OPINION & ORDER [Resolving Doc. 64.]

JAMES S. GWIN,1 District Judge:

Plaintiff Michael Boardley seeks a judgment for costs and attorney expenses after his successful First-Amendment challenge to regulations promulgated by the Department of the Interior. [Doc. 64.] For the following reasons, the Court GRANTS the motion in part, and DENIES it in part.

I.

Plaintiff Michael Boardley "filed this action, seeking a declaration that the [National Park Service] regulations are unconstitutional and violative of the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA), 42 U.S.C. § 2000bb-1, on their face and as applied to him." Boardley v. U.S. Dep't of Interior, 615 F.3d 508, 512-13 (D.C.Cir. 2010).

As the Court of Appeals interpreted the regulations,

Boardley, 615 F.3d at 512.

The Court of Appeals found the regulations fatally overboard because they applied to small groups and individuals, and even in designated free speech areas. Id. at 520-23. Noting that "neither party has argued that we should sever the regulations in order to leave part of them intact," the Court of Appeals struck them down in their entirety. Id. at 525.

Having obtained some of the relief he sought — Boardley had also sought damages — on some of his proposed bases, Boardley filed this petition for fees and costs under the Equal Access to Justice Act ("EAJA"). [Doc. 64.]

II.

The EAJA provides in certain circumstances for award of attorney's fees and costs to a litigant who prevails in a lawsuit against the United States:

28 U.S.C.A. § 2412(d)(1).

"Once a plaintiff has been shown to be a prevailing party, the burden is on the government to show that its litigation position was substantially justified on the law and the facts." Cinciarelli v. Reagan, 729 F.2d 801, 806 (D.C.Cir.1984). To show substantial justification for purposes of the EAJA, the Government must show that its position was "justified in substance or in the main — that is, justified to a degree that could satisfy a reasonable person." Pierce v. Underwood, 487 U.S. 552, 565, 108 S.Ct. 2541, 101 L.Ed.2d 490 (1988) (quotation omitted). It must show that its position was "more than merely undeserving of sanctions for frivolousness." Id. at 566, 108 S.Ct. 2541. Where the merits panel finds the Government's position was entirely without merit, it is not substantially justified for EAJA purposes. See Halverson v. Slater, 206 F.3d 1205, 1211 (D.C.Cir.2000).

The Government's "position" for EAJA purposes "includes, in addition to the position taken by the United States in the civil action, the action or failure to act by the agency upon which the civil action is based." 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(2)(D). "While the parties' postures on individual matters may be more or less justified, the EAJA — like other fee-shifting statutes — favors treating a case as an inclusive whole, rather than as atomized line-items." Comm'r, I.N.S. v. Jean, 496 U.S. 154, 161-62, 110 S.Ct. 2316, 110 L.Ed.2d 134 (1990). Nonetheless,

Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 434-35, 103 S.Ct. 1933, 76 L.Ed.2d 40 (1983); see Jean, 496 U.S. at 161, 110 S.Ct. 2316 (applying Hensley's interpretation of "prevailing party" to the EAJA); see also Gatimi v. Holder, 606 F.3d 344, 350 (7th Cir.2010); Tripoli Rocketry Ass'n, Inc. v. ATF, 698 F.Supp.2d 168, 175 (D.D.C.2010).

III.

The Government concedes that Boardley is a prevailing party, [Doc. 69 at 8]and does not point to special circumstances that would make an award unjust. Instead, the Government says that it was substantially justified in promulgating, maintaining, and defending the regulations. [Doc. 69 at 8.] It says that it prevailed on many issues and that Boardley did not obtain all of the relief he sought.2 [Doc. 69 at 10-11.] Boardley says that at least with regard the "other public expression of views" phrasing, and the regulations' failure to exempt individuals and small groups, the Department was not substantially justified. [Doc. 64 at 5.] He notes that he obtained invalidation of the entire regulation. [Doc. 71 at 19.]

But, Boardley brought two distinctly different sets of claims: his successful First Amendment overbreadth challenge, and his unsuccessful claims premised on different legal rights and some even against different defendants. [Doc. 1.] These two sets of claims constitute "distinctly different" actions, premised on different factual predicates and different legal theories. While the former deserves reimbursement, the latter do not.

A. Free Speech and Due Process Claims

Throughout this litigation, the Government maintained that the regulations did not violate the free-speech clause of the First Amendment. And the Court of Appeals found the regulations constitutionally deficient in toto. See Boardley, 615 F.3d at 525. Accordingly, evaluating the Government's free speech position holistically, the Court finds that the Government fails to carry its burden of showing substantial justification for its position.

1. Reasoning of the Court of Appeals

In "considering whether conduct is substantially justified, [a court] should look to the reason the agency action was invalidated." LePage's 2000, Inc. v. Postal Regulatory Comm'n, 674 F.3d 862, 866 (D.C.Cir.2012) (emphasis in original). The Court of Appeals found the regulations "antithetical to the core First Amendment principle that restrictions on free speech in a public forum may be valid only if narrowly tailored. Because these regulations penalize a substantial amount of speech that does not impinge on the Government's interests, [the court] f[ound] them overboard." Boardley, 615 F.3d at 508.

Overbreadth doctrine protects against free-speech-chilling regulation. See id. at 513 (quoting Forsyth Cnty. v. Nationalist Movement, 505 U.S. 123, 129, 112 S.Ct. 2395, 120 L.Ed.2d 101 (1992)). It thus exists in some tension with the EAJA's "substantial justification" requirement: Substantial justification might refer to the quality of the rationale for the regulation or scope of the regulation's tailoring. The Court finds no reason to choose one construction over the other and finds the latter more applicable here.3

The rationale the Government offer for the regulations, while justified in some applications, was incongruous with the broad reach of the regulations. See Boardley, 615 F.3d at 519. The Court of Appeals particularly noted two shortcomings. First, the Court of Appeals observed that the "`free speech areas' made available within national parks ... are subject to the same permit requirement as all other locations within the national parks." Id. at 515. But, "by definition, these are not areas where the Government has a paramount interest in maintaining a `peaceful and tranquil environment." Id. at 521. Accordingly, the Court of Appeals found that "within `free speech areas,' the Government has exceedingly little basis for hushing `lone pamphleteer[s]....'" Id. (further citation omitted). Even after considering the justifiable applications of the regulation, the Court of Appeals found this defect so grave that the regulation could not be saved by severability. See id. at 522-23. That it so found suggests just how unjustifiably overbroad the regulations were.

Second, the Court of Appeals found "considerable support from this and other circuits" that the failure of the regulations to exempt small groups and lone individuals rendered the regulations defectively overbroad. Id. at 520. Indeed the Court of Appeals noted that the Ninth Circuit found that "we and almost every other circuit to have considered the issue have refused to uphold registration requirements that apply to individual speakers or small groups in a public forum." Id. (quoting Berger v. City of Seattle, 569 F.3d 1029, 1038-39 (9th Cir.2009) (en banc)). Such a string of losses is indicative. See Pierce, 487 U.S. at 569, 108 S.Ct. 2541.

The reasoning of the Court of Appeals thus suggests that the regulations unjustifiably reached substantially beyond any legitimate sweep. And, while, in an appropriate case, some overbreadth might not render defending a regulation substantially unjustified, in this case, the Court of Appeals suggested that the tailoring differed so far from the regulations' legitimate sweep as to lack substantial justification. Moreover, the Court of Appeals's finding that the regulations could not be severed suggests that differentiating the extent of the legitimate sweep against the overboard portion would have been a fool's errand. The illegitimate sweep so overwhelmed the legitimate sweep as to render the regulations defunct as a whole.4 These considerations coupled with existing precedents suggest that the Government was not substantially justified in maintaining and defending the regulations.

2. Precedent in Support of the Government's Position

The Court of Appeals' reliance on overbreadth also renders the Eight Circuit's holding in United States v. Kistner and the opinion of a Magistrate Judge in United States v. Sued unhelpful in carrying the Government's burden of showing that its position was substantially justified. From a strategic perspective these cases upholding the regulations suggest that the Government would be substantially justified in continuing to defend the regulations. Nonetheless,

Pierce, 487 U.S. at 569, 108 S.Ct. 2541. Again, the Court "look[s] to the reason the agency action was invalidated," in this case, overbreadth. LePage's 2000, 674 F.3d at 866 (emphasis in original).

Neither Kistner nor Sued addressed overbreadth. Kistner explicitly noted that the court took no position on overbreadth. The Eight Circuit explained:

United States v. Kistner, 68 F.3d 218, 220 n. 5 (8th Cir.1995) (emphasis added). Kistner thus offers no support for the regulations' validity in the face of an overt breadth challenge.

Sued likewise focused on case-specific factors. The court emphasized that Sued "could have engaged in leafleting and public assembly in other suitable areas, such as the vicinity of the Battery Park Facility from which the ferries to the Statute of Liberty embark." United States v. Sued, 143 F.Supp.2d 346 (S.D.N.Y.2001). The court's conclusion was "buttressed by the Park Service's undisputed representations that permits for public assembly or the distribution of written materials at the Statute of Liberty are never denied." Id. at 352. Thus, the opinion cannot reasonably be read as considering the regulations' overbreadth writ large. Indeed, the Court of Appeals here went to great lengths to point out that it found the regulations unconstitutional because they applied to zones designated as "free speech areas," — the very areas Sued found important in curing constitutional infirmity. See Boardley, 615 F.3d at 521.

This is a reasonably close case. Two cases upholding the regulations might typically be sufficient to show substantial justification. But Kistner and Sued were insufficient to establish the validity of the regulations in every national park under every legal theory. Cf. Boardley, 615 F.3d at 515. Considered in context of the reasons on which the Court of Appeals actually decided this case, these cases cannot carry the Government's burden.

B. Claims under the Free-Exercise Clause and the Religious Freedom Restoration Act

Still, that Boardley prevailed on one set of claims does not entitle Boardley to reimbursement for the costs of his entire lawsuit. Boardley's as-applied challenges and his religious freedom claims were unsuccessful. [Doc. 56 at 4-7.] He had no prospect of showing that the Government had violated the principle of content-neutrality, and later he conceded that the regulations were content-neutral. [Id.] It follows that the Government was substantially justified in opposing the RFRA and free-exercise causes of action. Since, these causes of action were "distinctly different" from the facial challenge, and because the Government prevailed on this array of claims, the Court will not order compensation. Hensley, 461 U.S. at 435, 103 S.Ct. 1933.

C. Claims against Individual Defendants

Although they involved the same facts and legal theories as the main actions in this case, the Bivens actions cannot give rise to attorneys' fee compensation, regardless of their merits. The EAJA specifies that it provides compensation only for actions against "the United States," which it defines to include "any agency and any official of the United States acting in his or her official capacity." 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(2)(C). Bivens claims are premised on personal liability. See Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of the Fed. Bur. of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388, 392, 91 S.Ct. 1999, 29 L.Ed.2d 619 (1971). Boardley's Complaint specifies that all officials are being sued in both "individual and official capacities." [Doc. 1 at ¶ 16.] It follows that any efforts expended solely on the Bivens claims, must be excluded from Boardley's fee award. See GasPlus, L.L.C. v. U.S. Dep't of Interior, 593 F.Supp.2d 80, 89 (D.D.C.2009).

IV.

"The essential goal in shifting fees (to either party) is to do rough justice, not to achieve auditing perfection. So trial courts may take into account their overall sense of a suit, and may use estimates in calculating and allocating an attorney's time." Fox v. Vice, ___ U.S. ___, 131 S.Ct. 2205, 2216, 180 L.Ed.2d 45 (2011). Boardley brought five causes of action. Ultimately, he was successful on one. He sought damages, but obtained only invalidation of the regulation. The case involved no discovery. The Court accounts for these considerations, against the backdrop afforded by the Supreme Court's observation that it need not "become green-[a] eyeshade accountant[]."5 Id.

A substantial portion of the work in this case involved claims where fee shifting is not available. The Court acknowledges that Boardley has already declined to make fee claims for some work done on these failed claims. But given the limited success when measured against all the claims that had been made, the Court finds further reduction appropriate. Accordingly, the Court will grant Boardley half of his requested award and half of the expenses requested.

V. Conclusion

For these reasons, the Court GRANTS Boardley's motion for costs and fees in part but DENIES it in part. The Court awards Plaintiff $74,554.74 in fees and expenses.

IT IS SO ORDERED.