. 10, 2009), ECF No. [30], at 4. CAIR-AN subsequently deposed Christine Brim as CSP's designated agent under Rule 30(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. See Tr. of Dep. of Christine Brim, ECF No. [48-3]. To date, no other discovery has been authorized by the Court.
On December 20, 2009, the Gaubatz Defendants filed their [34] Motion to Dismiss. On March 1, 2010, after the Gaubatz Defendants' Motion to Dismiss was fully briefed, Plaintiffs filed their [43] First Motion to Amend. On April 12, 2011, after Plaintiffs' First Motion to Amend was fully briefed, Plaintiffs filed their [48] Second Motion to Amend. All three motions were fully briefed as of May 23, 2011 and remain pending. Because the three motions raise a number of overlapping issues, they are addressed together in this memorandum opinion. While the Court's decision is based on the record as a whole, its consideration of these three motions has focused on the following documents, listed in chronological order of their filing:
Recently, this action has focused on proceedings concerning Paul David Gaubatz's compliance with the preliminary injunction ordered by this Court. For the time being, those proceedings are being conducted under seal. See Sealed Order to Show Cause (Apr. 18, 2011), ECF No. [49]; Sealed Order (Apr. 28, 2011), ECF No. [57]; Sealed Order (May 3, 2011), ECF No. [59]; Sealed Order (June 2, 2011), ECF No. [68]. The proceedings remain ongoing.
Under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, a complaint must contain "a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief," Fed. R.Civ.P. (8)(a), "in order to `give the defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests,'" Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544,
Under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, a party may amend its pleadings once as a matter of course within a prescribed time period. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 15(a)(1). Where, as here, a party seeks to amend its pleadings outside that time period, it may do so only with the opposing party's written consent or the district court's leave. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 15(a)(2). The decision whether to grant leave to amend a complaint is entrusted to the sound discretion of the district court, but leave "should be freely given unless there is a good reason, such as futility, to the contrary." Willoughby v. Potomac Elec. Power Co., 100 F.3d 999, 1003 (D.C.Cir. 1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1197, 117 S.Ct. 1553, 137 L.Ed.2d 701 (1997). As the Supreme Court has observed:
Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182, 83 S.Ct. 227, 9 L.Ed.2d 222 (1962). "[A] district court has discretion to deny a motion to amend on grounds of futility where the proposed pleading would not survive a motion to dismiss." Nat'l Wrestling Coaches Ass'n v. Dep't of Educ., 366 F.3d 930, 945 (D.C.Cir.2004), cert. denied, 545 U.S. 1104, 125 S.Ct. 2537, 162 L.Ed.2d 274 (2005). Review for futility is practically "identical to review of a Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal based on the allegations in the amended
Plaintiffs' First Motion to Amend is limited in scope. Plaintiffs request leave to amend the Complaint to (a) clarify that references to the "Council on American-Islamic Relations" in the Complaint are to CAIR-AN, (b) add CAIR-F as a second plaintiff, (c) include a claim for unjust enrichment, and (d) introduce a handful of supplemental factual allegations in support of claims already asserted. See Comparison of Compl. and Proposed First Am. Compl., ECF No. [50]. Because leave to amend is to be "freely given," and because the grounds stated for the Gaubatz Defendants' opposition are insufficient to warrant denying the relief sought, the Court shall grant Plaintiffs' First Motion to Amend.
Because granting leave to amend is especially favored where the proposed changes do not radically reshape the action, see Smith v. Cafe Asia, 598 F.Supp.2d 45, 48 (D.D.C.2009), the Court will begin by addressing each of the four proposed changes and how they relate to this case. As shown below, the scope of Plaintiffs' First Motion to Amend is limited.
First, Plaintiffs propose to make a technical correction to clarify that references to the "Council on American-Islamic Relations" in the caption and body of the original Complaint are intended to refer to CAIR-AN, or the Council on American-Islamic Relations Action Network, Inc. Despite the seemingly trivial nature of the proposed change, the Gaubatz Defendants spill a fair amount of ink arguing against it. See Defs.' MTD Mem. at 2-5, 25-26; Defs.' MTA
The argument is a strange one because the Gaubatz Defendants concede that the "Council on American-Islamic Relations" changed its name to CAIR-AN in June 2007 and they introduce documentary evidence showing as much. See Defs.' MTD Mem. at 2; Decl. of Daniel Horowitz, ECF No. [34-2], Ex. 7 (Articles of Amendment) & Ex. 8 (Certificate of Amendment). Entirely consistent with this showing, Plaintiffs maintain that the references to the "Council on American-Islamic Relations" in the original Complaint were the product of a simple mistake. See Pls.' MTA
Second, Plaintiffs seek leave to add CAIR-F as a second plaintiff. Rule 21 allows a district court to add a party "at any time" and "on just terms." Fed. R.Civ.P. 21. Rule 20, in turn, defines the contours of permissive joinder, providing that parties may be joined as plaintiffs when (i) their claims "aris[e] out of the same transaction, occurrence, or series of transactions or occurrences" and (ii) "any question of law or fact common to all plaintiffs will arise in the action." Fed. R.Civ.P. 20. When asked to decide whether permissive joinder is appropriate, the district court should be guided by the underlying aims of joinder, which include promoting judicial economy, expediting the resolution of disputes, and eliminating unnecessary litigation. Swan v. Ray, 293 F.3d 1252, 1253 (11th Cir.2002). Because the general preference is "toward entertaining the broadest possible scope of action [that is] consistent with fairness to the parties," United Mine Workers of Am. v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715, 724, 86 S.Ct. 1130, 16 L.Ed.2d 218 (1966), the joinder of plaintiffs is ordinarily allowed at the election of the plaintiffs so long as both prongs of the test under Rule 20 are met, Acevedo v. Allsup's Convenience Stores, Inc., 600 F.3d 516, 521 (5th Cir.2010). Attempts to join a party who satisfies the test for permissive joinder should generally not be denied in the absence of undue prejudice, expense, or delay. Chavez v. Illinois State Police, 251 F.3d 612, 632 (7th Cir.2001).
Applying these principles to this case is an easy matter. CAIR-AN and CAIR-F share physical office space in the District of Columbia, and it is at those offices that the events underlying this action were alleged to have transpired. See 2d Am. Compl. ¶¶ 10-11. Although Chris Gaubatz's internship is alleged to have formally been with CAIR-AN, both CAIR-AN and CAIR-F claim an interest in the documents and materials allegedly taken from their shared office space and employees of both organizations are alleged to have been the subjects of surreptitious recordings made by Chris Gaubatz. See id. ¶¶ 29, 38, 40, 42. Unsurprisingly, CAIR-AN and CAIR-F intend to pursue virtually identical legal claims in connection with these alleged events. See id. ¶¶ 69-131. Without a doubt, their claims arise out of the same series of transactions or occurrences and, as evidenced by the
Third, Plaintiffs seek to add a claim for unjust enrichment based on the same set of facts underlying their other claims. The Gaubatz Defendants do not specifically respond to this aspect of Plaintiffs' First Motion to Amend. While they do offer a broader argument that granting leave to amend would be futile because the First Amendment bars Plaintiffs' claims or protects their conduct, see Defs.' MTA
Fourth, Plaintiffs seek to add a handful of allegations to the Complaint that are designed to flesh out the factual basis for the claims they have already asserted. For the most part, these facts pertain to the nature of the documents and materials at issue in this action, the non-public nature of Plaintiffs' offices, the basis for Chris Gaubatz's alleged fiduciary duties, and the injuries allegedly flowing from the Gaubatz Defendants' conduct. See Comparison of Compl. and Proposed First Am. Compl., ECF No. [50]. Responding to these proposed changes, the Gaubatz Defendants claim that "the new complaint is the old complaint" and suffers from the same defects as the original Complaint. See Defs.' MTA
The crux of the Gaubatz Defendants' opposition to Plaintiffs' First Motion to Amend is the contention that the proposed amendments fail to improve upon the original Complaint. See Defs.' MTA
First, the Gaubatz Defendants argue that leave to amend should be denied because the First Amendment either protects their conduct or precludes Plaintiffs from securing any relief. See Defs.' MTA
Second, the Gaubatz Defendants argue that leave to amend should be denied because this action became moot when the materials at issue were returned to Plaintiffs following the entry of the Court's preliminary injunction order. See Defs.'
Third, the Gaubatz Defendants argue that granting Plaintiffs leave to clarify that CAIR-AN is the entity referenced in the original Complaint "may affect diversity." Defs.' MTA
Leave to amend may be denied for a good reason, such as undue prejudice or bad faith. See Willoughby, 100 F.3d at 1003. The Court can glean two basic claims of prejudice or bad faith from the Gaubatz Defendants' disjointed opposition.
First, the Gaubatz Defendants point to the length of this litigation as a basis for denying Plaintiffs leave to amend. Plaintiffs filed their First Motion to Amend on March 10, 2010, at which point this action had been pending for a shade over four months. True, the Gaubatz Defendants' Motion to Dismiss had been fully briefed when Plaintiffs' First Motion to Amend was filed, but the Court had yet to issue a final ruling on that motion and discovery pertaining to the merits had not begun. In fact, because this action has been delayed by several proceedings collateral to the merits, discovery is still yet to begin in earnest. Under these circumstances, Plaintiffs sought leave to amend in a sufficiently timely manner.
More to the point, the length of a litigation cannot on its own justify denying leave to amend; any delay must be accompanied by a showing of bad faith or prejudice. See Caribbean Broad. Sys., Ltd. v. Cable & Wireless P.L.C., 148 F.3d 1080, 1084 (D.C.Cir.1998). While the Gaubatz Defendants paint Plaintiffs' First Motion to Amend as a "dilatory tactic" and complain that responding will require them to expend additional "time and expense," Defs.' MTA
Second, the Gaubatz Defendants contend that the mere pendency of this action will have a "chilling effect" on the exercise of their First Amendment rights. See Defs.' MTA
The limited scope of Plaintiffs' First Motion to Amend supports the conclusion that granting Plaintiffs leave to amend will not cause the Gaubatz Defendants any undue prejudice. Plaintiffs' proposed changes for the most part effect technical corrections and fine-tune the legal and factual basis for the relief they seek in this action. If anything, these amendments should benefit the Gaubatz Defendants by providing them with greater notice of what Plaintiffs' claims are and the grounds upon which they rest.
The only meaningful expansion of this action that would flow from granting Plaintiffs' First Motion to Amend pertains to CAIR-F, but the Gaubatz Defendants offer no good reason for denying CAIR-F leave to join this action. Their opposition is silent on the matter, either conflating CAIR-AN and CAIR-F or mentioning CAIR-F only in passing in the context of their misplaced argument that there is an absence of complete diversity between the parties. See Defs.' MTA
In the end, the Gaubatz Defendants have failed to point to any undue prejudice that would result from granting Plaintiffs leave to amend. Indeed, their claims of prejudice ring particularly hollow given that they argue that "the new complaint is the old complaint" and maintain that the legal arguments raised in their Motion to Dismiss apply equally to the First Amended Complaint. See Defs.' MTA
In their Second Motion to Amend, Plaintiffs request leave to amend the Complaint
The Court begins by addressing the three proposed changes and how they relate to this case. The bottom line is that, while Plaintiffs' Second Motion to Amend is more expansive than their First Motion to Amend, the proposed changes still would not radically reshape this action.
First, Plaintiffs propose to add the CSP Defendants as defendants in this action. The original Complaint named as defendants ten John and Jane Does whose identities were then unknown but who were alleged to have participated in and benefitted from the Gaubatz Defendants' alleged misconduct. See Compl. ¶¶ 12-14. Following resolution of CAIR-AN's motion for a preliminary injunction, the Court granted CAIR-AN leave to depose CSP based on CAIR-AN's representation that CSP was believed to be in possession of materials obtained from Plaintiffs' offices, and therefore might be one of the defendants whose identities were unknown. See Order (Dec. 10, 2009), ECF No. [30], at 4. On July 12, 2010, CAIR-AN deposed Christine Brim as CSP's designated agent under Rule 30(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. See Tr. of Dep. of Christine Brim, ECF No. [48-3]. Based in part on CSP's testimony during that deposition, Plaintiffs now seek to add the CSP Defendants as defendants in this action. See Pl.'s MTA
Rule 21 allows a district court to add a party "at any time" and "on just terms." Fed.R.Civ.P. 21. Rule 20, in turn, defines the contours of permissive joinder, providing that parties may be joined as defendants in a single action if (i) "any right to relief is asserted against them jointly, severally, or in the alternative with respect to or arising out of the same transaction, occurrence, or series of transactions or occurrences" and (ii) "any question of law or fact common to all defendants will arise in the action." Fed. R.Civ.P. 20(a)(2). In this case, the CSP Defendants are alleged to be participants in the same scheme to infiltrate Plaintiffs' offices with the aim of obtaining Plaintiffs' internal documents and recording conversations involving Plaintiffs' employees and, like the Gaubatz Defendants, the CSP Defendants are alleged to have publicly disclosed and published materials obtained from Plaintiffs' offices. See 2d Am. Compl. ¶¶ 2-5, 47. Moreover, Plaintiffs intend to assert the same set of legal claims against both sets of defendants. See id. ¶¶ 69-131. In sum, Plaintiffs claim that the CSP Defendants are liable on essentially the same legal theories and the same set of facts. As a result, granting Plaintiffs leave to name the CSP Defendants as defendants in this action will promote judicial economy, expedite the resolution of Plaintiffs' claims, and eliminate unnecessary litigation. In short, it aligns with the general preference "toward entertaining the broadest possible scope of action [that is] consistent with fairness to the
Second, Plaintiffs propose to add a claim under Title I of the ECPA, commonly referred to as to the Wiretap Act, 18 U.S.C. §§ 2510-2522, and its counterpart under District of Columbia law, D.C.Code §§ 23-541-23-556. The claim is based on allegations that Chris Gaubatz, with the assistance of Paul David Gaubatz and the CSP Defendants, used a concealed electronic device to make unauthorized recordings of conversations involving Plaintiffs' employees and that Defendants later used and disclosed the contents of those conversations. See 2d Am. Compl. ¶¶ 70-78. These same factual allegations were raised in the original Complaint, but Plaintiffs at that time only asserted common law claims in connection with those allegations. See Compl. ¶¶ 3, 32. In other words, Plaintiffs now seek leave to "state an alternative theory of recovery." Foman, 371 U.S. at 182, 83 S.Ct. 227. Under these circumstances, granting leave to amend is appropriate.
Third, Plaintiffs propose to add a common law claim for tortious interference with contract.
The Gaubatz Defendants' opposition to Plaintiffs' Second Motion to Amend is brief, consisting of less than two pages. Once again, the crux of their opposition is that the proposed amendments fail to improve upon the original Complaint, arguing that the "[t]he law is as clear now as it was... when [their] motion to dismiss was filed." See Defs.' MTA
The Gaubatz Defendants also suggest that Plaintiffs' proposed claim under Title I of the ECPA, commonly referred to as to the Wiretap Act, 18 U.S.C. §§ 2510-2522, and its counterpart under District of Columbia law, D.C.Code §§ 23-541-23-556, would not survive a motion to dismiss. See Defs.' MTA
The Gaubatz Defendants argue, in a single sentence without citation to any legal authority, that this claim would not survive a motion to dismiss because the ECPA
The Gaubatz Defendants have also failed to show that Plaintiffs' Second Motion to Amend is made in bad faith or that granting leave to amend would cause them any undue prejudice. The Gaubatz Defendants' cursory opposition does not use the word "prejudice," but it includes this paragraph:
Defs.' MTA
In any event, while Plaintiffs could have acted sooner, Plaintiffs moved to amend in a sufficiently prompt manner. Plaintiffs filed their Second Motion to Amend on April 12, 2011, at which point the Court had yet to issue a final ruling on the Gaubatz Defendants' Motion to Dismiss and discovery pertaining to the merits of this action had not begun. To date, merits-based discovery still has not begun.
In the end, the Gaubatz Defendants have failed to discharge their burden of coming forward with a colorable basis for denying leave to amend. See Abdullah, 530 F.Supp.2d at 115. For the reasons set forth above, the Court concludes that granting leave to amend is appropriate in this case. However, in order to facilitate the prompt resolution of this litigation, the Court shall require Plaintiffs to effect service of the Summons and the Second Amended Complaint upon the CSP Defendants, and to file proof of service with the Court, on or before July 25, 2011. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 21 (providing that a district court may impose "just terms" on the addition of any party). If Plaintiffs fail to effect service of process by the designated date, the Court will dismiss this action without prejudice against the CSP Defendants. No extensions will be granted absent compelling circumstances.
The Gaubatz Defendants' Motion to Dismiss predates Plaintiffs' requests for leave to amend the Complaint. Nonetheless, the Gaubatz Defendants have consistently maintained that their legal arguments apply with equal force to Plaintiffs' Second Amended Complaint. See Defs.' MTA
The First Amendment embodies our national commitment to the free exchange of ideas, but its protections are not boundless. Ashcroft v. Am. Civil Liberties Union, 535 U.S. 564, 573, 122 S.Ct. 1700, 152 L.Ed.2d 771 (2002). The heart of the Gaubatz Defendants' defense to this action is their contention that the First Amendment either protects their conduct or bars Plaintiffs from obtaining any relief. See Defs.' MTD Mem. at 11-17; Defs.' MTD Reply at 1-5; Defs.' MTA
The Gaubatz Defendants rely on the principle that if a publisher lawfully obtains truthful information about a matter of public significance, then the government may not punish the publication of that information in the absence of a governmental interest of the highest order.
It is for this reason that the Gaubatz Defendants' reliance upon the Supreme Court's decision in Bartnicki v. Vopper, 532 U.S. 514, 121 S.Ct. 1753, 149 L.Ed.2d 787 (2001), is misplaced. That case involved the "novel and narrow" question of what degree of protection the First Amendment provides to speech that discloses the contents of an illegally intercepted communication where the defendants "played no part in the illegal interception" and their "access to the information... was obtained lawfully." Id. at 518, 525, 121 S.Ct. 1753. Answering that narrow question, the Bartnicki Court merely held that "a stranger's illegal conduct" does not preclude a First Amendment defense. Id. at 535, 121 S.Ct. 1753. The Court assumed, without deciding, that the government's interest in protecting private communications would justify prohibiting the interceptor's own use of those communications, noting that "[t]he normal method of deterring unlawful conduct is to impose an appropriate punishment on the person who engages in it." Id. at 529, 121 S.Ct. 1753. Bartnicki only preserves a First Amendment defense for the "law-abiding possessor of information" and "does not apply to punishing parties for obtaining the relevant information unlawfully." Id. at
However, that is not to say that the First Amendment is irrelevant to this case. It may, for example, turn out that Plaintiffs will be unable to establish that some or all of the defendants in this action participated in the unlawful acquisition of information. But there is another First Amendment doctrine more relevant to the present motion—namely, the principle that the special protections that the First Amendment affords defendants charged with defamation may also extend to other kinds of legal claims where the plaintiff seeks damages for reputational or emotional harm allegedly flowing from the publication of protected speech. See Snyder v. Phelps, ___ U.S. ___, 131 S.Ct. 1207, 1215, 179 L.Ed.2d 172 (2011); Barr v. Clinton, 370 F.3d 1196, 1203 (D.C.Cir. 2004). In those situations, regardless of how a claim is labeled, a plaintiff will often be required to satisfy the more onerous showing required to recover what are referred to loosely as "publication damages." See Hustler Magazine v. Falwell, 485 U.S. 46, 56, 108 S.Ct. 876, 99 L.Ed.2d 41 (1988). Otherwise, plaintiffs would be free to recast claims for defamation in another form and thereby "chok[e] off the `breathing space' necessary to safeguard `the freedoms protected by the First Amendment.'" Barr, 370 F.3d at 1203 (quoting Hustler, 485 U.S. at 56, 108 S.Ct. 876).
In their Motion to Dismiss, the Gaubatz Defendants argue that Plaintiffs are attempting to make an "impermissible end run" around the First Amendment by asserting what are effectively defamation claims seeking publication damages in the guise of various statutory and common law claims. But in response, Plaintiffs have expressly disclaimed damages for reputational or emotional harm, see Pls.' MTD Opp'n at 8, and the Court will hold them to that representation. While that should be the end of the matter, the Gaubatz Defendants nevertheless complain that Plaintiffs "plead[] damages in a vague and conclusory manner," faulting Plaintiffs for failing to come forward with specific factual allegations showing that they suffered damages that are not for reputational or emotional harm. See Defs.' MTD Reply at 1. However, Plaintiffs are not required to plead with particularity damages that would typically be expected to flow from their claims. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 8(a)(3), 9(g); Browning v. Clinton, 292 F.3d 235, 245 (D.C.Cir.2002). Following discovery, Plaintiffs ultimately may or may not be able to prove that they suffered damages that are not for reputational or emotional harm, such as actual pecuniary damages. See Snyder v. Phelps, 580 F.3d 206, 218 n. 11 (4th Cir.2009) (noting that the First Amendment "is inapplicable ... when the plaintiff seeks damages for actual pecuniary loss, as opposed to injury to reputation or state of mind."), aff'd, ___ U.S. ___, 131 S.Ct. 1207, 179 L.Ed.2d 172 (2011). But at this early stage, "the character of [Plaintiffs'] damage is not definite," making dismissal on First Amendment grounds inappropriate. Steele v. Isikoff, 130 F.Supp.2d 23, 29 (D.D.C.2000).
For the foregoing reasons, the Court will deny the Gaubatz Defendants' Motion to Dismiss insofar as it seeks dismissal of Plaintiffs' claims based upon the protections afforded by the First Amendment.
Congress enacted Title II of the ECPA, or the SCA, 18 U.S.C. §§ 2701-2712, with the aim of addressing what it perceived as the "growing problem" of unauthorized
18 U.S.C. § 2701(a). By its terms, criminal liability under Section 2701(a) arises where a person (i) "intentionally accesses" (ii) "a facility through which an electronic communication service is provided" (iii) "without authorization" or by "exceed[ing] an authorization" given and (iv) thereby "obtains ... a wire or electronic communication" (v) while that wire or electronic communication is in "electronic storage." Id. Congress created a private cause of action for "any ... person aggrieved" by an intentional violation of Section 2701(a). Id. § 2707(a).
Plaintiffs claim that Defendants violated Section 2701(a) when Chris Gaubatz
For liability to arise under Section 2701(a), a defendant must access "a facility through which an electronic communication service is provided." 18 U.S.C. § 2701(a). Citing to this language, the Gaubatz Defendants contend that the SCA "applies to transfer facilities that forward data to an end user," such as "large servers tied to [internet service providers] or other data carriers," and does not extend its protections to "home or office computers." Defs.' MTD Mem. at 23. In short, the Gaubatz Defendants argue that the SCA does not apply here because Plaintiffs' offices and office computers "are not a communications facility." Id. While the argument is not entirely without merit, it ultimately must fail because it rests upon a misapprehension as to the relevant inquiry and the factual allegations relied upon by Plaintiffs in support of their claim.
Given the complexity of the SCA, the slippage in the Gaubatz Defendants' formulation of the relevant inquiry is problematic. So at the outset, it is important to define that inquiry. Under Section 2701(a), the question is not whether CAIR's offices are a communications facility, but whether Chris Gaubatz accessed a "facility through which an electronic communication service is provided." 18 U.S.C. § 2701(a). The reach of this language turns on the construction of two terms— "facility" and "electronic communication service."
Congress defined only the second of these terms. An "electronic communication service" is "any service which provides to users thereof the ability to send or receive wire or electronic communications." 18 U.S.C. §§ 2510(15), 2711(1). Examples include telephone companies and e-mail service providers, see S.Rep. No. 99-541, at 14 (1986), reprinted in 1986 U.S.C.C.A.N. 3555, 3568; H. Rep. No. 99-647, at 37 (1986), but the term is not so narrowly confined. The language chosen by Congress captures any service that stands as a "conduit" for the transmission of wire or electronic communications from one user to another. Quon v. Arch Wireless Operating Co., Inc., 529 F.3d 892, 902 (9th Cir.2008), cert. denied in relevant part, ___ U.S. ___, 130 S.Ct. 1011, 175 L.Ed.2d 617 (2009). To the extent the Gaubatz Defendants intend to suggest that liability may arise under Section 2701(a) only where the electronic communication service is provided by a third-party, such as a commercial internet service provider, they are mistaken. Congress drafted Section 2701(a) broadly, and "providing an electronic communication service to the public" is not part of the statutory inquiry. Devine v. Kapasi, 729 F.Supp.2d 1024, 1027 (N.D.Ill.2010) (emphasis omitted). Consistent with this reading, several courts have concluded that an employer may provide an "electronic communication service" to its own employees. See, e.g., Shefts v. Petrakis, 758 F.Supp.2d 620, 635 (C.D.Ill.2010); Bloomington-Normal Seating Co., Inc. v. Albritton, 2009 WL 1329123, at *4 (C.D.Ill. May 13, 2009); Ideal Aerosmith, Inc. v. Acutronic USA, Inc., 2007 WL 4394447, at *6 (E.D.Pa. Dec. 13, 2007); Bohach v. City of Reno, 932 F.Supp. 1232, 1236 (D.Nev.1996).
Meanwhile, the term "facility" is not expressly defined in the SCA, but the legislative history and the term's usage elsewhere reveals that Congress intended the term to include the physical equipment used to facilitate electronic communications. The legislative history indicates that Congress understood that an "electronic communication service" could be provided through the same facilities that are used for an "electronic communication
While that much is clear, the interaction between the terms "facility" and "electronic communication service" will not always present an easy question. When the definitions of each term are incorporated into the operative statutory language, Section 2701(a) requires a defendant to access the physical means or equipment "through which" a "service which provides to users thereof the ability to send or receive wire or electronic communications" is "provided." 18 U.S.C. §§ 2701(a), 2510(15), 2711(1). This formulation is admittedly a little unwieldy. What does it mean in the real world? On the one hand, the statute clearly is triggered when a defendant directly or indirectly accesses the physical server-side computer dedicated to running an e-mail client by, for instance, downloading e-mails from the server. On the other hand, the statute clearly is not triggered when a defendant merely accesses a physical client-side computer and limits his access to documents stored on the computer's local hard drive or other physical media. See United States v. Steiger, 318 F.3d 1039, 1049 (11th Cir.2003) (concluding that Section 2701(a) does not apply to the act of hacking into a personal computer to download information stored on the hard drive), cert. denied, 538 U.S. 1051, 123 S.Ct. 2120, 155 L.Ed.2d 1095 (2003).
Mapping the world between these two poles may prove difficult, but the Court need not undertake that endeavor in this case (or at least at this early stage) because the Gaubatz Defendants are operating under the erroneous assumption that Plaintiffs' SCA claim is confined to the allegation that Chris Gaubatz accessed Plaintiffs' office computers and limited his access to documents stored on the computers' local hard drives. See Defs.' MTD Mem. at 23-25; Defs.' MTD Reply at 19-25. Quite the contrary, Plaintiffs repeatedly allege that Chris Gaubatz accessed their "computer servers, networks, or systems" (which the Court will simply refer to collectively as "computer servers").
The Gaubatz Defendants' argument may or may not turn out to have merit upon further development of the factual record. Resolving that issue will require the parties to conduct discovery as to which of Plaintiffs' systems, if any, were accessed by Chris Gaubatz and whether those systems were used to provide an electronic communication service. At this time and at this stage of the proceedings, it is simply "premature and speculative" to interrogate further into the nature of Plaintiffs' systems. Becker v. Toca, 2008 WL 4443050, at *4 (E.D.La. Sept. 26, 2008). Where, as here, a plaintiff alleges that it provides an electronic communication service through its own systems and that the defendant intentionally and without authorization obtained stored communications by accessing those systems, the plaintiff states a claim under Section 2701(a). Expert Janitorial, LLC v. Williams, 2010 WL 908740, at *5 (E.D.Tenn. Mar. 12, 2010).
Before proceeding to the Gaubatz Defendants' second argument, the Court pauses to note that there is a red herring to be avoided in this case. True, Chris Gaubatz is alleged to have accessed Plaintiffs' local office computers, but that is largely beside the point (at least with respect to Plaintiffs' SCA claim). The point is that he is alleged to have used those local office computers to access Plaintiffs' computer servers and it is those servers that must be shown to have provided an electronic communication service to Plaintiffs' employees. Section 2701(a) is agnostic on the question of how a defendant goes about "access[ing] ... a facility through which an electronic communication service is provided." 18 U.S.C. § 2701(a). The result would be the same regardless of whether Chris Gaubatz accessed Plaintiffs' computer servers by sitting down at one of Plaintiffs' local office computers, by hacking in remotely through a personal computer at home, or by somehow plugging in directly to the server itself.
Section 2701(a) requires that an electronic communication be in "electronic storage" at the time that it is improperly obtained. 18 U.S.C. § 2701(a). The term "electronic storage" is elsewhere defined to include:
18 U.S.C. §§ 2510(17), 2711(1). Courts have struggled to define the reach of this language. Generally speaking, the controversy centers on a recurring fact patternnamely, when the intended recipient of an electronic communication has downloaded the communication from the computer server hosting the electronic communication service. See generally James G. Carr & Patricia L. Bellia, The Law of Electronic Surveillance § 8:35 (West 2011 ed.). The majority of courts that have addressed the issue have determined that "prior access is irrelevant to whether the messages at issue were in electronic storage," concluding that electronic communications that are stored on a server hosting an electronic communication service after they have been delivered to an end-user remain in
The Gaubatz Defendants argue that the electronic documents at issue in this case were not in "electronic storage" because they were stored on the hard drives of Plaintiffs' local office computers at the time they were obtained. See Defs.' MTD Mem. at 23-24. The argument rests, in part, on a correct statement of the law. It is entirely non-controversial that "e-mail messages downloaded and stored on, and subsequently accessed solely from, a user's personal computer do[] not fall within the SCA's definition of electronic storage." Thompson v. Ross, 2010 WL 3896533, at *5 (W.D.Pa. Sept. 30, 2010); accord Bailey v. Bailey, 2008 WL 324156, at *6 (E.D.Mich. Feb. 6, 2008). This is because (assuming the computer is not used to provide an electronic communication service) such communications are neither stored on a temporary basis "incident to [their] electronic transmission" nor stored "by an electronic communication service for purposes of backup protection of such communication." 18 U.S.C. §§ 2510(17), 2711(1).
Nonetheless, the Gaubatz Defendants' argument goes nowhere because it once again turns upon a misapprehension as to the factual allegations relied upon by Plaintiffs in support of their SCA claim. Plaintiffs have never limited themselves to alleging that Chris Gaubatz directly accessed electronic documents stored exclusively on the hard drives and other physical media of their local office computers. Rather, Plaintiffs allege that Chris Gaubatz improperly obtained access to electronic communications while they were in electronic storage in the computer servers used by Plaintiffs to provide an electronic communication service to their employees. 2d Am. Compl. ¶¶ 80-8 1; see also Pls.' MTD Mem. at 21-22. If those allegations are proven true, liability may arise under Section 2701(a).
Once again, the Gaubatz Defendants' argument may or may not turn out to have merit upon further development of the factual record. But resolving that issue will require the parties to conduct discovery as to which documents, if any, were accessed by Chris Gaubatz and how those documents were stored and for what purposes. At this early stage, Plaintiffs have put forward sufficient factual allegations to state a plausible claim for relief. See In re Intuit Privacy Litig., 138 F.Supp.2d 1272, 1277 (C.D.Cal.2001) (concluding that allegations that the defendant accessed data placed in electronic storage in plaintiffs' computers satisfied the liberal pleading requirements of Fed.R.Civ.P. 8(a)(2)).
The Gaubatz Defendants also argue that Section 2701(a) does not apply in this case because the documents at issue were not "in transit" at the time they were accessed. See Defs.' MTD Mem. at 24. However, the "in transit" requirement pertains only to claims arising under Title I of the ECPA, commonly referred to as to the Wiretap Act, 18 U.S.C. §§ 2510-2522, which addresses the improper "interception" of wire, oral, and electronic communications. The SCA, meanwhile, is concerned with stored communications, and a plaintiff invoking its protections need not establish that the documents accessed were "in transit" at the time they were accessed.
The Gaubatz Defendants contend that the SCA would be constitutionally
For the reasons set forth above, the Court shall deny the Gaubatz Defendants' Motion to Dismiss insofar as it seeks dismissal of Plaintiffs' SCA claim.
Under District of Columbia law, conversion is defined as the (i) "unlawful exercise" (ii) "of ownership, dominion or control" (iii) "over the personal property of another" (iv) "in denial or repudiation" of that person's rights. Shea v. Fridley, 123 A.2d 358, 361 (D.C.1956). In this case, Plaintiffs claim that Defendants unlawfully converted (a) physical documents and (b) electronic documents, including e-mails and computer-generated spreadsheets. See 2d Am. Compl. ¶¶ 38, 40-41, 87. In their Motion to Dismiss, the Gaubatz Defendants contend that Plaintiffs have failed to state a plausible claim of conversion as
The Gaubatz Defendants first argue that Plaintiffs' conversion claim must fail insofar as it seeks recovery for the Defendants' alleged taking of physical documents because all the documents were slated to be shredded. See Defs.' MTD Mem. at 17-18; Defs.' MTD Reply at 8-9. From this factual premise, the Gaubatz Defendants argue that Plaintiffs have failed to allege that Defendants deprived them of a cognizable property right. See Defs.' MTD Mem. at 17-18; Defs.' MTD Reply at 8-9.
The Court cannot accept the factual premise to the argument. Plaintiffs have alleged that Chris Gaubatz removed thousands of documents from Plaintiffs' offices. See 2d Am. Compl. ¶¶ 3, 38. Plaintiffs do not allege that any of these documents were slated to be shredded. Without converting the Gaubatz Defendants' Motion to Dismiss to a motion for summary judgment, the scope of the Court's review is limited to the allegations in the pleadings. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(d). Because the proffered argument requires the premature consideration of materials outside the pleadings, it fails at the outset.
However, even accepting the factual premise, the argument rests on a misapprehension as to the scope of an owner's property rights under District of Columbia law. One of the many sticks in the owner's bundle of property rights is the right to destroy the property, Almeida v. Holder, 588 F.3d 778, 788 (2d Cir.2009), and Plaintiffs' allegations that Defendants physically removed thousands of Plaintiffs' documents are sufficient to state a claim that Defendants deprived Plaintiffs of their "right of destruction," for lack of a better description. This right assumes a heightened importance where, as here, the property in question is alleged to include confidential, proprietary, and privileged materials. See 2d Am. Compl. ¶¶ 5, 51-52, 89. In this case, even assuming that some sub-set of the thousands of documents allegedly removed from Plaintiffs' offices were slated to be shredded, Plaintiffs would not necessarily be precluded from recovering for conversion as to those documents. Therefore, the Court shall deny the Gaubatz Defendants' Motion to Dismiss insofar as it seeks dismissal of Plaintiffs' claim that Defendants converted Plaintiffs' physical documents.
The Gaubatz Defendants next argue that Plaintiffs' conversion claim must fail insofar as it pertains to the "copying of digital files" because the mere copying of electronic data does not constitute conversion. See Defs.' MTD Mem. at 20. So far as the Court can tell, the argument divides into two sub-parts. First, the Gaubatz Defendants argue that electronic data does not qualify as the sort of "personal property" protected by the tort of conversion. See id. Second, the Gaubatz Defendants argue that Plaintiffs' factual allegations do not indicate that Defendants exercised "ownership, dominion, or control" over Plaintiffs' electronic data. See id.
Whether the District of Columbia courts would accept the first argument is not clear. While other courts have concluded that the law of conversion in other jurisdictions may protect electronic data or information, see, e.g., Kremen v. Cohen, 337 F.3d 1024, 1034 (9th Cir.2003) (applying California law); Thyroff v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 8 N.Y.3d 283, 292, 832 N.Y.S.2d 873, 864 N.E.2d 1272 (N.Y.2007) (applying New York law), it remains an open question whether District of Columbia law would protect intangible property
But the Court need not decide this question because Plaintiffs have otherwise failed to state a plausible claim for the conversion of electronic data. To recover for conversion under District of Columbia law, the plaintiff must show that the defendant exercised "ownership, dominion or control" over the plaintiff's property. Shea, 123 A.2d at 361. This requires the defendant to do something that "seriously interferes" with the plaintiff's right to control the property in question. Blanken v. Harris, Upham & Co., Inc., 359 A.2d 281, 283 (D.C.1976). While there may be other avenues for redress when the interference is less serious, suing for conversion is not among them. Pearson v. Dodd, 410 F.2d 701, 707 (D.C.Cir.), cert. denied, 395 U.S. 947, 89 S.Ct. 2021, 23 L.Ed.2d 465 (1969).
In this case, Plaintiffs' Second Amended Complaint is devoid of factual allegations indicating that Defendants exercised the requisite ownership, dominion, or control over Plaintiffs' electronic data. Whereas Plaintiffs allege that their physical files were removed from their offices, there is no comparable, non-conclusory allegation pertaining to Plaintiffs' electronic data.
Under District of Columbia law, a plaintiff asserting a claim for breach of fiduciary duty must allege that (i) the defendant had a fiduciary duty to the plaintiff, (ii) the defendant breached that duty, and (iii) the breach was the proximate cause of an injury. See Paul v. Judicial Watch, Inc., 543 F.Supp.2d 1, 5 (D.D.C. 2008). In their Motion to Dismiss, the Gaubatz Defendants focus on the first of these elements, arguing that Plaintiffs have failed to come forward with factual allegations that would suggest that there existed a fiduciary relationship between Chris Gaubatz and Plaintiffs. See Defs.' MTD Mem. at 21-22; Defs.' MTD Reply Mem. at 12-13. The Gaubatz Defendants contend that there was no contractual relationship between the parties and that "[i]t is not enough to say that Chris Gaubatz was an intern." Defs.' MTD Mem. at 22. However, even assuming that no contractual relationship existed between Chris Gaubatz and Plaintiffs, but see infra Part III.C.5, Plaintiffs have come forward with sufficient factual allegations to survive a motion to dismiss.
Significantly, the District of Columbia courts have deliberately left the definition of a "fiduciary relationship" open-ended, allowing the concept to fit a wide array of factual circumstances. High v. McLean Fin. Corp., 659 F.Supp. 1561, 1568 (D.D.C.1987); see also United Feature Syndicate, Inc. v. Miller Features Syndicate, Inc., 216 F.Supp.2d 198, 218 (S.D.N.Y.2002) ("[T]he exact limits of what constitutes a fiduciary relationship are impossible of statement.") (quotation marks omitted). Deciding whether a fiduciary relationship exists in a particular case requires "a searching inquiry into the nature of the relationship, the promises made, the type of services or advice given and the legitimate expectations of the parties." Firestone v. Firestone, 76 F.3d 1205, 1211 (D.C.Cir.1996) (quotation marks omitted). Because the inquiry is fact-intensive, it is often inappropriate to decide whether a fiduciary relationship existed even in the context of a motion for summary judgment. Id. Consistent with this observation, courts have observed that a claim for breach of fiduciary duty is generally not amenable to dismissal for failure to state a claim when the claimed ground for dismissal is the absence of a fiduciary relationship. See Abercrombie v. Andrew College, 438 F.Supp.2d 243, 274 (S.D.N.Y. 2006); Thompson, Cobb, Bazilio & Assocs., P.C. v. Grant Thornton LLP, 2002 WL 458997, at *6 (D.D.C. Mar. 25, 2002).
To the extent the Gaubatz Defendants intend to suggest that a fiduciary relationship can never exist between an intern and the entity engaging the intern, the aforementioned authorities foreclose such an expansive argument. Meanwhile, Plaintiffs allege that Chris Gaubatz secured his internship only by making a number of affirmatively false statements and omitting material information about his background, interests, and intentions with the specific intention of inducing Plaintiffs to repose a measure of trust and confidence in him, and that as a result of the trust and confidence reposed in him, Chris Gaubatz was afforded access to confidential, proprietary, and privileged materials as well as non-public areas of Plaintiffs' offices. See 2d Am. Compl. ¶¶ 2, 19-20, 22-23, 25-26, 33, 93. These allegations imply a relationship akin to one between employer and employee, which under some circumstances may suffice to support a claim for breach of fiduciary duty under District of Columbia law. See Cahn v. Antioch Univ., 482 A.2d 120, 131-32 (D.C. 1984). In any event, they suffice to suggest
To state a claim for breach of contract under District of Columbia law, a plaintiff must allege (i) a valid contract between the parties, (ii) an obligation or duty arising out of the contract, (iii) a breach of that duty, and (iv) damages caused by that breach. Tsintolas Realty Co. v. Mendez, 984 A.2d 181, 187 (D.C. 2009). In this case, Plaintiffs allege that Chris Gaubatz breached the Confidentiality Agreement entered into between him and CAIR-AN and that the other Defendants induced, aided and abetted, or conspired with Chris Gaubatz to breach the agreement. See 2d Am. Compl. ¶¶ 100-110. In their Motion to Dismiss, the Gaubatz Defendants argue that Plaintiffs have failed to state a valid claim for breach of contract for three reasons.
First, the Gaubatz Defendants argue that Plaintiffs have failed to show that there were two parties to the agreement. The argument is this: (i) the supposed contract identifies the "Council on American Islamic Relations" as the relevant counter-party; (ii) the "Council on American Islamic Relations" does not exist; (iii) therefore, there were not two parties to the contract. See Defs.' MTD Mem. at 21. There are several problems with this argument. Not least among them is that the second prong of the argument requires consideration of materials outside the pleadings and the scope of the Court's review at this time is limited to the allegations in the pleadings. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(d). At this time, all that really matters is that Plaintiffs have specifically alleged that CAIR-AN was a party to the Confidentiality Agreement. See 2d Am. Compl. ¶ 101. That claim is entirely plausible given that Chris Gaubatz's internship is alleged to have been with CAIR-AN.
True, the agreement that is attached to and incorporated into the Second Amended Complaint identifies the relevant counter-party as the "Council on American-Islamic Relations" and not CAIR-AN, or the Council on American-Islamic Relations Action Network, Inc. See id. Ex. A (Confidentiality Agreement) at 1. Assuming without deciding that the reference is ambiguous, Plaintiffs are nonetheless entitled to conduct discovery before being asked to prove the existence of an enforceable agreement between Chris Gaubatz and CAIR-AN. Depending on what evidence Plaintiffs are able to marshal, the Gaubatz Defendants' argument may or may not win out in a motion for summary judgment. See Novecon Ltd. v. Bulgarian-American Enter. Fund, 190 F.3d 556, 564 (D.C.Cir. 1999) ("The party asserting the existence of an enforceable contract bears the burden of proof on the issue of contract formation."), cert. denied, 529 U.S. 1037, 120 S.Ct. 1531, 146 L.Ed.2d 346 (2000). For now, it suffices to say that the question is one of intent, and it is a question that is not amenable to resolution at this stage of the proceedings.
Third, the Gaubatz Defendants argue that, even if the parties entered into a valid agreement, Plaintiffs have failed to point to any contractual obligation that was breached by Chris Gaubatz's alleged misconduct. See Defs.' MTD Reply at 11-12. However, because this argument was raised for the first time in reply, depriving Plaintiffs of an opportunity to render a meaningful response, the Court declines to consider it on the merits. See Baloch, 517 F.Supp.2d at 348. But even if the Court were inclined to reach the merits, the argument would fail. The Gaubatz Defendants argue that "[if] a contract were formed, CAIR has not stated its contents" and "has not pointed to a single provision of any contract, oral or written, that was breached." Defs.' MTD Reply at 11. This is just wrong. Not only have Plaintiffs attached the form of the alleged written agreement to their pleadings, but they have specifically identified which provisions of the Confidentiality Agreement Chris Gaubatz allegedly breached. See 2d Am. Compl. ¶ 103 & Ex. A (Confidentiality Agreement).
Nonetheless, couched within this argument is the suggestion, never fully articulated, that the Confidentiality Agreement does not cover the materials alleged to be taken:
Defs.' MTD Reply at 11. The Gaubatz Defendants are referring here to the agreement's definition of "confidential information":
2d Am. Compl. Ex. A (Confidentiality Agreement) at 1. Admittedly, the term is not defined with model clarity. Most notably, despite the intervention of a colon and a non-exhaustive list of the types of information covered, it appears that the parties may have intended the last few clauses to modify "any information," meaning that the agreement would cover not "any information" whatsoever but rather "any information... which is disclosed by CAIR or on its behalf ... to the intern." But the Court need not address that precise question now. It merely flags it as a question that may require the parties' attention in discovery. For now, it is sufficient to note that the definition expressly includes "information that relates to legal research" and "valuable business information," and Plaintiffs have alleged that the materials taken by Chris Gaubatz included privileged communications and documents containing Plaintiffs' proprietary information. See 2d Am. Compl. ¶¶ 5, 52, 65. Those allegations are sufficient to state a plausible claim that Chris Gaubatz breached the Confidentiality Agreement.
For the foregoing reasons, the Court shall deny the Gaubatz Defendants' Motion to Dismiss insofar as it seeks dismissal of Plaintiffs' breach of contract claim.
Under District of Columbia law, a trespass is (i) an unauthorized entry (ii) onto the plaintiff's property (iii) that interferes with the plaintiff's possessory interest. Sarete, Inc. v. 1344 U. Street Ltd. P'ship, 871 A.2d 480, 490 (D.C.2005). In this case, Plaintiffs' trespass claim divides into two branches. First, Plaintiffs claim that Chris Gaubatz committed a trespass merely by entering their offices because he "only gained access to the property ... through the use of pretense, subterfuge, misrepresentation, and/or concealment." 2d Am. Compl. ¶ 120. Second, Plaintiffs claim that Chris Gaubatz committed a trespass by exceeding the consent he obtained from Plaintiffs by "stealing documents, accessing restricted areas and networks, and recording without permission conversations in Plaintiffs' offices." Id. The Gaubatz Defendants present three reasons why they believe this claim should be dismissed.
First, the Gaubatz Defendants argue that Plaintiffs have failed to plead that "the premises were private and not open to the public." Defs.' MTD Mem. at 22. Even assuming that a plaintiff must plead that the property at issue was not open to the public in order to state a claim for trespass (something this Court doubts), Plaintiffs do allege that their offices "are not generally open to the public and may be accessed by third parties only upon invitation or authorization" and that "[t]he public is not permitted access to the areas of the offices ... where documents are stored or maintained or where [Plaintiffs'] computers and computer servers, networks, and systems are stored and maintained." 2d Am. Compl. ¶¶ 27-28. Given these express allegations, the Gaubatz Defendants' first argument is without merit.
Second, the Gaubatz Defendants argue that Plaintiffs' trespass claim must fail because they have not alleged damages. See Defs.' MTD Mem. at 22. However, provided the damages are of the kind that would typically be expected to flow from a trespass, Plaintiffs are not required to plead their damages with particularity. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 8(a)(3), 9(g); see also Pearson, 410 F.2d at 707 ("The measure of damages in trespass is ... the actual diminution of [] value caused by the [defendant's]
Third, the Gaubatz Defendants argue that Plaintiffs' trespass claim must fail because Chris Gaubatz was authorized to enter Plaintiffs' offices. See Defs.' MTD Reply at 7-8. While this argument was first raised in reply, the Court will address it because Plaintiffs arguably opened the door in their opposition. See Pls.' MTD Opp'n at 19. However, the argument is unavailing. As an initial matter, it has no bearing on the second branch of Plaintiffs' trespass claim-namely, the contention that Chris Gaubatz exceeded the consent that he obtained from Plaintiffs by doing things like accessing restricted areas and networks. As a general matter, "[a] condition or restricted consent to enter land creates a privilege to do so only in so far as the condition or restriction is complied with." Restatement (Second) of Torts § 168 (1965). Therefore, "on-site employees may exceed the scope of their invitation to access, and so not be `rightfully' on, the employer's property ... at a place or time forbidden by their employer." ITT Indus., Inc. v. Nat'l Labor Relations Bd., 413 F.3d 64, 72 n. 2 (D.C.Cir.2005).
As to the first branch of Plaintiffs' trespass claim—that is, the contention that Chris Gaubatz committed a trespass merely by entering Plaintiffs' offices because he obtained Plaintiffs' consent through subterfuge and fraud—the Gaubatz Defendants' consent argument is premature. Consent "given upon fraudulent misrepresentations" will not always defeat a claim for trespass. Dine v. Western Exterminating Co., 1988 WL 25511, at *9 (D.D.C. Mar. 9, 1988). Consent may be ineffective if "induced ... by a substantial mistake concerning the nature of the invasion of [the owner's] interests or the extent of the harm to be expected from it and the mistake is known to the other or is induced by the other's misrepresentation." Restatement (Second) of Torts §§ 173, 892B(2) (1965); see also Desnick v. Am. Broad. Cos., Inc., 44 F.3d 1345, 1352 (7th Cir. 1995) (noting that it is no defense to trespass where "a competitor gain[s] entry to a business firm's premises posing as a customer but in fact hoping to steal the firm's trade secrets."). Because this is precisely what Plaintiffs have alleged occurred here, whether the Gaubatz Defendants' argument will win out is a question that must await discovery.
For the foregoing reasons, the Court will deny the Gaubatz Defendants' motion to dismiss insofar as it seeks dismissal of Plaintiffs' trespass claim. In summary, the Court will grant the motion insofar as it seeks dismissal of Plaintiffs' claim that Defendants converted Plaintiffs' electronic data and will deny the motion in all other respects. The Gaubatz Defendants will be required to serve and file their Answer to the Second Amended Complaint on or before July 8, 2011.
For the reasons set forth above, the Court shall grant Plaintiffs' [43] First Motion to Amend and their [48] Second Motion to Amend, on the condition that Plaintiffs serve the Summons and the Second Amended Complaint upon each of the CSP Defendants on or before July 25, 2011. The CSP Defendants will then have twenty-one days from the date of service to serve and file a responsive pleading. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(a)(1)(A)(i). In addition, the Court shall grant in part and deny in
