MEMORANDUM OPINION & ORDER

HENRY H. KENNEDY, JR., District Judge.

Plaintiff Mesafint Beyene brings this action against his employer, Hilton Hotels Corporation ("Hilton"), asserting claims of discrimination, retaliation, and harassment in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ("Title VII"), 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq., intentional infliction of emotional distress, negligent hiring and retention, and invasion of privacy. Before the Court is Hilton's motion for summary judgment [#25]. Upon consideration of the motion, the opposition thereto, and the record of the case, the Court concludes that the motion should be granted in part and denied in part.

I. BACKGROUND

Beyene has been employed by Hilton since 1999, where he is a food server in the room service department at the Hilton Washington. He is a native of Ethiopia and a member of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido Religion Church.

A. Interactions with Chowdhury and Salah

Beyene's case centers primarily on his interactions with two co-workers, Jaman Chowdhury and Yazan Salah. In approximately May 2007, Beyene reported to the U.S. Secret Service, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and the Security Director at the Hilton Washington that he had heard Chowdhury and Salah threaten to kill then-President George W. Bush as well as make comments "favoring terrorist organizations, against the Jew [sic], denouncing Christianity and the West." Pl.'s Mem. of Law in Opp'n to Def.'s Mot. for Summ. J. ("Pl.'s Opp'n"), Ex. 3 (Decl. of Mesafint Beyene (Nov. 22, 2010)) ("Beyene Decl.") ¶ 16; see also Def.'s Mot. for Summ. J. ("Def.'s Mot."), Ex. A (Dep. of Mesafint Beyene (July 1, 2009)) ("Beyene First Dep.") at 50, 63. The Hilton Washington Security Department investigated Beyene's report about Chowdhury and Salah but was unable to substantiate Beyene's allegations. Def.'s Mot., Ex. G (Decl. of Ahmed Niazi, Director of Security, Hilton Washington (Oct. 28, 2010)) ¶¶ 4, 6.

According to Beyene, Chowdhury and Salah became aware that Beyene had made this report, and began to threaten and harass him. Beyene First Dep. at 55-56, 76; Def.'s Mot, Ex. B (Dep. of Mesafint Beyene (Sept. 28, 2010)) ("Beyene Second Dep.") at 76. These threats allegedly included threats on his life, such as threats to cut his throat and send his head to Africa. See Beyene Decl. ¶ 14; Def.'s Mot., Beyene Second Dep. at 120. He also avers that Chowdhury and Salah harassed him when they saw him reading the Bible in the workplace. Beyene Decl. ¶ 10. Beyene complained about Chowdhury and Salah's threatening and harassing conduct to Hilton management, but the harassment allegedly persisted for almost three years. Def.'s Mot., Beyene Second Dep. at 76.

B. Hilton's Response

As a result of Beyene's complaints, the Human Resources Department at the Hilton Washington launched an investigation into Chowdhury and Salah's conduct toward Beyene. The investigation included, at least, interviews of Beyene, Chowdhury, Salah, and two other potential witnesses, Hassan Boudieh and Omar Farouk. Def.'s Mot., Ex. E (Decl. of Atlabachew Aklilu (Oct. 29, 2010)) ("Aklilu Decl.") ¶¶ 3-5; Beyene Second Dep. at 87; Def.'s Mot., Ex. C (Decl. of Patricia Buckley (Oct. 28, 2010)) ("Buckley Decl.") ¶¶ 7-9; Def.'s Mot., Ex. H (Dep. of Patricia Buckley (Aug. 9, 2010)) ("Buckley Dep.") at 13-14.1 Based on these interviews, Hilton was unable to corroborate Beyene's complaints. Aklilu Decl. ¶¶ 3-5; Def.'s Mot., Ex. D (Dep. of Atlabachew Aklilu (Aug. 16, 2010)) ("Aklilu Dep.") at 11; Def.'s Mot., Beyene Second Dep. at 25; Buckley Decl. ¶¶ 9, 11.

Despite Beyene's complaints about Chowdhury and Salah, Hilton kept Beyene on the same work shifts as Chowdhury and Salah, where they shared common work areas. Pl.'s Mot., Aklilu Dep. at 27. Further, Hilton denied Beyene's request to transfer to a different department. Pl.'s Opp'n, Beyene Second Dep. at 166.

Following his complaints about Chowdhury and Salah, Beyene avers that Hilton also engaged in retaliatory behavior, including causing him to receive two unjustified "write-ups." Beyene First Dep. at 89-90.2 Additionally, Beyene alleges that Hilton gave him a different percentage of gratuities than was given to other room service servers. Beyene Decl. ¶ 22; Pl.'s Opp'n, Beyene Second Dep. at 71-72.

C. Sunday Work Schedule

After he was hired, Beyene informed Hilton that, pursuant to his religious beliefs, he had to attend church on Sundays. Beyene Decl. ¶ 8; Pl.'s Opp'n, Beyene Second Dep. at 39-40, 46; see also Pl.'s Opp'n, Aklilu Dep. at 27-28. He requested that Hilton not require him to work on Sundays, see Beyene Decl. ¶ 8; Pl.'s Opp'n, Beyene Second Dep. at 155, and provided Hilton with letters from the leader of his church asking that he be permitted to attend church on Sundays. Pl.'s Opp'n, Ex. 2 (Letters from Reverend Dr. Amare Kassaye, Head of the Church, Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido Religion Church). According to Beyene, Hilton did not agree to this request and permitted him to take Sundays off only by using his Voluntary Days Off, thereby forcing him to forgo a paycheck for that day. Beyene Decl. ¶ 9; Pl.'s Opp'n, Beyene Second Dep. at 39-40.

II. LEGAL STANDARD

A motion for summary judgment should be granted "if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." FED.R.CIV.P. 56(a). A material fact is one that "might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law." Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). The movant must support its factual positions by "citing to particular parts of materials in the record, including depositions, documents, electronically stored information, affidavits or declarations, stipulations ..., admissions, interrogatory answers, or other materials." FED.R.CIV.P. 56(c)(1)(A); see Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986).

If the moving party meets its burden, the non-moving party must then establish that a genuine dispute as to any material fact actually exists. See Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986). To meet its burden, the non-moving party must show that "the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict" in its favor. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505. Such evidence must consist of more than mere unsupported allegations or denials and must set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine dispute for trial. See FED.R.CIV.P. 56(c)(1), (e); Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322 n.3, 106 S.Ct. 2548. If the evidence is "merely colorable" or "not significantly probative," summary judgment may be granted. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249-50, 106 S.Ct. 2505.

III. ANALYSIS

A. Title VII Claims

Beyene's amended complaint does not identify discrete claims under Title VII; instead, it lumps all of his allegations regarding Title VII under the heading "Count One (Employment Discrimination)." See Am. Compl. at 1. The Court reads Beyene's amended complaint as asserting the following violations of Title VII:(1) religious discrimination related to Hilton's scheduling Beyene to work on Sundays, id. ¶ 7; (2) national origin discrimination based on Hilton's practice of paying Beyene a lower percentage of gratuities than other employees, id. ¶ 13; Beyene Decl. ¶ 22; (3) the creation of a hostile work environment based on Beyene's religion and/or national origin, Am. Compl. ¶ 11; and (4) retaliation, id. ¶¶ 5, 9-12. The Court will first address Beyene's scheduling and payment claims and then turn to Beyene's hostile work environment and retaliation claims.

1. Unexhausted Claims

Under Title VII, a plaintiff must timely exhaust his administrative remedies before filing suit in federal court. Payne v. Salazar, 619 F.3d 56, 65 (D.C.Cir.2010). To do so, a claimant must first file an administrative charge; only the claims contained in the charge or those that are "`like or reasonably related to the allegations of the charge'" can be raised in a Title VII lawsuit. Park v. Howard Univ., 71 F.3d 904, 907 (D.C.Cir.1995) (quoting Cheek v. W. & S. Life Ins. Co., 31 F.3d 497, 500 (7th Cir.1994)). "At a minimum, the Title VII claims must arise from `the administrative investigation that can reasonably be expected to follow the charge of discrimination.'" Id. (quoting Chisholm v. USPS, 665 F.2d 482, 491 (4th Cir.1981)). "A court cannot allow liberal interpretation of an administrative charge to permit a litigant to bypass the Title VII administrative process." Id.

Hilton contends that Beyene has failed to exhaust his administrative remedies with regards to his scheduling and pay disparity claims. The Court agrees. Beyene's signed Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ("EEOC") Charge alleges that Beyene's co-workers and Hilton management harassed him following Beyene's report of his co-workers' allegedly suspicious behavior. See Def.'s Mot., Beyene Second Dep. Attach. ("EEOC Charge").3 The Charge makes no mention of any scheduling or pay disparity concerns.4 Because Beyene's scheduling and pay disparity claims are not at all related to the harassment alleged in his EEOC Charge, the allegations in the Charge are not sufficient to administratively exhaust these claims. See, e.g., Lyles v. District of Columbia, 777 F.Supp.2d 128, 135-37 (D.D.C.2011) (finding that certain of the plaintiff's claims of retaliation were not reasonably related to the EEO charge where the alleged adverse actions were not "mention[ed]" in the EEO charge and were "distinct and separate" from the acts alleged in the charge).

Beyene does not contest this conclusion; instead, he asserts that he did in fact raise the scheduling and pay disparity issues with an EEOC staff member when he filed his Charge, but because there was no Amharic interpreter present,5 he signed the Charge without knowing that the EEOC staff member had not included those issues. Pl.'s Opp'n at 17. As evidence that he informed the EEOC staff member of those issues, Beyene points to his own deposition testimony:

Because "a plaintiff has an opportunity to review his charge prior to signing it, courts are reluctant to excuse exhaustion on the grounds that the EEOC investigator failed to include certain information in the charge." Marcelus v. Corr. Corp. of Am./Corr. Treatment Facility, 540 F.Supp.2d 231, 236 (D.D.C.2008) (holding that the plaintiff had failed to exhaust despite the plaintiff's assertion that an EEOC investigator incorrectly told him that his claims of retaliation were included in his EEOC Charge). Beyene's testimony is far too vague to overcome this judicial reluctance.6 His statement that "I have told her many things" is not sufficient to create a genuine dispute as to whether he complained to the EEOC staff member about being required to work on Sundays and/or his belief that he was paid a lower percentage of gratuities than other room service servers based on his national origin. Cf. Beyene First Dep. at 116 ("Q: Earlier on when you talked about filing the charge ... all that stuff that's in there was related to this national security issue. That's why you were filing it, right? A: Yes.").

Furthermore, Beyene's EEOC Intake Questionnaire undercuts Beyene's contention that he complained of these scheduling and pay disparity issues to the EEOC. The Questionnaire, which appears to have been filled out by Beyene, contains no allegations related to these concerns. To the contrary, he writes only "I was harrassed [sic] because I report very important information to police. It was about national security." Def.'s Reply, Ex. G (Decl. of Matthew Neiman (Dec. 6, 2010)), Attach. at 2 ("EEOC Intake Questionnaire").

There is no other evidence in the record that supports Beyene's contention that he informed the EEOC of his complaints regarding his Sunday work schedule and alleged pay disparity. Accordingly, the Court concludes that Beyene failed to exhaust his administrative remedies with respect to these claims. Therefore, Hilton's motion for summary judgment as to these claims is granted.

2. Hostile Work Environment

Beyene next asserts that he was subjected to a hostile work environment in violation of Title VII by (1) Hilton management's "leaking" of Beyene's report to the Secret Service to Chowdhury and Salah; (2) their subsequent harassment of him; (3) and Hilton's alleged failure to stop this harassment. Hilton argues that Beyene cannot succeed on this claim as a matter of law because he cannot prove that the conduct of which he complains was based on his membership in a protected class. See Na'im v. Clinton, 626 F.Supp.2d 63, 73 (D.D.C.2009) ("[H]ostile behavior, no matter how unjustified or egregious, cannot support a claim of hostile work environment unless there exists some linkage between the hostile behavior and the plaintiff's membership in a protected class."). Hilton's position has merit. Although Beyene now asserts that the harassment he suffered was the result of his religion or national origin, the record belies this assertion.

Beyene repeatedly testified that Chowdhury and Salah harassed him only because he reported his national security concerns about them to law enforcement authorities:

Beyene First Dep. at 54-56.7 Similarly, in both his EEOC Charge and EEOC Intake Questionnaire, he asserted that his report that Chowdhury and Salah posed a potential national security threat was the cause of their harassment.8 Accordingly, the record makes clear that the alleged harassment by Chowdhury and Salah's arose from their displeasure at Beyene's report about their allegedly suspicious behavior and not from any discriminatory animus based on Beyene's religion or national origin.9

Nevertheless, Beyene argues that his hostile work environment claim is "not about `national security.'" Pl.'s Opp'n at 13. Instead, he states that he lodged two complaints about Chowdhury and Salah: one to law enforcement agencies and the Hilton Security Director based on his perception that they posed a national security threat, and a second, "subsequent complaint... to his supervisor, managers, and the Human Resource (HR) [sic] ... based on threats and harassment when the co-workers found out that the Plaintiff was not a Muslim like them." Pl.'s Opp'n at 13. As support, he cites his declaration, in which he states that his co-workers' harassment of him was because, in addition to his national security report about them, "[he] was not Muslim." See Beyene Decl. ¶¶ 16-18; see also id. ¶ 16 (stating that the co-workers "threatened to cut my throat since I am a Christian").

The assertion that Chowdhury and Salah's harassment was related to Beyene's religion finds no corroboration in the record outside of Beyene's declaration.10 Moreover, such a connection is contradicted by Beyene's sworn deposition testimony, cited above, attributing their harassment solely to his national security report about them. Beyene "cannot create or resurrect a genuine issue of material fact and thereby defeat summary judgment by filing a self-serving affidavit that contradicts previous sworn testimony." Thompson v. Islam, 2005 WL 3262926, at *3 (D.D.C. July 29, 2005); see also Pyramid Sec. Ltd. v. IB Resolution, Inc., 924 F.2d 1114, 1123 (D.C.Cir.1991) (recognizing the principle that a party "may not create a material issue of fact simply by contradicting its prior sworn testimony"); Fields v. Office of Johnson, 520 F.Supp.2d 101, 105 (D.D.C.2007) ("Self-serving testimony does not create genuine issues of material fact."). Instead, "[t]he prior sworn statement will receive controlling weight unless the shifting party can offer persuasive reasons for believing the supposed correction." Pyramid Sec. Ltd., 924 F.2d at 1123. Beyene has offered no reason why the statements in his recent declaration should be credited over his sworn deposition testimony. Accordingly, the Court will not consider the portions of Beyene's declaration that contradict his prior testimony, and will grant the motion for summary judgment on Beyene's hostile work environment claim. Id.11

3. Retaliation

Beyene asserts that he suffered various retaliatory actions,12 including Chowdhury's and Salah's harassment of him and Hilton's giving him an unjustified "write-up" for taking sick leave.13 Hilton argues that Beyene's retaliation claim must fail because he cannot show that he engaged in activity protected by Title VII. Hilton's argument has merit.

Title VII makes it unlawful for an employer to "discriminate against any of his employees or applicants for employment... because he has opposed any practice made an unlawful employment practice by this subchapter, or because he has made a charge, testified, assisted, or participated in any manner in an investigation, proceeding, or hearing under this subchapter." 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a). Title VII retaliation claims are assessed pursuant to the burden-shifting framework set out by the Supreme Court in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802-03, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973). "Under that framework, a plaintiff must first establish a prima facie case of retaliation by showing (1) that he engaged in statutorily protected activity; (2) that he suffered a materially adverse action by his employer; and (3) that a causal link connects the two." Jones v. Bernanke, 557 F.3d 670, 677 (D.C.Cir.2009).14 Here, Beyene cannot show that he engaged in protected activity.

"An activity is `protected' for the purposes of a retaliation claim `if it involves opposing alleged discriminatory treatment by the employer or participating in legal efforts against the alleged treatment.'" Lemmons v. Georgetown Univ. Hosp., 431 F.Supp.2d 76, 91-92 (D.D.C. 2006) (quoting Coleman v. Potomac Elec. Power Co., 422 F.Supp.2d 209, 212-13 (D.D.C.2006)); see also 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a). Thus, not every complaint entitles its author to protection from retaliation under Title VII. Broderick v. Donaldson, 437 F.3d 1226, 1232 (D.C.Cir.2006). "`While no `magic words' are required, the complaint must in some way allege unlawful discrimination,'—that is, discrimination on the basis of a protected characteristic." Middlebrooks v. Godwin Corp., 722 F.Supp.2d 82, 89 (D.D.C.2010) (quoting Broderick, 437 F.3d at 1232). Therefore, Beyene must demonstrate that he complained of some unlawful discrimination based on his membership in a protected class. He has not done so.

Beyene argues that his complaint to Hilton about Chowdhury and Salah's harassment, which occurred at some point subsequent to his report that they potentially posed a national security threat, constitutes protected activity. There is no evidence, however, that this complaint referred to his religion or national origin. Patricia Buckley, who was the Assistant Director of Human Resources at the Hilton Washington at the time, initiated the investigation of Beyene's complaints of Chowdhury and Salah's alleged conduct. Buckley Decl. ¶¶ 3, 7. Prior to her transfer to a different Hilton location in late July 2007, Buckley emailed a summary of her investigation. Id. ¶ 10. Her summary shows that Beyene claimed that he had reported Chowdhury and Salah's suspicious behavior to law enforcement agencies and they subsequently confronted and threatened him. Id., Attach. at 1 (Email, Patricia Buckley to Peter Hill (July 11, 2007)). The summary includes no mention that Beyene made any reference to Chowdhury and Salah's behavior being related to Beyene's religion or national origin.

Furthermore, Beyene's deposition testimony indicates that he himself believed that he was retaliated against because of his initial national security report, not because of his membership in a protected class. Regarding his allegedly unjustified "write-up" from Hilton, he testified:

Beyene First Dep. at 91-92; see also id. at 116 ("Q: So it's all—but it's all retaliation stemming back to your national security complaints? A: Yes."). He also testified that he believed that Chowdhury and Salah harassed him because of the national security report. See Beyene First Dep. at 55 ("Q: And then you feel you were retaliated against because of your reports for national security? A: Yeah, because of my report to national security to the hotel and the hotel gave this information to them, I think I believe that that's why this happened to me.").

Beyene has put forward no evidence that his complaint to Hilton management alleged unlawful discrimination based on his membership in a protected class. Accordingly, Beyene has not established that he engaged in statutorily protected activity. See, e.g., Robinson-Reeder v. Am. Council on Educ., 532 F.Supp.2d 6, 14 (D.D.C.2008) (finding that the plaintiff had not alleged that she engaged in protected activity where she complained about her "insubordinate office assistant" and the "effects of nepotism" but not any "discriminatory actions"); Lemmons, 431 F.Supp.2d at 92-93 (holding that the plaintiff had not demonstrated that she participated in a protected activity where she complained of harassment by her supervisor but the "complaint allege[d] harassment generally and generically ... and [did] not refer to harassment or discrimination based on race or any other protected category"); Logan v. Dep't of Veteran Affairs, 404 F.Supp.2d 72, 77 (D.D.C.2005) (determining that the plaintiff's letter regarding management practices and the plaintiff's grievance regarding medical care did not constitute protected activity under Title VII "because they [did] not include a claim of discrimination based upon race, color, religion, sex or national origin"). The Court, therefore, must grant Hilton's motion for summary judgment on Beyene's retaliation claims.

B. Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress

Beyene bases his intentional infliction of emotional distress ("IIED") claim on: (1) Hilton management's "writing him up with no good reason and [] preventing him from attending church on Sundays"; (2) Chowdhury and Salah's alleged threats and harassment; and (3) Hilton management's failure "to do anything" in response to Beyene's complaints. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 17-18. Hilton argues that summary judgment must be granted in its favor because this alleged conduct does not rise to the level of outrageousness necessary to support an IIED claim; and, in any event, no liability should attach based on Chowdhury and Salah's conduct because they were acting outside the scope of their employment when they threatened and harassed Beyene. The Court will first address whether either Hilton's conduct or that of Chowdhury and Salah is outrageous enough to make out an IIED claim. Because the Court finds that Chowdhury and Salah's conduct is sufficiently outrageous, the Court then turns to the scope of employment issue.

1. Outrageousness of Conduct at Issue

A party claiming IIED must show: "(1) extreme and outrageous conduct on the part of the defendant which (2) either intentionally or recklessly (3) cause[d] the plaintiff severe emotional distress." Halcomb v. Woods, 610 F.Supp.2d 77, 80 (D.D.C.2009) (alteration in original) (citing Larijani v. Georgetown Univ., 791 A.2d 41, 44 (D.C.2002)).15 "To establish the required degree of outrageousness [to sustain an IIED claim], the plaintiff must allege conduct so outrageous in character, and so extreme in degree, as to go beyond all possible bounds of decency, and to be regarded as atrocious, and utterly intolerable in a civilized community." Kerrigan v. Britches of Georgetowne, Inc., 705 A.2d 624, 628 (D.C.1997) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). This "very demanding standard" is "only infrequently met." Dale v. Thomason, 962 F.Supp. 181, 184 (D.D.C.1997). "Especially in the employment context, the standard is exacting." Evans v. District of Columbia, 391 F.Supp.2d 160, 170 (D.D.C.2005); see also Duncan v. Children's Nat'l Med. Ctr., 702 A.2d 207, 211-12 (D.C.1997) ("[G]enerally, employer-employee conflicts do not rise to the level of outrageous conduct.").

As a matter of law, Hilton's conduct in giving Beyene allegedly unjustified "write-ups" and scheduling Beyene to work on Sundays does not rise to the level of "extreme and outrageous conduct."16 Courts have routinely held that much more extreme behavior fails to make out an IIED claim in the employment context. See, e.g., Grandison v. Wackenhut Servs., Inc., 514 F.Supp.2d 12, 14, 17-18 (D.D.C. 2007) (finding that allegations of harassment by supervisor and coworkers, including, inter alia, "intentionally interfering with [the plaintiff's] right to leave work, being sent home without pay for trumped up reasons ..., unfounded threats of discipline, lies concerning [the plaintiff] being argumentative or verbal with his supervisor," and physical assault by a former supervisor, did not make out an IIED claim); Crowley v. N. Am. Telecomm. Ass'n, 691 A.2d 1169, 1172 (D.C.1997) (affirming that allegations that employee "was subjected to contempt, scorn and other indignities in the workplace by his supervisor and an unwarranted evaluation and discharge" failed to state an IIED claim); Duncan, 702 A.2d at 211-12 (holding that, as a matter of law, conduct was not sufficiently outrageous to establish an IIED claim where the plaintiff alleged that her employer forced her to choose, while pregnant, between continuing work in a position that exposed her fetus to radiation or losing her job).

Beyene's argument that Chowdhury and Salah's harassment constitutes extreme and outrageous conduct is more compelling. According to Beyene, Chowdhury and Salah repeatedly harassed him and threatened his life over a three year period, causing him grave distress. Beyene Decl. ¶¶ 10, 14; Def.'s Mot., Beyene Second Dep. at 118. They threatened "to cause [him] serious bodily harm by cutting [his] throat" and to "ship [his] head to Africa." Beyene Decl. ¶ 14; see also Pl.'s Opp'n, Bank Dep. at 6-7 (recounting that Beyene had told him that Chowdhury and Salah "said they were going to kill [Beyene]" and "cut his neck off"); Beyene First Dep. at 76 (stating that Chowdhury had made "more than [one] hundred" threats to him between May 2007 and July 2009).

The ultimate question in an IIED case is whether "the recitation of the facts to the average member of the community would arouse his resentment against the actor, and lead him to exclaim, `Outrageous!'" Homan v. Goyal, 711 A.2d 812, 818 (D.C. 1998) (quoting RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 46 cmt. d). Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Beyene and making no credibility determinations, the Court concludes that a reasonable jury could find that Beyene's assertions of repeated and sustained threats of physical violence and death from Chowdhury and Salah meet this standard. See Sampson v. Wash. Metro. Area Transit Auth., 477 F.Supp.2d 223, 226-27 (D.D.C.2007) (denying summary judgment where the plaintiff alleged multiple "threats of [physical] violence and intimidation in a unionized workshop employment setting"); Homan, 711 A.2d at 818 (upholding the jury verdict in favor of the plaintiff, and reversing the trial judge's judgment not withstanding the verdict in favor of the defendant, on an IIED claim where the defendant gave the plaintiff's home address to a third person who the defendant should have expected would repeatedly harass and even threaten the plaintiff's life); cf. Howard Univ. v. Best, 484 A.2d 958, 986 (D.C.1984) ("Repeated harassment may compound the outrageousness of incidents which, taken individually, might not be sufficiently extreme to warrant liability." (internal quotation and internal alteration omitted)). Accordingly, the Court finds that the evidence of Chowdhury and Salah's conduct is outrageous enough to make out an IIED claim at this stage of the litigation.

2. Scope of Employment

Beyene, however, has not sued Chowdhury and Salah. Instead, he has named only Hilton as a defendant in this lawsuit. Hilton contends that even if Chowdhury and Salah's conduct was outrageous, it should not be held liable because Chowdhury and Salah were acting outside the scope of their employment. The Court agrees.

In the District of Columbia, employers may be held vicariously liable for acts of their employees that are committed within the scope of employment. See Penn Cent. Transp. Co. v. Reddick, 398 A.2d 27, 29 (D.C.1979). District of Columbia courts look to the Restatement to determine which acts fall within that scope. See Schecter v. Merchs. Home Delivery, Inc., 892 A.2d 415, 427-28 (D.C.2006). The Restatement provides:

RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF AGENCY § 228(1) (1958). The party asserting the employer-employee relationship has the burden of proving it. District of Columbia v. Hampton, 666 A.2d 30, 38 (D.C.1995). Beyene has failed to establish, at least, that Chowdhury and Salah's conduct satisfies the third prong of the Restatement test.

Under District of Columbia law, "the moment the agent turns aside from the business of the principal and commits an independent trespass, the principal is not liable. The agent is not then acting within the scope of his authority in the business of the principal, but in the furtherance of his own ends." Schecter, 892 A.2d at 427 (internal citation and emphasis omitted). "The key inquiry is the employee's intent at the moment the tort occurred." Majano v. United States, 469 F.3d 138, 142 (D.C.Cir.2006); see also M.J. Uline Co. v. Cashdan, 171 F.2d 132, 134 (D.C.Cir.1948) (noting that tortious conduct would be outside the scope of employment if, "when [the tortfeasor] struck the blow, [he was] completely indifferent to the work he was employed to do and actuated only by anger or hostility toward the man he tried to injure").

Here, there is no evidence that Chowdhury and Salah were motivated in any part by a desire to advance the interests of Hilton when they threatened and harassed Beyene. To the contrary, they appear to have acted "solely for the accomplishment of [their] independent, malicious, mischievous and selfish purposes." Boykin v. District of Columbia, 484 A.2d 560, 562 (D.C.1984).17 Consequently, although Chowdhury and Salah may have acted reprehensibly, Beyene has failed to demonstrate that Hilton may be held liable for their torts. Accordingly, the Court must grant Hilton's motion for summary judgment as to Beyene's IIED claim.

C. Negligence Claims

Beyene also brings claims for negligent hiring and negligent retention. These negligence torts recognize that an employer owes duties to third persons "to use reasonable care to select employees competent and fit for the work assigned to them and to refrain from retaining the services of an unfit employee." See Fleming v. Bronfin, 80 A.2d 915, 917 (D.C. 1951). Where the employer breaches this duty, causing an injury to a third party, "the employer may be liable even though the injury was brought about by the willful act of the employee beyond the scope of his employment." Id.

1. Negligent Hiring

Beyene's negligent hiring claim is based on his assertion that Chowdhury was "fir[ed] and rehir[ed]" after Beyene had complained of his (and Salah's) harassing conduct. Pl.'s Opp'n at 20. According to Beyene, Hilton's rehiring of Chowdhury amounted to negligent hiring. Id. Hilton responds by offering the declaration of the Director of Human Resources at the Hilton Washington, which states that Chowdhury has remained continuously employed by Hilton since the time of Beyene's first complaints. Buckley Decl. ¶ 13. Based on this declaration, Hilton argues that the premise for Beyene's negligent hiring claim is inaccurate. The Court agrees.

The only support in the record for Beyene's contention that Chowdhury was fired and rehired are inadmissible statements by Beyene himself. In his second deposition, Beyene stated that Bruce Banks and the CEO of his union told him that Chowdhury had been fired and then reinstated. Def.'s Reply, Beyene Second Dep. at 114-15. These statements are inadmissible, however, because, at the summary judgment stage, the nonmovant's evidence "must be capable of being converted into admissible evidence" at trial. Gleklen v. Democratic Cong. Campaign Comm., Inc., 199 F.3d 1365, 1369 (D.C.Cir.2000); see also FED.R.CIV.P. 56(c)(2). Here, Beyene's evidence about Chowdhury's rehiring is hearsay; he would not be permitted to testify about those conversations at trial. See Gleklen, 199 F.3d at 1369 (citing FED. R.EVID. 801-807) (holding that portions of a deposition transcript that amounted to "sheer hearsay" could not be considered on a motion for summary judgment); see also 10A CHARLES ALAN WRIGHT ET AL., FEDERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE § 2722 (3d ed.) ("Only that portion of a deposition that would be admissible in evidence at trial may be introduced on a summary-judgment motion...."). Accordingly, the Court will not consider Beyene's statements about his conversations regarding Chowdhury's alleged rehiring.18

Thus, Beyene has not presented the Court with any admissible evidence to dispute the declaration from Buckley, as the Director of Human Resources at the Hilton Washington, that Hilton hired Chowdhury before Beyene came to work at the hotel and kept him in the continuous employ of the hotel throughout the relevant time period. Buckley Decl. ¶ 13. Therefore, because the record fails to establish that Hilton rehired Chowdhury after Beyene complained of Chowdhury's conduct, the Court grants summary judgment for Hilton on Beyene's negligent hiring claim.

2. Negligent Retention

To establish a claim for negligent retention, a plaintiff must show "that the employer breached a duty to plaintiff to use reasonable care in the ... retention of an employee which proximately caused harm to plaintiff." Phelan v. City of Mount Rainier, 805 A.2d 930, 940 (D.C. 2002). This theory of liability requires that "an employer knew or should have known its employee behaved in a dangerous or otherwise incompetent manner, and that the employer, armed with that actual or constructive knowledge, failed to adequately supervise the employee." Brown v. Argenbright Sec., Inc., 782 A.2d 752, 760 (D.C.2001) (quoting Giles v. Shell Oil Corp., 487 A.2d 610, 613 (D.C.1985)).19

Beyene argues that Hilton was negligent in retaining Chowdhury and Salah after he informed Hilton of their harassing and threatening behavior.20 Hilton responds that it investigated all of Beyene's complaints but could not corroborate them. Thus, Hilton asserts that there is no evidence of any inappropriate conduct that would have put Hilton on notice that Chowdhury or Salah posed any risk of harm to Beyene or other employees.21 Beyene contends that Hilton's investigation was inadequate, see Beyene Decl. ¶¶ 11, 13, and that, had it been conducted properly, Hilton "would have known that the two co-workers had [the] propensity to harass the Plaintiff at [the] workplace." Pl.'s Opp'n at 21. Beyene has the stronger argument.

While Hilton claims that it conducted a reasonable investigation of Beyene's complaints about Chowdhury and Salah, this is a question of fact. As part of its investigation, Hilton interviewed Beyene, Chowdhury, Salah, potential witnesses Hassan Boudieh and Omar Farouk, and, at least informally, Banks. Def.'s Mot., Aklilu Dep. at 11; Def.'s Mot., Bank Dep. at 8; Def.'s Mot., Beyene Second Dep. at 87; Buckley Dep. at 13-14. There is no evidence, however, that Hilton interviewed additional witnesses whom Beyene had identified as observing some of the harassment. According to Beyene's deposition testimony, "the Spanish workers at housekeeping" saw Chowdhury and Salah harass him, and he informed Hilton's security director of that fact. Pl.'s Opp'n, Beyene Second Dep. at 120. A reasonable juror could find that Hilton should have interviewed all identified witnesses, and, if it had done so, it would have discovered the veracity of Beyene's allegations.22 Thus, for purposes of Beyene's negligent retention claim, the Court finds that Beyene has presented sufficient evidence to create a genuine dispute as to whether Hilton should have known that Chowdhury and Salah had behaved dangerously toward Beyene. Consequently, Hilton's motion for summary judgment Beyene's negligent retention claim is denied.

D. Invasion of Privacy

Lastly, Beyene brings a claim for unreasonable invasion of privacy based on Hilton's alleged disclosure of private facts about Beyene's medical treatment. Specifically, Beyene alleges that Hilton publicized to his co-workers that he received injections from a particular doctor. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 38, 41. As support for his claim, Beyene notes that Hilton maintains a medical file on him, Pl.'s Opp'n, Ex. 9 (Responses to Pl.'s Interrogs. to the Def.) at 2, and states that his co-workers discussed his confidential medical information in a public area. Beyene Decl. ¶ 20. He suggests that the co-workers could only have learned of his medical treatment from Hilton. Hilton responds that Beyene is unable to make out a successful claim for invasion of privacy because even if Hilton knew about Beyene's medical treatment and disclosed it to his co-workers—an allegation that it disputes23—such a disclosure is insufficient to establish the tort. Hilton's argument has merit.

To establish an invasion of privacy claim, a plaintiff must demonstrate "publicity [given] to a matter concerning [her] private life ... if the matter publicized is of a kind that (a) would be highly offensive to a reasonable person, and (b) is not of legitimate concern to the public." RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 652D.24 As a matter of law, "it is not an invasion of the right of privacy ... to communicate a fact concerning the plaintiff's private life to a single person or even to a small group of persons." Id. § 652D cmt. a. Instead, to establish the tort, the private facts at issue must be "made public, by communicating [them] to the public at large, or to so many persons that the matter must be regarded as substantially certain to become one of public knowledge." Id.; see also Steinbuch v. Cutler, 463 F.Supp.2d 1, 3 (D.D.C. 2006).

Beyene asserts that Hilton disclosed his medical information to Chowdhury, Salah, and perhaps a third unidentified individual. See Beyene Decl. ¶ 20; see also Am. Compl. ¶¶ 38-39. Therefore, even if this disclosure occurred, the information was only communicated to a small group of persons. As a result, Beyene cannot demonstrate that Hilton gave "publicity" to his private information in the manner required to establish the tort. Accordingly, Beyene's claim for invasion of privacy cannot survive summary judgment.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, it is this 30th day of September, 2011 hereby

ORDERED that Hilton's Motion for Summary Judgment [#25] is GRANTED as to Counts One, Two, and Four of Beyene's Amended Complaint; and it is further

ORDERED that Hilton's Motion for Summary Judgment [#25] is GRANTED as to Count Three insofar as Count Three asserts a claim for negligent hiring; and it is further

ORDERED that Hilton's Motion for Summary Judgment [#25] is DENIED as to Count Three insofar as Count Three asserts a claim for negligent retention.