ROSEMARY M. COLLYER, District Judge.
Richard Cheatham, a paralegal employed in the United States Attorney's Office in Washington, D.C., alleges that his employer discriminated against him on the basis of his gender and then retaliated against him for complaining about the alleged discrimination. Mr. Cheatham applied for four different supervisory paralegal positions that the United States Attorney's Office filled with four women. Mr. Cheatham contacted an equal employment opportunity counselor and complained about two non-selections. After counseling and informal settlement efforts, Mr. Cheatham filed a formal administrative complaint, which was accepted as raising discrimination claims as to the same two non-selections. Prior to a hearing before an administrative judge, Mr. Cheatham sought to add the other two positions to his complaint, but the judge twice rejected Mr. Cheatham's motion. This lawsuit alleges gender discrimination in his non-selection for the two positions that were not investigated. Mr. Cheatham also claims that he has twice experienced retaliation as a result of his equal employment opportunity activity. The Attorney General moves for summary judgment, arguing that Mr. Cheatham's failure to exhaust his administrative remedies bars his discrimination claims and that he has shown a nondiscriminatory reason for the USAO's alleged retaliatory actions. For
Mr. Cheatham has worked for the United States Attorney's Office in the District of Columbia ("USAO") as a Paralegal Specialist since October 2001.
Although he was eligible and was interviewed for all four vacancies, Mr. Cheatham was not selected, and a woman was chosen in each instance. Id. Mr. Cheatham states, and the USAO does not dispute, that "he learned on May 21, 2008, that he had not been selected for either the Supervisory Paralegal, Felony-Major Crimes Unit [Grand Jury] or the Supervisory Paralegal, Domestic Violence-Sexual Assault Unit [Domestic Violence] positions for which he applied and interviewed." Pl. Opp. at 3. When he learned he was not selected for the Misdemeanor or Felony positions is not specified.
On May 30, 2008, Mr. Cheatham submitted a complaint form on the website of the Executive Office for United States Attorneys ("EOUSA"), Equal Employment Opportunity ("EEO") Office. See Def. MSJ, Ex. 1 [Dkt. 11-1] ("EEO Website Complaint") at 1. He complained that he was not selected for two positions because of his sex. See id. at 1-2 ("My most recent act of discrimination was on May 21, 2008. I was not selected for (2) recent Paralegal Supervisor positions."). Mr. Cheatham identified the positions as having been filled by two women, of whom "[o]ne that has not been employed with[ ] the U.S. Attorney[']s Office no mor [sic] than a year and [a] half, anohter [sic] that was well known throughout the building as a problem employee." Id. Pursuant to the EEO process for federal employees, Mr. Cheatham engaged in counseling on his charge,
On July 26, 2008, Mr. Cheatham filed a formal complaint of discrimination with the EOUSA EEO Office. Def. MSJ, Ex. 3 [Dkt. 11-1] ("2008 Formal EEO Complaint"); accord Pl. MSJ, Ex. 6 [Dkt. 14-2]. In it, he complained that the "most recent act of discrimination was on July 21, 2008," concerning a non-selection not challenged here, and that "[e]xactly 30 days earlier [he] applied for (4) paralegal Supervisor positions, and was not selected for not one [sic]. Four females were selected for each of these positions." Id. at 11. The EEO Office responded by letter dated September 2, 2008, and informed Mr. Cheatham that it had accepted his complaint of discrimination for investigation. Def. MSJ, Ex. 4 [Dkt. 11-1] ("Sept. 2, 2008 Acceptance Letter"); accord Pl. MSJ, Ex. 7 [Dkt. 14-2]. The Statement of Issue Accepted was: "Whether management officials of the United States Attorney's Office for the District of Columbia discriminated against the Complainant, Richard L. Cheatham, based on his sex (male), when Complainant learned on May 21, 2008, that he was not selected for two supervisory paralegal positions, for which he had recently applied." Sept. 2, 2008 Acceptance Letter at 14 (emphasis added). The EEO Office advised Mr. Cheatham: "Based upon a review of your Complaint, the Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) Staff has enclosed the accepted issue for investigation. If you believe that the accepted issue has not been correctly identified, please notify me, in writing, within five (5) calendar days. . . ." Id. at 12. Mr. Cheatham made no response. See Def. Statement of Undisputed Material Facts ("Def. SoF"), Def. MSJ ¶ 7; Pl. Resp. Def. SoF ("Pl. SoF"), Pl. Opp. ¶ 7.
Mr. Cheatham's formal complaint was investigated by an Assistant United States Attorney from the Western District of Pennsylvania in Pittsburgh. A Report of Investigation ("2009 ROI") issued on October 19, 2009. Def. MSJ, Ex. 5 [Dkt. 11-1]. As part of the investigation, Mr. Cheatham answered written questions under oath. In that forum, he stated that he had applied for supervisory paralegal positions in "the Misdemeanor Unit" and "the Felony Unit." 2009 ROI at 19. The two selection processes investigated on Mr. Cheatham's behalf were for vacancies as "the paralegal supervisor for the Misdemeanor Unit of the General Crimes Section [Misdemeanor], and the paralegal supervisor for the Felony Unit of the General Crimes Section [Felony]." Id. at 20. Among others, interviews were conducted of all persons who had interviewed Mr. Cheatham for the Misdemeanor and Felony supervisory paralegal jobs. Id. at 20-22. According to the 2009 ROI, the interviewers stated that Mr. Cheatham was not selected for the Misdemeanor or Felony positions due to his lack of "strong leadership or administrative skills"—specifically, "his admitted difficulty in communicating his ideas and his inability to respond to the hypothetical problems presented to him during his interview." Id. at 20. AUSA Jeffrey Ragsdale, chief of the Grand Jury section during the relevant time period, see Ragsdale Decl., Def. MSJ, Ex. 12 [Dkt. 11-1] ¶ 1, was also interviewed, and he commented
On September 15, 2009, Mr. Cheatham requested a hearing before an Administrative Judge (AJ) of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) pursuant to 29 C.F.R. § 1614.109. See Pl. Opp., Ex. 8 [Dkt. 14-3] ("Request for Hearing") at 1. On June 22, 2010, after dispositive motions were briefed and submitted to the AJ—almost two years after the 2008 Formal EEO Complaint—Mr. Cheatham, acting pro se, filed a "Motion to Amend the Charge(s)" to include his non-selections for the supervisory paralegal vacancies in Grand Jury and Domestic Violence among his claims of discrimination. See Def. MSJ, Ex. 6 [Dkt. 11-1] ("Mot. Amend Charges"); accord Pl. Opp., Ex. 9 [Dkt. 14-3]. Mr. Cheatham argued that his claims for sex discrimination based upon his non-selection for the paralegal supervisory positions in Grand Jury and Domestic Violence should be added to his claims before the AJ because they "arose from the same job announcement (#08-DC-048-M) that the initial two positions cited in the [ROI] were retrieved from." Mot. Amend Charges ¶ 3. He also indicated that his interview for the Domestic Violence position was conducted by Kelly Higashi, Kimberly Knowles, and Elana Tyrangiel and that his interview for the Grand Jury position was conducted by Jeffrey Ragsdale. Id. ¶¶ 2-3. Mr. Cheatham's motion was denied by the AJ on July 23, 2010, without opinion. See Def. MSJ, Ex. 7 [Dkt. 11-1] ("July 23, 2010 AJ Order"); accord Pl. Opp., Ex. 10 [Dkt. 14-3].
On December 20, 2011, after retaining counsel, Mr. Cheatham filed a motion with the AJ, asking the AJ to compel the USAO to supplement the 2009 ROI by producing "comparator information" regarding the two women who were hired for the Grand Jury and Domestic Violence positions. See Pl. Opp., Ex. 11 [Dkt. 14-3] ("Mot. Compel"). Although the Motion to Compel stated that "[t]he Complainant is not and has never sought to amend his charge of gender discrimination from what was accepted by the Agency," Mr. Cheatham argued that the USAO's "failure to provide a complete [ROI] with respect to all comparators [who] were selected for the two supervisor paralegal specialist positions" had "substantially prejudiced" him in the proceedings before the AJ. Id. at 11-13. On December 29, 2011, "on the eve of hearing" set to begin on January 25, 2012, the AJ denied the motion, ruling that it was:
Def. MSJ, Ex. 8 [Dkt. 11-1] ("Order Denying Mot. Compel") at 42; accord Pl. Opp., Ex. 10 [Dkt. 14-3]. Mr. Cheatham then withdrew his request for a hearing before an EEOC AJ and filed the present action on January 20, 2012.
On December 13, 2012, the Court directed the parties to provide additional information to assist in resolving the administrative exhaustion issue. See Dec. 13, 2012 Order [Dkt. 17]. Both parties filed supplemental briefs, see Pl. Supp. Opp. [Dkt. 18], Def. Report [Dkt. 19], but neither added to the record in any legally significant way.
Mr. Cheatham also complains of two retaliatory acts by the USAO since his initial EEO activity. Both of these matters have been fully investigated and considered through the administrative process and are properly before the Court.
On May 6, 2011, Mr. Cheatham filed a formal EEO Complaint stating that his overall performance rating had been dropped in his 2010 rating from his customary "Outstanding" to "Successful." See Def. MSJ, Ex. 9 [Dkt. 11-1] ("2011 EEO Complaint") at 44. Mr. Cheatham stated that his "performance evaluation(s) [had] declined" since he filed his 2008 EEO complaint despite his "productivity level" and "work ethic" remaining unchanged. Id. He believed the drop in rating level was retaliatory because during a meeting with Wanda Trice, his supervisor, to discuss his 2010 performance evaluation:
Id.
On August 17, 2011, the EOUSA EEO Office granted Mr. Cheatham leave to add a second allegation of retaliation to the 2011 EEO Complaint. See Pl. MSJ, Ex. 24 [Dkt. 14-4] ("Aug. 17, 2011 Letter") at 78-80. Mr. Cheatham contended that on July 8, 2011, he had received a memorandum from supervisors at the USAO informing him that he would be receiving a $1500 "Special Achievement Award," but on August 1, 2011, he was notified that the memorandum had been sent to him in error and that he would not be receiving any award. Id. at 78.
An EEO Specialist investigated the 2011 EEO Complaint and prepared a Report of Investigation ("2011 ROI") addressing both of Mr. Cheatham's retaliation allegations. See Def. MSJ, Ex. 10 [Dkt. 11-1]; accord Pl. Opp., Ex. 14 [Dkt. 14-3]. As in the investigation of the 2008 EEO Complaint, the investigator collected evidence and conducted interviews of Mr. Cheatham and other USAO personnel.
The ratings form used by the USAO to evaluate Mr. Cheatham included an overall performance rating of either "Unacceptable," "Successful," or "Outstanding." Def. MSJ, Ex. 14 [Dkt. 11-2] (2009-10 Evaluations) at 5.
Mr. Cheatham told the EEO investigator that Ms. Trice had informed him that "a former section chief may have told two of the [AUSAs] who provide input about [Mr. Cheatham's] performance about [Mr. Cheatham's] prior EEO activity and that may have led to the poor rating." 2011 ROI at 47. According to Mr. Cheatham, he "had not received any complaints from AUSAs regarding his work and ... he did not have any indication that his work was no longer `outstanding.'" Id.
The EEO investigator spoke to several USAO staffers regarding Mr. Cheatham's complaint, including: Ms. Trice, Mr. Cheatham's supervisor and rating official; Richard Tischner, a USAO section chief and Mr. Cheatham's reviewing official in 2010; Anthony Osborne Griffith, a Lead Paralegal Specialist who worked with Mr. Cheatham; and two of the AUSAs for whom Mr. Cheatham worked, Justin Dillon and Heather Carlton. 2011 ROI at 48-50; see also Def. MSJ, Ex. 16 [Dkt. 11-2] (Cheatham Interview Transcript ("Cheatham Tr.")); Def. MSJ, Ex. 17 [Dkt. 11-2] (Wanda Trice Interview Transcript ("Trice Tr.")); Def. MSJ, Ex. 18 [Dkt. 11-3] (Justin Dillon Interview Transcript ("Dillon Tr.")); Def. MSJ, Ex. 19 [Dkt. 11-3] (Heather Carlton Interview Transcript ("Carlton Tr.")). Ms. Trice acknowledged that she knew of Mr. Cheatham's prior EEO activity when she prepared the 2010 Evaluation but said that she based the evaluation's contents on feedback from the AUSAs who supervised Mr. Cheatham, which was "not positive." 2011 ROI at 48. Some AUSAs had "outlined their concerns" in e-mails to Ms. Trice, and others who "were not willing to memorialize their concerns" spoke to her "off the record" by telephone. Id. Ms. Trice also told the EEO Investigator that "she brought the concerns about [Mr. Cheatham's] performance to his attention during the mid-year review, and she `noticed a slight decline in his performance from the time that he was bitter for not getting selected' for supervisory and lead positions." Id. (quoting Trice Tr. at 13).
Mr. Tischner stated that he had "very little input" into Mr. Cheatham's evaluation
Dillon Tr. at 12.
According to Mr. Cheatham, he received a memorandum from Executive AUSA Rachel Lieber on July 8, 2011, stating that he had been awarded a $1,500 "Special Achievement Award." 2011 ROI at 50. When the money was not included in his paycheck, he inquired why; he was later notified that the memo had been sent to him in error and that he would not be receiving any award. Id. The EEO Investigator spoke to several USAO employees in the course of her investigation. Id. at 51. Each informed the EEO Investigator that the award was intended for an AUSA with the same last name, Virginia Cheatham, who practiced in DOJ's Fraud and Public Corruption Section, but administrative staff made a "human error" when entering the award information into the computer. See Def. MSJ, Ex. 15 [Dkt. 11-2] (Decl. Rachel Lieber) at 14; accord Def. MSJ, Ex. 20 [Dkt. 11-3] (Decl. Richard Tischner) at 67-68, Def. MSJ, Ex. 21 [Dkt. 11-3] (Decl. Stephanie Bragg Lee) at 70-71. The Budget Officer who was responsible for entry of the information admitted to a "major mea culpa," and Stephanie Bragg Lee, Supervisory Human Resources Specialist, informed Mr. Cheatham of the error by voicemail. Bragg Lee Decl. at 70-71.
Under Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, summary judgment shall be granted "if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a); accord Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). Moreover, summary judgment is properly granted against a party who "after adequate time for discovery and upon motion ... fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party's case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial." Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986).
In ruling on a motion for summary judgment, the court must draw all justifiable inferences in the nonmoving party's favor and accept the nonmoving party's evidence as true. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255, 106 S.Ct. 2505. A nonmoving party, however, must establish more than "the mere existence of a scintilla of evidence" in support of its position. Id. at 252, 106 S.Ct. 2505.
As in the private sector, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq., protects federal employees against workplace discrimination. There are more administrative steps required of a federal employee seeking to sue the federal government than are required of private employees. A federal employee must first proceed before the agency accused of discrimination before he may institute a civil action in federal court. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-16(c); see also Bayer v. Dep't of Treasury, 956 F.2d 330, 332 (D.C.Cir.1992). In fact, the EEOC has created a comprehensive administrative system for resolving federal discrimination claims. See 29 C.F.R. Part 1614 (governing Federal Sector Equal Employment Opportunity). It is mandatory that an employee exhaust the entire administrative process, although the exhaustion requirement is not jurisdictional and is subject to "equitable tolling, estoppel, and waiver." See Bowden v. United States, 106 F.3d 433, 437 (D.C.Cir.1997) (citing, inter alia, Brown v. GSA, 425 U.S. 820, 832-33, 96 S.Ct. 1961, 48 L.Ed.2d 402 (1976); Bayer, 956 F.2d at 332). The exhaustion requirement gives the charged agency notice of the claim, provides a chance to narrow the issues for prompt adjudication, creates "an opportunity to resolve the matter internally[,] and [avoids] unnecessarily burdening the courts." Wilson v. Pena, 79 F.3d 154, 165 (D.C.Cir.1996); see also Hairston v. Tapella, 664 F.Supp.2d 106, 111 (D.D.C.2009).
A federal employee who believes he has been discriminated against "must initiate contact with a[n] [EEO] Counselor within 45 days of the date of the matter alleged to be discriminatory. . . ." 29 C.F.R. § 1614.105(a); see also Weber v. Battista, 494 F.3d 179, 182-83 (D.C.Cir.2007). As happened here, a counseling period then ensues. "If the matter has not been resolved, the aggrieved person shall be informed in writing by the Counselor, not later than the thirtieth day after contacting the Counselor, of the right to file a discrimination complaint."
Following exhaustion of administrative remedies, a federal employee must sue within 90 days of final administrative action or, if the EEOC has not taken final action, within 180 days of filing his initial charge with the EEOC. See Price v. Greenspan, 374 F.Supp.2d 177, 184 (D.D.C.2005), aff'd sub nom. Price v. Bernanke, 470 F.3d 384 (D.C.Cir.2006); see also 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-16(c) (federal employees must file a civil action within ninety days after "receipt of notice of final action" or "after one hundred and eighty days from the filing of the initial charge with ... the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission"). "In essence, a federal complainant must file an administrative complaint concerning his or her allegations, and he or she may not file a civil action more than 90 days after receiving a final decision from either the employing agency or from the EEOC." Carter v. Rubin, 14 F.Supp.2d 22, 31 (D.D.C.1998).
The Court addresses Mr. Cheatham's discrimination claims regarding his nonselection for the supervisory paralegal positions before turning to the retaliation claims.
The USAO argues that Mr. Cheatham's discrimination claims are barred because he failed to exhaust his administrative remedies and because he cannot rebut the USAO's legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons for selecting other candidates for the vacant supervisory paralegal positions. Def. MSJ Mem. at 17-26. As to the former argument, the USAO asserts that the two non-selections "were not investigated in the administrative process, and were not addressed in the EEOC proceedings. In light of this fact, ... [Mr.] Cheatham failed to participate in the administrative process with respect to these non-selections." Id. at 20. Because the Court finds that Mr. Cheatham did not exhaust his administrative remedies as to the two positions of which he complains here, and there is no basis for equitable tolling or any other excuse for Mr. Cheatham's failure to exhaust, summary judgment will be granted in favor of the USAO.
Mr. Cheatham applied for four supervisory paralegal positions in the USAO but complained of just two non-selections when he went for EEO counseling—that is, his non-selection for the positions in Misdemeanor and Felony. See EEO Website Complaint at 1; EEO Counselor Report at 5. Only two non-selections were accepted for investigation, and the 2009 ROI addressed his non-selections in Misdemeanor and Felony, with only a passing mention of his interview for Grand Jury. See 2008 Formal EEO Complaint at 11; Sept. 2, 2008 Acceptance Letter at 14; 2009 ROI at 19. Yet in this Court, Mr. Cheatham claims discrimination based upon only his non-selection for the positions in Grand Jury and Domestic Violence. Am. Compl. [Dkt. 2] ¶ 10. He has not exhausted his administrative remedies on these non-selections and cannot bring them to court now. Essentially, Mr. Cheatham asks this Court to reverse the ruling of Administrative Judge Richard W. Furcolo, who denied Mr. Cheatham's untimely motion to
Mr. Cheatham contends that his complaint here is fully ripe because: (1) the formal complaint mentioned four non-selections, Pl. Opp. at 15, 18;
Creative lawyering cannot save Mr. Cheatham's allegations related to the Grand Jury or Domestic Violence non-selections. Ignoring the facts in the record, counsel asserts that Mr. Cheatham:
Pl. Opp. at 6. It is true that Mr. Cheatham filed an informal complaint within 45 days concerning his non-selection for two supervisory paralegal positions, but the record is clear that the EEO Counselor discussed the Misdemeanor and Felony vacancies but not the Grand Jury or Domestic Violence vacancies. Although Mr. Cheatham filed a formal complaint that referenced four non-selections, the investigation naturally and necessarily was limited to those issues raised before the EEO Counselor: the Misdemeanor and Felony non-selections. See 29 C.F.R. § 1614.105(a) ("Aggrieved persons ... must consult a Counselor prior to filing a complaint in order to try to informally resolve the matter."). By then, of course, sixty-six days had passed since May 21, 2008, and a complaint about the Grand Jury or Domestic Violence positions would have been stale. Mr. Cheatham's belated "discovery" two years later that his case was limited to the Misdemeanor and Felony non-selections was well out of time. Of course, he has no excuse for his delay; even if it were not clear throughout the informal counseling process that his claim pertained to two positions and not four, that became overwhelmingly clear when the EOUSA EEO Office stated it explicitly in the September 2, 2008 Letter.
That Mr. Cheatham understood exactly this same sequence of events is demonstrated by his Motion to Amend the Charge(s) filed on June 22, 2010, before the AJ. Recognizing that the accepted issue in September 2008 was his non-selection
Mr. Cheatham's request for discovery
Counsel's argument that this lawsuit is timely because it was filed within 180 days of Mr. Cheatham's formal complaint to the EEOC and before any hearing on the complaint misses the critical point that Mr. Cheatham's formal complaint did not follow the necessary precursor of counseling on four non-selections and was not accepted for investigation into four nonselections, a limitation that he did not timely correct or protest until the tail end of the administrative
"Title VII `[c]omplainants must timely exhaust the[ir] administrative remedies before bringing their claims to court.'" Payne, 619 F.3d at 65 (quoting Bowden, 106 F.3d at 437). Mr. Cheatham did not exhaust his administrative remedies as to two of the supervisory paralegal positions for which he was not selected, and those are the two positions about which he complains here. See Marshall v. Fed. Express Corp., 130 F.3d 1095, 1098 (D.C.Cir.1997) ("[A]llowing a complaint to encompass allegations outside the ambit of the predicate EEOC charge would circumvent the EEOC's investigatory and conciliatory role, as well as deprive the charged party of notice of the charge, as surely as would an initial failure to file a timely EEOC charge." (alteration in original) (internal citation omitted)). Accordingly, summary judgment will be granted in favor of the USAO as to Mr. Cheatham's gender discrimination claim, Count One of the Amended Complaint.
The Court next turns to Mr. Cheatham's retaliation claim, Count Two of the Amended Complaint, which is based on two alleged retaliatory acts: a reduction in his customary "Outstanding" performance rating to "Successful" and the denial of a promised cash award in the amount of $1,500. The merits of his EEO charges are irrelevant to the question of whether the USAO retaliated against him. See Steele v. Schafer, 535 F.3d 689, 696 (D.C.Cir.2008) (observing that inquiry into the merits of the underlying discrimination charge is "expressly foreclose[d]" when considering a retaliation claim (citations omitted)). The USAO argues that neither instance constitutes a "materially adverse" employment action and, in the alternative, that Mr. Cheatham cannot rebut the USAO's legitimate, non-retaliatory reasons for each act. See Def. MSJ Mem. at 28-37.
Title VII's antiretaliation provision prohibits an employer from "discriminat[ing] against" an employee because he has "opposed" a practice proscribed by Title VII or because "he has made a charge, testified, assisted, or participated in any manner in an investigation, proceeding, or hearing." 42 U.S C. § 2000e-3(a). To make out a retaliation claim, a plaintiff must show "(1) that he opposed a practice made unlawful by Title VII; (2) that the employer took a materially adverse action against him; and (3) that the employer took the action `because' the employee opposed the practice." McGrath v. Clinton, 666 F.3d 1377, 1380 (D.C.Cir.2012). Materially adverse actions are not limited "to those that are related to employment or occur at the workplace." Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53, 57, 126 S.Ct. 2405, 165 L.Ed.2d 345 (2006). However, a plaintiff must show that the employer's actions "would have been materially adverse to a reasonable employee." Id. at 68, 126 S.Ct. 2405. Further, "an employer's actions must be harmful to the point that they could well dissuade a reasonable worker from making or supporting a charge of discrimination." Id. at 56, 126 S.Ct. 2405.
When the employer offers a "legitimate, non-discriminatory reason" for the allegedly materially adverse action, "the sole remaining question" becomes "retaliation vel non—whether, based on all the evidence, a reasonable jury could conclude that [the] proffered reason ... was pretext for retaliation." Pardo-Kronemann v. Donovan, 601 F.3d 599, 603-04 (D.C.Cir.2010) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted); see also McGrath, 666 F.3d at 1380 n. 3 ("[T]he only question
Retaliation can take many forms and need only be a sufficiently material negative action to dissuade a reasonable employee from further pursuing EEO activity. Steele, 535 F.3d at 696 (citing Burlington Northern, 548 U.S. at 68, 126 S.Ct. 2405). Both of the actions of which Mr. Cheatham complains would qualify as sufficiently material if prompted by retaliatory animus: a reduction in his customary "Outstanding" performance rating to "Successful" and the denial of a promised cash award in the amount of $1,500. See Burlington Northern, 548 U.S. at 56, 68, 126 S.Ct. 2405; Weber, 494 F.3d at 186-87 (holding that loss of a financial award is an adverse employment action).
Starting with the denial of the promised cash award, the Agency employs two persons with the last name of Cheatham: Richard Cheatham, the plaintiff, and Virginia Cheatham, an Assistant United States Attorney (AUSA). Everyone agrees that Richard Cheatham received a letter congratulating him on a performance-based cash award. 2011 ROI at 50; Lieber Decl. at 14. The USAO says that the letter to Richard Cheatham was supposed to go, with the promised cash award, to Virginia Cheatham. The USAO submits sworn declarations and records supporting its claim of "human error" on the part of a Budget Officer who made the erroneous data entry, including evidence of the USAO's apology to Mr. Cheatham by voicemail. See Lieber Decl. at 14, Bragg Lee Decl. at 70-71. Mr. Cheatham argues that he would have received the award except for retaliation, but he offers no evidence to support his argument that retaliation is to blame.
Mr. Cheatham's first allegation is more complicated and cannot be decided on the present record. Mr. Cheatham has presented a prima facie case of retaliation relating to his performance review and USAO has responded that the attorneys with whom he worked were dissatisfied with his performance. On the written record, it is very difficult to distinguish a slack performance by a disgruntled employee "after EEO activity" from a lowered evaluation by disgruntled supervisors "because of EEO activity," and this record offers no distinguishing facts. A jury is better suited to determine which interpretation is correct.
Because there is a genuine dispute over material facts concerning the basis for Mr. Cheatham's lowered performance rating, the Court will deny summary judgment to the USAO on Count Two in part.
For the foregoing reasons, summary judgment will be granted to the USAO on Mr. Cheatham's discrimination claims, Count I of the Amended Complaint, and on Mr. Cheatham's retaliation claim based on his non-receipt of a cash award, Count II. Summary judgment will be denied as to Mr. Cheatham's retaliation claim in Count II based on a decline in his performance evaluation in 2010.
A separate memorializing Order accompanies this Opinion.
