AMY BERMAN JACKSON, District Judge.
On July 14, 2011, plaintiff Brian S. Hooker brought an action against defendants Kathleen Sebelius, Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ("HHS"), and Thomas R. Frieden, Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ("CDC"), under the Freedom of Information Act ("FOIA"), 5 U.S.C. § 552 (2006). Compl. [Dkt. #1] ¶¶ 1, 4-5.
On August 21, 2012, the Court granted in part and denied in part defendants' motion for summary judgment. Hooker v. U.S. Dept. of Health & Human Servs., 887 F.Supp.2d 40, 63 (D.D.C.2012). The Court granted summary judgment with respect to several issues. First, it held that defendants conducted an adequate search in response to plaintiff's FOIA request in Count IV. Id. at 52-53.
Thus, the issues for which summary judgment was denied are the only two issues remaining in this case. To resolve the first issue, the Court instructed defendants to "amend or supplement their declarations with additional detail demonstrating the adequacy of their search" for records responsive to the FOIA request in Count I. Id. at 63. With respect to the second issue, the Court ordered defendants to: "(1) conduct an additional review of records withheld under Exemption 6; (2) produce all segregable non-exempt information; and (3) submit a supplemental declaration demonstrating that they have complied with their duty to segregate exempt from non-exempt information" so that the Court can make a ruling on the issue of segregability. Id.
On the issue of segregability, defendants conducted a further review of all Exemption 6 withholdings and submitted a declaration on September 21, 2012 detailing additional materials that they had released to plaintiff and explaining the remaining withholdings. Supplemental Decl. of Katherine S. Norris [Dkt. #27-1]. Regarding the adequacy of the search for documents responsive to Count I, defendants submitted another declaration on October 12, 2012 identifying the offices to which the request was forwarded, explaining why the request had been forwarded to those offices, and describing the search methodology including the records that were searched, the search terms, and who conducted the search. Supplemental Decl. of Katherine S. Norris [Dkt. #28-1].
Based on these declarations, the Court issued the following order:
Minute Order (Oct. 15, 2012). This order was not an invitation for plaintiff to reopen the whole case. It simply invited plaintiff to address whether defendants' two supplemental affidavits resolved the two outstanding issues remaining after the Court's August 21, 2012 decision. The instruction that plaintiff refrain from "rearguing any matters upon which the Court has already ruled" indicated that "any remaining reason" that plaintiff raised also had to fall within the confines of the two issues that were still before the Court.
In response to this order, plaintiff has filed several pleadings, declarations, and exhibits. On November 15, 2012, after receiving an extension of the original deadline, plaintiff filed his first response to the Court's order. Decl. of Dr. Brian Hooker ("Pl.'s Nov. 2012 Decl.") [Dkt. #30]. On the same day, plaintiff also requested more
Defendants have moved to strike plaintiff's pleadings as unresponsive to the Court's October 15, 2012 order, untimely, and procedurally deficient. Defs.' Mot. to Strike Pl.'s Nov. 15, 2012 Resp. to Defs.' Mot. for Summ. J. [Dkt. #32]; Defs.' Mot. to Strike Pl.'s Mar. 13, 2013 Resp. to Defs.' Mot. for Summ. J. and Pl.'s Cross-Mot. for Summ. J. [Dkt. #42]. On April 23, 2013, the Court granted plaintiff's request to cure any procedural deficiency in his cross-motion for summary judgment and to re-file it. Minute Order (Apr. 23, 2013). On May 16, 2013, plaintiff responded to defendants' motion to strike his March 13, 2013 response. Pl.'s Resp. to Defs.' Mot. to Strike Pl.'s Mar. 13, 2013 Resp. [Dkt. #49]. And on May 17, 2013, he re-filed his cross-motion for summary judgment with a statement of material facts not in dispute. Pl.'s Cross-Mot. for Summ. J. [Dkt. #50].
In its August 21, 2012 opinion, the Court set out what the defendants needed to do to fulfill their remaining duties under FOIA. Hooker, 887 F.Supp.2d at 63. Defendants have submitted two affidavits detailing their compliance with the Court's instructions. Supplemental Decls. of Katherine S. Norris [Dkt. #s 27-1 & 28-1]. The Court has given plaintiff a full opportunity to respond to these affidavits. Plaintiff's pleadings, declarations, and exhibits fail to identify any reason why defendants' two affidavits are inadequate, and why the Court should not grant summary judgment on the two issues that the Court left open in its August 21, 2012 decision. Therefore, the Court will grant defendants' motion for summary judgment and deny plaintiff's cross-motion. As the Court noted in its initial opinion, plaintiff's passion and tenacity are understandable and commendable, but this narrow case is just not the proper forum for the airing of all of plaintiff's concerns about a possible connection between vaccines and autism. See Hooker, 887 F.Supp.2d at 45.
To fulfill its obligations under FOIA, an agency must undertake a search that is "reasonably calculated to uncover
Thus, while the agency's affidavits or declarations "need not set forth with meticulous documentation the details of an epic search for the requested records," they must "describe what records were searched, by whom, and through what processes." Defenders of Wildlife v. U.S. Border Patrol, 623 F.Supp.2d 83, 91 (D.D.C.2009) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted); see also White v. DOJ, 840 F.Supp.2d 83, 89 (D.D.C.2012) ("Defendant's affidavit explains what system was searched, the terms used, why it was likely to contain responsive documents, and that no other search method would reveal responsive documents. Although the affidavit could in theory be more detailed, that fact alone does not warrant denying summary judgment in favor of [d]efendant.").
Defendants have met their burden of showing that they conducted a search that was reasonably calculated to uncover all documents responsive to the FOIA request in Count I. In their October 12, 2012 declaration, defendants identified the offices to which the request was forwarded, explained why the request had been forwarded to those offices, listed the individuals in each office whose documents were searched, and described the search methodology including the records that were searched, the search terms, and who conducted the search. Supplemental Decl. of Katherine S. Norris [Dkt. #28-1] ¶¶ 11-25. Defendants also averred that they had searched all files likely to contain responsive materials, and "[t]here were no other likely locations of records responsive to Dr. Hooker's request." Id. ¶ 26. This level of detail cures the defects in defendants' prior description of the search. See Hooker, 887 F.Supp.2d at 51.
Plaintiff challenges the adequacy of this search by pointing to three sets of documents that he alleges were responsive to his request but that defendants failed to produce to him. Pl.'s Mem. in Supp. of Cross-Mot. [Dkt. #50] at 14-16. This challenge fails because it is well-established that an "agency's failure to turn up a particular document, or mere speculation that as yet uncovered documents might exist, does not undermine the determination that the agency conducted an adequate search for the requested records." Wilbur v. CIA, 355 F.3d 675, 678 (D.C.Cir. 2004); see also Iturralde v. Comptroller of the Currency, 315 F.3d 311, 315 (D.C.Cir. 2003) (citations omitted) ("[I]t is long settled that the failure of an agency to turn up one specific document in its search does not alone render a search inadequate. Rather, the adequacy of a FOIA search is generally determined not by the fruits of the search, but by the appropriateness of the methods used to carry out the search."); SafeCard Servs., Inc. v. S.E.C., 926 F.2d 1197, 1201 (D.C.Cir.1991) ("When a plaintiff questions the adequacy of the search an agency made in order to satisfy its FOIA request, the factual question it raises is whether the search was reasonably calculated to discover the requested documents, not whether it actually uncovered every document extant.").
This argument is a more detailed version of one that the Court rejected in its August 2012 opinion. See Hooker, 887 F.Supp.2d at 52 n. 11 (holding that the release of documents to Mr. Trelka "has no bearing on the adequacy of [defendants'] search for the records requested by plaintiff."). As the Court previously explained, the discrepancy between the documents produced to Mr. Trelka and those produced to plaintiff does not demonstrate the inadequacy of defendants' search because the scope of the two requests was different. Id. Plaintiff's FOIA request referenced in Count I sought correspondence relating to two specific studies published by authors in Denmark. Compl. ¶ 6; Pl.'s FOIA request, Ex. B to Maloney Decl. [Dkt. #11-3]. By contrast, Mr. Trelka sought: (1) "all email correspondences between CDC NIP researchers and officials and Dr. Harald Heijbel and Peet Tull regarding thimerosal exposure levels in childhood vaccinations in Sweden"; and (2) all email correspondences between CDC NIP researchers and Diane Simpson, Paul Stehr-Green, Michael Stellfeld, and Preben-Bo Mortenson "regarding thimerosal exposure in Denmark and Sweden." Trelka FOIA Request, Ex. A to Defs.' Reply [Dkt. #52-2].
With respect to the 228 pages at issue, plaintiff has not alleged that these documents relate to the two autism studies that were the subject of his FOIA request; he only contends that they "deal directly with the autism incidence in Denmark." Pl.'s May 2013 Decl. at 5. But defendants were not obligated to expand the scope of plaintiff's request to include all correspondences regarding the incidence of autism in Denmark, and their failure to do so does not undermine the adequacy of their search. McKinley v. FDIC, 807 F.Supp.2d 1, 7 (D.D.C.2011) (stating that there is no requirement that the agency must interpret a request more broadly "than the description reasonably contained in the request[]"). Since plaintiff has failed to present any arguments or evidence to undermine the adequacy of the search for documents at issue in Count I, the Court will grant defendants' motion for summary judgment on that count.
In the Memorandum Opinion, the Court directed defendants to "conduct an additional review of records withheld under Exemption 6 ... [and] produce all segregable non-exempt information." Hooker, 887 F.Supp.2d at 63. Even plaintiff acknowledges that defendants have
In his pleadings, plaintiff also challenges the adequacy of the searches for records at issue in Counts II, III, and IV and asserts that the CDC's withholdings were improper and in bad faith. Pl.'s Nov. 2012 Decl. at 1-2, 4-5, 6-8; Pl.'s May 2013 Decl. at 9-29; Pl.'s Mem. in Supp. of Cross-Mot. at 16-18. These issues are not properly before the Court. Therefore, plaintiff's arguments on these subjects do not constitute "any remaining reason why this Court should not enter judgment in favor of the defendants." See Minute Order (Oct. 15, 2012).
First, the adequacy of defendants' searches for the records at issue in Counts II and III is not before the Court because plaintiff did not challenge the adequacy of those searches in his complaint or at any time before the Court's August 2012 decision. See Hooker, 887 F.Supp.2d at 50 n. 9, citing Compl. ¶¶ 18-33 ("Counts II and III challenge only the withholdings and redactions of records under Exemption 5 and not the adequacy of CDC's search for records."). The Court has already granted summary judgment to defendants on Counts II and III as they were originally pled, and plaintiff has not moved to amend his complaint to include these new allegations. Quinn v. Dist. of Columbia, 740 F.Supp.2d 112, 130 (D.D.C. 2010) (citation omitted) ("It is well established that `plaintiff[s] may not, through
Second, the Court has already ruled that defendants conducted an adequate search with respect to the FOIA request referenced in Count IV, and plaintiff's affidavit is not the proper vehicle to ask the Court to reconsider that decision. Even if the Court were to construe plaintiff's pleadings as requests for reconsideration under Fed.R.Civ.P. 54(b), such requests would fail because plaintiff has proffered no new evidence, he has failed to demonstrate that the Court's August 2012 opinion was legally erroneous or manifestly unjust, and he has raised "no arguments for reconsideration the court had not already rejected on the merits." Capitol Sprinkler Inspection, Inc. v. Guest Servs., Inc., 630 F.3d 217, 227 (D.C.Cir.2011). For example, in his May 2013 declaration, plaintiff contends that "[a]lthough the Court ruled on the adequacy of the CDC's search [in Count IV], there was no ruling regarding the appropriateness of [Dr. Robert Chen, then Director of CDC's Immunization Safety Office] destroying his email replies in light of the Federal Records Act of 1950 as amended." Pl.'s May 2013 Decl. at 22. But the Court addressed Dr. Chen's email retention procedures in its Count IV analysis and held that "the agency's search for Dr. Chen's email responses was adequate" in light of defendants' "repeated efforts to address plaintiff's concerns." Hooker, 887 F.Supp.2d at 53. Further, since this is a FOIA case, the
Third, plaintiff also alleges that the CDC withheld documents that were responsive to his requests in bad faith. Pl.'s Nov. 2012 Decl. ¶ 5 ("CDC has improperly withheld and in fact hidden documents that are responsive to my original FOIA requests."); Pl.'s May 2013 Decl. at 14; Pl.'s Mem. in Supp. of Cross-Mot. at 8. The Court has already ruled that "plaintiff's allegations of bad faith are insufficient to overcome the presumption of good faith due defendants' supporting declarations." Hooker, 887 F.Supp.2d at 50 n. 10. And "Rule 59(e) ... `may not be used to relitigate old matters.'" Exxon Shipping Co. v. Baker, 554 U.S. 471, 486 n. 5, 128 S.Ct. 2605, 171 L.Ed.2d 570 (2008), quoting 11 Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 2810.1 (2d ed. 1995).
Defendants have submitted declarations stating that they have resolved the two outstanding issues from the Court's August 21, 2012 ruling granting in part and denying in part their motion for summary judgment: (1) they have met their burden of reasonably segregating non-exempt information from Exemption 6 materials; and (2) they have provided information that allows the Court to rule as a matter of law that they have conducted an adequate search in response to plaintiff's FOIA request at issue in Count I. Plaintiff has failed to dispute, and thus conceded, the issue of segregability with respect to Exemption 6. With respect to Count I, plaintiff has also failed to demonstrate that the search for records was inadequate. Therefore, the Court will grant defendants' motion for summary judgment and deny plaintiff's cross-motion. In light of the denial of plaintiff's cross-motion for summary judgment, the Court will also deny defendants' motions to strike as moot. A separate order will issue.