RICHARD J. LEON, District Judge.
Plaintiff David John Leyland ("plaintiff" or "Leyland") brought an action for damages pursuant to Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388, 91 S.Ct. 1999, 29 L.Ed.2d 619 (1971) and for injunctive relief against defendant Miller Edwards ("defendant" or "Edwards"), contending that defendant violated the Fifth Amendment's Due Process Clause when he declined to return plaintiffs property previously seized by the United States Park Police. Defendant has moved to dismiss plaintiffs complaint. After due consideration of the law and pleadings, defendant's Motion to Dismiss is GRANTED.
On May 23, 2009, the U.S. Park Police arrested plaintiff and seized from him two firearms, ammunition, and two holsters. Compl. ¶¶ 5-6. Plaintiff was subsequently charged with possession of two unregistered firearms and with unlawful possession of ammunition in the Superior Court for the District of Columbia. Id. ¶ 5; see 2009 CDC 012256 (Superior Court Electronic Docket). On October 26, 2009, Leyland pleaded guilty to two counts of possession of an unregistered firearm, and the charge of unlawful possession of ammunition was dropped. Compl. ¶ 7. Plaintiff was sentenced to six months' unsupervised probation, which he completed on April 26, 2010. Id. ¶¶ 7, 9.
Because the Superior Court did not order any of the seized property to be forfeited, Leyland's counsel wrote defendant on August 9, 2010, requesting that his property be returned. Id. ¶ 8, 10. To date, the property has not been returned. Id. ¶ 11.
On December 30, 2010, plaintiff filed this lawsuit seeking damages under Bivens and an injunction ordering his property be returned. Compl. at 3-4. On April 21, 2011, defendant filed a motion to dismiss Leyland's complaint, or in the alternative, for summary judgment. For the following reasons, defendant's motion is GRANTED.
A court may dismiss a complaint or any portion of it for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. Fed. R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6). In considering a motion to dismiss, however, the Court may only consider "the facts alleged in the complaint, any documents either attached to or incorporated in the complaint and matters of which [the court] may take judicial notice." E.E.O.C. v. St. Francis Xavier Parochial Sch., 117 F.3d 621, 624 (D.C.Cir. 1997). To survive a motion to dismiss, a complainant must "plead [ ] factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged." Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 1949, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009). In evaluating a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the Court construes the complaint "in favor of the plaintiff, who must be granted the benefit of all inferences that can be derived from the facts alleged." Schuler v. United States, 617 F.2d 605, 608 (D.C.Cir.1979) (internal quotation marks omitted). However, factual allegations, even though assumed to be true, must still "be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level." Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007). Moreover, the Court "need not accept inferences drawn by plaintiff[] if such inferences are unsupported by the facts set out in the complaint. Nor must the court accept legal conclusions cast in the form of factual allegations." Kowal v. MCI
An action for damages brought against federal officials in their individual capacity pursuant to the U.S. Constitution is commonly referred to as a Bivens action. See Bivens, 403 U.S. at 397, 91 S.Ct. 1999 (holding plaintiff may sue federal agents for money damages for violation of his constitutional rights). However, "in most instances[, the Supreme Court has] found a Bivens remedy unjustified." Wilkie v. Robbins, 551 U.S. 537, 550, 127 S.Ct. 2588, 168 L.Ed.2d 389 (2007). Indeed, in the Supreme Court's "more recent decisions[, it has] responded cautiously to suggestions that Bivens be extended into new contexts." Schweiker v. Chilicky, 487 U.S. 412, 421, 108 S.Ct. 2460, 101 L.Ed.2d 370 (1988). There are two instances, however, where it is clearly inappropriate to award money damages for a Bivens claim. Bivens, 403 U.S. at 396, 91 S.Ct. 1999. First, when there are "special factors" counseling against creating a Bivens remedy, and second, where there is a congressional declaration prohibiting recovery of monetary damages or remitting recovery to another equally effective remedy. Id. In a motion to dismiss a Bivens claim, the defendant bears the burden to prove the existence of one of these two instances. See Carlson v. Green, 446 U.S. 14, 18-19, 100 S.Ct. 1468, 64 L.Ed.2d 15 (1980). Unfortunately for Leyland, the defendant has done so here by relying on the "special factor" of a comprehensive procedural and remedial scheme for individuals seeking the return of seized property: Superior Court Rule of Criminal Procedure 41(g).
Rule 41(g) provides that a person aggrieved "by the deprivation of property may move the Court for the return of property." Indeed, the proper remedy for seeking the return of such property is to simply file a motion under Rule 41(g).
Although Rule 41(g) does not provide damages as a remedy, "[a] remedial statute need not provide full relief to the
Consequently, Leyland's claim is barred due to Rule 41(g) providing an adequate, comprehensive procedural and remedial scheme. Accordingly, defendant's motion to dismiss must be GRANTED.
Even if Leyland's Bivens claim was not barred due to "special factors," defendant still has qualified immunity, shielding him from this lawsuit. Indeed, qualified immunity shields public officials "from undue interference with their duties and from potentially disabling threats of liability," Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 806, 102 S.Ct. 2727, 73 L.Ed.2d 396 (1982). In short, it is designed to dispose of "insubstantial lawsuits" on a motion to dismiss, thereby avoiding unnecessary litigation, id. at 808, 102 S.Ct. 2727. Not surprisingly, the Supreme Court has "repeatedly stressed the importance of resolving immunity questions at the earliest possible stage in litigation." Hunter v. Bryant, 502 U.S. 224, 227, 112 S.Ct. 534, 116 L.Ed.2d 589 (1991) (per curiam).
Here, the defendant clearly enjoys qualified immunity because he correctly concluded that an unregistered firearm is contraband, see United States v. Moore, 104 F.3d 377, 389 (D.C.Cir.1997); Guishard v. United States, 669 A.2d 1306, 1311 (D.C.1995); Thompson v. United States, 567 A.2d 907, 908 (D.C.1989), and that an individual has no right to its return, see United States v. Wright, 610 F.2d 930, 939 (D.C.Cir.1979) (citing United States v. Wilson, 540 F.2d 1100, 1101 (D.C.Cir.1976)); Boggs v. Rubin, 161 F.3d 37, 40 (D.C.Cir. 1998); United States v. Farrell, 606 F.2d 1341, 1343 (D.C.Cir.1979).
Moreover, if and when a defendant seeks the return of his property, the proper recourse is for him to move the court under Rule 41(g)—not demand the property's return from the Park Police property office.
Finally, Leyland sues defendant in his individual capacity seeking injunctive relief. Injunctive relief, however, is not available against a defendant sued in his individual capacity. Hatfill v. Gonzales, 519 F.Supp.2d 13, 26 (D.D.C.2007) (holding that injunctive relief "can only be provided by the government through government employees acting in their official capacities because deprivation of a constitutional right can only be remedied by the government"); see Cnty. Bd. of Arlington, Va. v. U.S. Dep't of Transp., 705 F.Supp.2d 25, 29 (D.D.C.2010).
For the foregoing reasons, defendant's Motion to Dismiss, ECF No. 5, is GRANTED. An appropriate order will accompany this memorandum opinion.
For the reasons set forth in the Memorandum Opinion entered this date, it is this 6th day of July, 2011, hereby
ORDERED that the defendant Miller Edwards's Motion to Dismiss [#5] is GRANTED; it is further
ORDERED that the above-captioned case is DISMISSED with prejudice.
SO ORDERED.