MEMORANDUM OPINION

AMY BERMAN JACKSON, District Judge.

Plaintiff Jill Marcin brings this suit against defendants Reliance Standard Life Insurance Company ("Reliance") and Mitre Corporation Long Term Disability Insurance Program ("Mitre") under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act ("ERISA"), 29 U.S.C. § 1001, et seq. Plaintiff challenges the denial of her claim for disability benefits under the long-term disability insurance policy insured by Reliance. The parties have cross-moved for summary judgment [Dkts. #21 and #27]. Because Reliance has failed to explain the grounds for its decision denying plaintiff benefits, the Court will remand to Reliance for reconsideration of that decision. Accordingly, plaintiff's motion for summary judgment [Dkt. #21] is granted in part and denied in part and defendants' cross-motion for summary judgment [Dkt. #27] is denied.

I. BACKGROUND

A. Mitre's Long-Term Disability Insurance Policy

Plaintiff worked as a multi-discipline systems engineer at Mitre, a non-profit organization that supports federally funded research and development centers with systems engineering and information technology assistance. Pl.'s Mem. at 2; Administrative Record ("A.R.") at 14.1 On January 1, 2005, Reliance issued "Group Long-Term Disability Insurance Policy No. LTD 111701" ("the Policy" or "the Plan") to Mitre. A.R. at 14. Defendant Reliance acted as the claims review fiduciary and determined eligibility for benefits for the Policy. A.R. at 14.

In order to be eligible for disability benefits, the Policy required an insured: (1) to be "Totally Disabled as the result of a Sickness or Injury covered by this Policy;" (2) to be "under the regular care of a Physician;" (3) to "ha[ve] completed the Elimination Period;" and (4) to "submit[] satisfactory proof of Total Disability." A.R. at 18. In a provision that can hardly be described as a model of clarity, the Policy defined "Totally Disabled" and "Total Disability" as:

A.R. at 10.

The definition of "Total Disability" refers to the "Elimination Period," which is in turn defined by reference to the disability. The term "Elimination Period" is defined as a "period of consecutive days of Total Disability ... for which no benefit is payable. It begins on the first day of Total Disability." A.R. at 9. The Policy also states that the Elimination Period is "[t]he greater of expiration: 180 consecutive days of Total Disability or the end of The MITRE Corporation's continuation program." A.R. at 7.

Further, the Policy uses the term "Interruption Period," which is defined as:

A.R. at 9. Finally, the term "Actively at Work" is defined as:

Id.

B. Plaintiff's claim for disability benefits

Plaintiff was initially diagnosed with serious medical issues including kidney cancer and portal vein thrombosis in November 2005, and the Administrative Record chronicles in great detail the many doctors' appointments, diagnoses, and medical exams she underwent from 2005 to 2007. See, e.g., A.R. 796-98 (recording plaintiff's diagnosis of enlargement of the spleen and portal vein thrombosis by Dr. Sutherland); A.R. at 863-67 (results of Magnetic Resonance Imaging ("MRI") exam showing worsening of her condition); A.R. at 395-97; 712-15; 791-92; 826-27; 853-55 (diagnosis and treatment of renal cell carcinoma). According to the Administrative Record, August 19, 2007, was the last day plaintiff worked before her disability. A.R. at 657. Plaintiff indicates that she returned to work briefly in November 2007, although she does not specify a precise date. Id. Reliance estimated that she began part-time work on November 12, 2007. A.R. at 742.

On December 18, 2007, Mitre provided Reliance notice of plaintiff's claim of disability. A.R. at 1482. During the period from mid-November 2007 to mid-February 2008, plaintiff worked a reduced number of hours, which varied based on the particular week. A.R. at 742. On February 15, 2008, plaintiff stopped working altogether. A.R. at 742. On March 25, 2008, plaintiff submitted a written application for disability benefits under the Policy. A.R. at 657-66.

C. Reliance's Denial of the Plaintiff's Claim for Disability Benefits

After considering materials submitted by plaintiff as well as reviews provided by physicians consulted by Reliance, Reliance initially denied plaintiff's claim on June 11, 2008. A.R. at 741-44. The denial was based on the grounds that "the medical records in the file do not support work impairment at date of loss or beyond 11/6/07 when you were released to work status post nephrectomy." A.R. at 743.

Plaintiff appealed the decision on December 29, 2008. A.R. at 996-1028. Reliance denied the appeal on September 29, 2009. A.R. at 111-20. The denial letter sent to plaintiff provided in relevant part:

                         Total Hours
       Week of             Worked

11/12/07 to 11/18/07     24 hrs
11/19/07 to 11/25/07     17 hrs
11/26/07 to 12/02/07     26 hrs
12/03/07 to 12/09/07     22 hrs
12/10/07 to 12/16/07     29 hrs
12/17/07 to 12/23/07     28 hrs
12/24/07 to 12/30/07     no work
12/31/07 to 01/06/08     2 hours
01/07/08 to 01/13/08     28 hours
01/14/08 to 01/20/08     no work
01/21/08 to 01/27/08     32 hours
01/28/08 to 02/03/08     24 hours
02/04/08 to 02/10/08     5 hours
02/11/08 to 02/17/08     4 hours
02/18/08                 no work

A.R. at 114 (emphasis removed). Therefore, according to Reliance:

Id. (emphasis removed).

The letter continued:

Id. (emphasis added).

Reliance then discusses the sufficiency of the medical evidence submitted in support of plaintiff's claims. The letter pointed to the following:

1. Progress Notes from Dr. Felice

The denial letter noted several progress notes from Anthony Felice, M.D., an oncologist who treated plaintiff. The first note, dated December 31, 2007, states that plaintiff "was doing reasonably well with the exception of experiencing mild fatigue and anemia." A.R. at 114, citing A.R. at 735. The denial letter from Reliance remarks that this note was written after plaintiff returned to work part-time but before she stopped working altogether, and that it does not include any recommendation that she stop working. A.R. at 114-14.

The letter then references another office note from Dr. Felice on February 29, 2008 — two weeks after plaintiff had stopped working. Id. The letter states that plaintiff "was feeling better but experiencing some fatigue." Id., citing A.R. at 786. The letter also noted Dr. Felice's comment that plaintiff was being treated for a sinus infection and a yeast infection and that "neither of which are conditions that preclude individuals from work function." A.R. at 115. The denial letter also observed:

Id.

2. Attending Physician Statement completed by Dr. Abu-Elmagd

The denial letter also notes that in March 2008, Kareen Abu-Elmagd, M.D., completed an Attending Physician Statement ("APS") that was submitted in connection with plaintiff's claim for disability benefits. A.R. at 113, 115, citing A.R. at 665-66. The APS indicated that plaintiff's primary diagnoses and symptoms consisted of "extreme fatigue, frequent illness." A.R. at 665. According to the denial letter, the APS also included a section entitled "Description of Patient's Restrictions and Limitations," in which Dr. Abu-Elmagd indicated that plaintiff could stand for 1-3 hours, sit for 3-5 hours, walk for 1-3 hours, and drive for 1-3 hours. A.R. at 666. He also noted that in an eight-hour day, plaintiff could lift/carry ten pounds maximum and occasionally carry small objects, which is characterized by the form as "sedentary work." Id. The form also included a question which asked: "Has the patient achieved maximum medical improvement?" Id. Dr. Abu-Elmagd checked the box "no." Id. The APS then asked: "If yes, as of what date can patient return to work?" Since Dr. Abu-Elmagd checked the first box no, he did not answer this question. Id.

While the denial letter discusses the APS completed by Dr. Abu-Elmagd, it notes that the document was signed in March 2008, which was one month after plaintiff stopped working. A.R. at 115. Based on this, Reliance concluded:

Id. (emphasis removed).

3. Travel to Pittsburgh for medical treatment

The denial letter discusses plaintiff's treatment at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center beginning in late March 2008. A.R. at 115. It observes that in order to be treated in Pittsburgh, plaintiff was required to commute approximately 243 miles one-way from her home. Id. According to the letter: "The fact that she is able to sit (regardless of whether or not she is the driver or the passenger of the vehicle) for such extended periods of time further substantiates our position that she is not "Totally Disabled." Id.

4. Medical Reports Obtained by Reliance from Dr. Dean and Dr. Shipko

Because plaintiff's symptoms included both "physical and psychiatric components," Reliance obtained opinions from two independent physicians — Herbert Dean, M.D., and Stuart Shipko, M.D. — who reviewed plaintiff's medical records. A.R. at 115. These doctors never spoke to plaintiff and did not evaluate her medical condition in person.3

Dr. Dean stated that he "agree[d] with the APS of 2008 [completed by Dr. Abu-Elmagd] except for the category of lifting and sitting. During an 8 hour day with two breaks and lunch, [plaintiff] should be able to sit for up to 6 hours, walk and stand for up to 3 hours, and drive up to 3 hours; she should be able to lift up to 20 lbs occasionally and 10 lbs frequently. Her records indicate frequent traveling to [Pittsburgh], over 200 miles for medical follow ups, which usually go along with an adequate performance level, and I would place her work capacity in an approximate light category of work ... from the medical records that I have reviewed." A.R. at 116. Dr. Dean declined to assess plaintiff's cognitive issues, instead suggesting that they be evaluated by an "appropriate consultant." Id. Reliance wrote in the denial letter that "Dr. Dean's opinion supports our determination that [plaintiff] was physically capable of light work function at the time she was released to return to work on 11/6/07." Id.

Dr. Shipko, whom Reliance characterizes as a "mental health specialist," observed that the "records reflect longstanding but mild depression" and that plaintiff's "emotional difficulties are mild and do not rise to a level where they would be functionally impairing." Id. He concluded that "[n]o functional impairment on the basis of psychiatric illnesses is noted or otherwise illustrated in the records that I have reviewed and no restrictions and limitations are supported from a psychiatric perspective." Id.

5. Neuropsychology Report from Dr. Noel

The denial letter further notes that it reviewed a report provided by plaintiff from Carolyn Noel, PhD., a neuropsychologist, dated January 26, 2009, which concluded that plaintiff had "clinically significant" deficits in Executive Functioning and Mental Flexibility. A.R. at 117, citing A.R. at 437.

The denial letter stated that while "it is certainly possible that Dr. Noel's findings are accurate," plaintiff saw Dr. Noel nine months after she stopped working, so the report did not illuminate the question of whether plaintiff was totally disabled at the time she stopped work. Id. Moreover, any impairment identified by Dr. Noel was not covered under the Policy because plaintiff's coverage terminated on 3/1/08. Id.

6. Reliance's conclusion that benefits should be denied

At the conclusion of the letter, the insurer stated that plaintiff "was capable of performing the material duties of [her] own occupation as of 11/6/07," which is the approximate date that plaintiff returned to part-time work. A.R. at 114, 119. Reliance stated that "[o]ur position is further confirmed through the independent opinions of Drs. Dean and Shipko." Id. The letter ended:

Id. (emphasis removed).

D. Procedural Background

Plaintiff filed this lawsuit on October 26, 2010. [Dkt. #1]. Plaintiff requested that the Court review the denial of benefits and determine that plaintiff is entitled to disability benefits under the Policy, as well as back benefits with interest, attorney's fees, and costs. Compl. ¶¶ 21-22. In the alternative, plaintiff requested that the case be remanded to reconsider the decision to deny plaintiff's claim. Id. ¶ 24. Plaintiff filed a motion to compel discovery on September 14, 2011, which the Court granted in part and denied in part on November 3, 2011. [Dkt. #15]. On January 26, 2012, plaintiff moved for summary judgment. [Dkt. #21]. Defendants cross-moved for summary judgment on February 22, 2012. [Dkt. #27].

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

A. Cross-motions for summary judgment

Summary judgment is appropriate "if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a). The party seeking summary judgment bears the "initial responsibility of informing the district court of the basis for its motion, and identifying those portions of the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, which it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact." Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986) (internal quotation marks omitted). To defeat summary judgment, the non-moving party must "designate specific facts showing there is a genuine issue for trial." Id. at 324, 106 S.Ct. 2548 (internal quotation marks omitted). The mere existence of some factual dispute is insufficient to preclude summary judgment. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247-48, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). A dispute is "genuine" only if a reasonable fact-finder could find for the non-moving party; a fact is only "material" if it is capable of affecting the outcome of the litigation. Id. at 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505; Laningham v. U.S. Navy, 813 F.2d 1236, 1241 (D.C.Cir.1987). In assessing a party's motion, "[a]ll underlying facts and inferences are analyzed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party." N.S. ex rel. Stein v. District of Columbia, 709 F.Supp.2d 57, 65 (D.D.C. 2010), citing Anderson, 477 U.S. at 247, 106 S.Ct. 2505.

"The rule governing cross-motions for summary judgment ... is that neither party waives the right to a full trial on the merits by filing its own motion; each side concedes that no material facts are at issue only for the purposes of its own motion." Sherwood v. Wash. Post, 871 F.2d 1144, 1148 n. 4 (D.C.Cir.1989), quoting McKenzie v. Sawyer, 684 F.2d 62, 68 n. 3 (D.C.Cir.1982) (internal quotation marks omitted).

B. Review of benefits determinations under ERISA

ERISA provides that a participant in or beneficiary of a covered plan may sue "to recover benefits due to him under the terms of [the] plan, to enforce his rights under the terms of the plan, or to clarify [the] rights to future benefits under the terms of the plan." 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B). The Supreme Court has held that courts should apply a de novo standard — instead of the more deferential arbitrary and capricious standard — to a benefits determination under ERISA "unless the plan provides to the contrary." Metro. Life Ins. Co., v. Glenn, 554 U.S. 105, 111, 128 S.Ct. 2343, 171 L.Ed.2d 299 (2008), citing Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. v. Bruch, 489 U.S. 101, 115, 109 S.Ct. 948, 103 L.Ed.2d 80 (1989). A plan provides to the contrary when it grants its "administrator or fiduciary discretionary authority to determine eligibility for benefits." Id., quoting Firestone, 489 U.S. at 115, 109 S.Ct. 948 (internal quotation marks omitted). Under those circumstances, "[t]rust principles make a deferential standard of review appropriate." Firestone, 489 U.S. at 111, 109 S.Ct. 948; cf. Fitts v. Fed. Nat'l Mortgage Ass'n, 236 F.3d 1, 5 (D.C.Cir. 2001) (deciding when Firestone's exception applies).

When evaluating whether an abuse of discretion has occurred, the D.C. Circuit has explained that the "essential inquiry" is: did the administrator "reasonably construe and apply" the plan? Block v. Pitney Bowes Inc., 952 F.2d 1450, 1454 (D.C.Cir.1992). The Court's review of a benefits determination "may only be based on the record available to the administrator or fiduciary at the time the decision was made." Crummett v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., No. 06-01450, 2007 WL 2071704, at *3 (D.D.C. July 16, 2007). This means a court cannot overturn a decision so long as it is reasonable, "even if an alternative decision also could have been considered reasonable." Block, 952 F.2d at 1452 (internal quotation marks omitted); Mobley v. Cont'l Cas. Co., 405 F.Supp.2d 42, 48 (D.D.C.2005) ("[A] deferential standard of review allows the plan administrator to reach a conclusion that may technically be incorrect so long as it is reasonably supported by the administrative record."). The administrator's decision should therefore not be overturned if it is the result of a "deliberate, principled, reasonable process and if it is supported by substantial evidence, meaning it must be "more than a scintilla but less than preponderance." Buford v. UNUM Life Ins. Co. of Am., 290 F.Supp.2d 92, 100 (D.D.C.2003) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

A.R. at 14. As the Court has noted in previous proceedings, the parties agree that a discretionary standard of review applies in this case. Pl.'s Mem. of P. and A. in Supp. of Pl.'s Mot. for Summ. J. ("Pl.'s Mem.") [Dkt. #21] at 16-18; Defs.' Mem. of P. and A. in Supp. of Cross-Mot. for Summ. J. and Opp. to Pl.'s Mot. for Summ. J. ("Defs.' Mem.") [Dkt. #25] at 18. Accordingly, the Court will review the benefits determination under an abuse of discretion standard.

III. ANALYSIS

A. The Court's analysis of the record

In order to resolve the question posed by this case, the Court found it necessary to undertake the detailed analysis of the record and chronology of events that was absent from the briefs. At oral argument, counsel for plaintiff emphasized the very serious and chronic nature of plaintiff's condition. He maintained that she suffered from the same illnesses in 2008, as she did when later reports submitted to the insurer by the plaintiff were written, so he urged the Court to consider it all. But the record reflects that notwithstanding her illnesses, the fact that she underwent surgery, and the fact that the doctors implanted a shunt, plaintiff was cleared by her own doctors to return to work in November 2007. Therefore, while plaintiff's arguments about the panoply of medical conditions from which she suffers and the ever-present risk of life-threatening blood clots evoke considerable sympathy, they do not answer the only question before the Court: was she unable to work when she stopped? Since plaintiff's coverage expired on March 1, 2008, A.R. at 117, the record must establish that she became disabled before that time. Her medical condition is not in dispute — only whether that condition rendered her totally disabled.

The following events transpired on the dates noted:4

A.R. at 114.

As of this point, plaintiff is working, and she is not complaining of anything more than mild fatigue.

A.R. at 114. At this point, despite her considerable medical history, plaintiff is still working, and there is no evidence of complaints made to, or diagnoses by, any physician. So, any disability had to develop after February 3. On the other hand, the record of part time work after the surgery could support an inference that plaintiff gave working full-time her best shot but ultimately realized that she could not sustain the necessary level of energy to succeed.

A.R. at 114.

But what information is available beyond the work stoppage that indicates that plaintiff was totally disabled at that point? The next time she goes to a doctor is ten days later, and even her own report to the doctor at that time is relatively understated in his assessment:

This note evidences a statement made by the patient to the doctor, and it is not a medical determination that she is disabled. There is nothing in the progress note that elaborates further on plaintiff's ability to work from the physician's perspective. And, as the Reliance appeal decision points out, plaintiff had already stopped work by the time she had this appointment, so it cannot be said that she stopped work based upon her doctor's instructions or recommendation.

Like the previous doctor's note, this piece of evidence — even if it does reflect that plaintiff was not well — does not provide much assistance in determining whether she had become disabled and if so, when her disability occurred; she was already not working when she went to see the doctor. And, as Reliance points out, while plaintiff may not have driven herself to the appointment, she appears to have tolerated being seated for the three hours or so it took to make the trip.

This exhibit cannot be characterized as an express medical determination that plaintiff is disabled and unable to work, and it does not set forth the reasons for reaching such a conclusion. It is simply a note from a doctor excusing a temporary absence. But the note could be interpreted as an indication that the doctor understood that he was supporting a work stoppage of indefinite duration, and indeed, immediately after that, plaintiff submitted her claim for benefits. Still, the record does not include a discussion of the plaintiff's condition or the nature and extent of the disability.

This is all subjective, but there is nothing in the record from the employer or anyone else that contradicts plaintiff's assessment of her abilities at that time, and there is no evidence of malingering or lack of good faith on her part.

Reliance interprets this assessment as evidence that plaintiff was not totally disabled, but the fact that the doctor completed the form in connection with plaintiff's disability claim is a fact to be taken into consideration in figuring out what the form means. As far as one can discern from the record, the physician thinks he is providing support for a disability claim. Given the fact that Section E is entitled "restrictions and limitations," it seems that he is identifying these things as the upper boundaries of her abilities, denoting the limits on what she can do. So at most, this document provides support for the idea that plaintiff could possibly perform some part-time work. The fact that Dr. Abu-Elmagd did not complete Section F can be interpreted as a conclusion by him that the limitations are physical and not mental.

This suggests that notwithstanding the doctor's opinion that plaintiff could sit — at most — for three to five hours in an eight-hour period, it was his understanding that she was not currently working (which is consistent with his note of March 20), and he did not contemplate a return to work at that point. That interpretation is reinforced by his answer to the next question:

So, at that point, plaintiff's doctor was anticipating that it would take some time before she recovered, and he was not able to predict whether it would be a full recovery or merely improved but not full.

Essentially, the form is somewhat ambiguous, and it has material in it to support both parties' positions. Defendants point to the document as a strong statement of what plaintiff is capable of, and they argue that plaintiff's own physician cleared her for sedentary work. But Section E does not ask, what can she do? It asks, how is she limited? This document does not seem to provide the "substantial" support the insurer needs to support a finding that plaintiff is not disabled. But on the other hand, there is not much in the record that supports plaintiff's claim to the insurer that she was totally disabled at that time either. Fortunately, both parties agree that the Court can also consider any other materials that were added to the record up through the time of the appeal.

This is still not an express determination by Dr. Felice that plaintiff cannot work, but the document does supply yet another consistent, contemporaneous report that plaintiff is not working because of the fatigue.

In the Court's view, these syncopic episodes, which developed after plaintiff stopped working and after the policy expired, cannot supply the grounds for a disability finding; they appear to be a manifestation of how her condition subsequently worsened.

This exhibit contradicts counsel's claim at oral argument that plaintiff's disability has been cognitive in nature.

But does this report shed light on plaintiff's condition eight months earlier, in February 2008? It is difficult to determine, but there does not appear to have been any worsening of plaintiff's condition since that time with the exception of the "spells," which are not relied upon as the basis for the conclusions about her functional abilities. The level of fatigue seems consistent with what plaintiff was reporting to her physicians at that time, so the Court does not believe that this exhibit can be disregarded simply because it was prepared several months after plaintiff stopped work.

This test was performed to assess plaintiff's cognitive functioning. The fact that the report is dated almost a year after the work stoppage and that it assesses issues that were not claimed as grounds for the disability claim support Reliance's position that it should be given little or no weight. But, the report does very little to establish total disability in any event.

First of all, in the introduction, Dr. Noel characterizes the executive functioning deficits she did find as "mild." More important, once the expert took all of the strengths and weaknesses into account, she made a series of recommendations that do not include any suggestion that plaintiff is unable to work. See A.R. at 440. To the contrary, the bulk of the recommendations, such as use of a day planner, breaking tasks down, and taking frequent breaks, id., seem to assume that she would be working. In addition, the test report speaks to plaintiff's ability to sit and complete a lengthy set of tests in the course of only one day, although it does not specify exactly how long she was there. Finally, while Dr. Noel concluded that given plaintiff's intellectual abilities, the deficits were likely acquired and not developmental, in the absence of any baseline testing information, there is no way of knowing on this record where plaintiff fell on the spectrum of executive functioning before.

What is set forth above, then, is the total state of the record if one ignores the challenged medical reviewers' reports and plaintiff's supplemental submissions. There is nothing that points directly to a finding that plaintiff was not totally disabled other than the form her doctor completed in March 2008, and that is less compelling on that point than defendants would have the Court believe. But there is also little in the way of medical evidence that plaintiff was disabled: basically, the record consists of plaintiff's own statements, the Functional Capacities Analysis that was completed eight months after she stopped working (which does not necessarily rule out part-time, sedentary work, although it rejects it as "unsustainable"), and Dr. Abu-Elmagd's March 2008 assessment, which also doesn't rule out part-time, sedentary work. So, whether the insurer's determination was reasonable on this record depends in large measure on what that determination was and the stated reasons behind it.

This is the date of the extension the insurer took that plaintiff claims was unreasonable and contrary to law.5

The remaining materials in the record are the expert reports.

This is hardly the nefarious document that plaintiff's counsel makes it out to be — the reviewer reaches almost the exact same conclusions as the treating physician did in March 2008, with the exception that he estimates that plaintiff could sit for up to 6 hours, when Dr. Abu-Elmagd estimated 3-5 hours, and for the lifting, the reviewer moves her up from being able to lift ten pounds occasionally to being able to lift twenty pounds occasionally and ten pounds frequently.7 It is unclear what the review basis is for elevating plaintiff from "sedentary" to "light" work since he did not perform any actual testing, but the Functional Capabilities test that plaintiff would have the insurer rely upon instead also found her partially in the "light" category.

This report also adds very little to the equation. It accurately summarizes what Dr. Noel did and did not find, and it does not hazard a guess as to what the neuropsychological evaluation means about plaintiff's functionality. The conclusion about psychiatric impairment is entirely reasonable in light of the record as a whole; as Dr. Shipko points out, there is nothing in any record that indicates that plaintiff's depression is anything other than mild or that it isn't being well managed medically.

The only other materials proffered to the Court are materials that were not a part of the Administrative Record before the insurer at the time of the appeal. Plaintiff has submitted a medical and functional capacity assessment prepared by Janice Ragland, M.D., on May 10, 2010, more than two years after plaintiff stopped working. Claims Record Supp. ("C.R.S.") [Dkt. #21-2] at 249-56. But there is no legal basis for the Court to consider anything that was not before the insurer in connection with the appeal. See Crummett, 2007 WL 2071704, at *3, citing Block, 952 F.2d at 1455 (finding that a review "may only be based on the record available to the administrator or fiduciary at the time the decision was made"). And this really does seem to be getting too remote in time.8 It is also unclear what this report is based on since there are no records indicating that Dr. Ragland saw the plaintiff at any time between February 2008 and the preparation of the report.9

Finally, plaintiff provides a medical and functional capacity assessment from Dr. Abu-Elmagd dated May 18, 2010. C.R.S. at 258-73. It is notable that even at this point, Dr. Abu-Elmagd answers the question, "[h]ow many total hours can a Claimant stand and/or walk during an eight hour workday?" with three hours. And he answers the question, "[h]ow many total hours can a Claimant sit during an eight hour workday?" with four or more hours. C.R.S. at 260. When asked whether plaintiff could alternate between sitting and standing on a continuous basis without experiencing interruption due to pain, the doctor crosses out "pain" and inserts "risk of clotting." Id. Throughout the assessment, the doctor highlights the fact that plaintiff is on cumadin and is at risk of blood clots, see, e.g., C.R.S. at 263, but that was also the situation immediately after her surgery, so it is unclear whether or why that circumstance has now become disabling. The form asks if claimant can work an eight-hour day, five days a week, and if she can maintain her work station for four 2-hour increments each day, but it does not ask about part-time work. Dr. Abu-Elmagd indicates that plaintiff "becomes significantly fatigued" and that "the fatigue can be incapacitating." C.R.S. at 263. He notes that pain and fatigue would necessitate periods of rest during an eight-hour work period of more than three hours, and that it would reduce her productivity in an eight-hour day by thirty-six percent or more. Id. At bottom, even if the Court were permitted to take it into consideration, while the report could fairly support a disability decision, it does not necessarily render the insurer's decision — especially if the test is whether she could perform any work — to be unreasonable.

Looking at the entire record, including all of the materials that plaintiff and defendants have submitted over the objection of the other, this is a very close case. Plaintiff did little to meet her burden under the policy to demonstrate that she was disabled, but defendants have failed to point to much evidence to support the finding that she is not, even under a deferential standard of review.

B. The Court cannot assess the reasonableness of Reliance's decision because it is not clear what the grounds for the decision actually were.

While the Court's review of Reliance's decision is highly discretionary, Reliance still must provide enough evidence to support a finding that the decision was reasonable and supported by the record. See Block, 952 F.2d at 1454. In order to make that finding, it is essential that the Court understand what the decision was: what did the plan administrator find and what were the grounds for that decision? Based on the record submitted by Reliance, particularly the letter it sent plaintiff denying the claim for benefits, the Court cannot answer those questions. While the discussion of plaintiff's medical condition is not difficult to follow, it is not clear how Reliance plugged those facts into the rubric established under the Policy.

The denial letter is ambiguous in many respects. First, the letter discusses plaintiff's work during the Elimination Period and concludes that she was "actively at work" in excess of the 160 hours allowed under the Plan. A.R. at 114. Based on this information, Reliance concludes that she was "capable of performing the material duties of her own occupation at the time that she was released to work on 11/6/07." Id. But the Court cannot discern whether the insurer denied the claim on those grounds, because it goes on to discuss the adequacy of the medical evidence in the file as well.

Second, the letter does not address obvious questions raised by the terms of the Policy. For example, the letter does not address whether Reliance considered the question of whether plaintiff was "Partially Disabled" as that term is defined under the Policy. A.R. at 112. The Policy defines that term as:

A.R. at 10, 112. According to the letter, plaintiff was in the Elimination Period between August 20, 2007 and December 14, 2007. A.R. at 114. The medical evidence discussed by Reliance in the denial letter may support the notion that plaintiff was only partially disabled during the relevant time period. If Reliance had a principled reason for limiting its review of plaintiff's claim to Total Disability, its fails to provide that a reason in the letter, and the fact that the definition of Partial Disability is referenced several times in the denial letter leaves the Court wondering whether such an assessment was made, and if not, why not.

Similarly, the letter fails to address whether plaintiff was assessed for Residual Disability, which is defined as "being Partially Disabled during the Elimination Period. Residual Disability will be considered Total Disability[.]" A.R. at 10, 112. This policy term is utterly confusing and circular because it equates Partial Disability during the Elimination Period to Total Disability. The record provided to the Court supports a finding that at the very least, plaintiff was Partially Disabled during the Elimination Period, and it is not clear what bearing those circumstances had on the decision.10

Under these circumstances, the Court cannot conduct even the deferential review that is contemplated by the ERISA statute in a meaningful way. "Where, as here, a plan administrator has ... `fail[ed] to make adequate findings or explain adequately the grounds of [its] decision,' remand to the plan administrator for reconsideration is the appropriate remedy." Doe v. Mamsi Life and Health Ins. Co., 471 F.Supp.2d 139, 149 (D.D.C.2007) (alterations in original), quoting Kaelin v. Tenet Emp. Benefit Plan, No. 04-2871, 2006 WL 2382005, at *4 (E.D.Pa. Aug. 16, 2006); see also Quinn v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield Ass'n, 161 F.3d 472, 477 (7th Cir.1998) overruled on other grounds by Hardt v. Reliance Standard Ins. Co., ___ U.S. ___, 130 S.Ct. 2149, 176 L.Ed.2d 998 (2010) (finding that "remand is appropriate where decision-maker fails to make adequate findings or fails to provide an adequate reasoning.") While the Court is reluctant to remand the matter to Reliance given the time that has already elapsed since plaintiff's claim was initially filed, such action is the only appropriate response given the ambiguities the Court has identified.

IV. CONCLUSION

Because Reliance has failed to adequately explain how the evidence in the record supports its determination that plaintiff is not entitled to disability benefits, the Court cannot uphold Reliance's decision. This case is therefore remanded to Reliance to reconsider its denial of benefits and to explain specifically how the Policy applies to the evidence in the record, which section of the Policy is controlling, and whether the decision is based on findings of Total Disability, Partial Disability, or Residual Disability. Accordingly, plaintiff's motion for summary judgment [Dkt. #25] is granted in part and denied in part. Defendants' cross-motion for summary judgment [Dkt. #27] is denied. A separate order will issue.

ORDER

Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 58 and for the reasons set forth in the accompanying memorandum opinion, it is ORDERED that plaintiff's motion for summary judgment [Dkt. #21] is granted in part insofar as the Court remands the case to Reliance for reconsideration of its decision. Plaintiff's motion is otherwise denied.

It is FURTHER ORDERED that defendants' cross-motion for summary judgment [Dkt. #27] is denied.

It is FURTHER ORDERED that this matter is remanded to Reliance for reconsideration of plaintiffs claim consistent with the accompanying Memorandum Opinion.