ELLEN SEGAL HUVELLE, District Judge.
The National Association of Home Builders and its member associations, Southern Arizona Home Builders Association ("SAHBA") and Home Builders Association of Central Arizona ("HBACA") (collectively "NAHB"), have filed suit on behalf of themselves and their members, seeking judicial review under the Administrative Procedure Act ("APA"), 5 U.S.C. §§ 701 et seq., of a determination by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA") and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers ("Corps") that portions of the Santa Cruz River are traditional navigable waters ("TNWs") under the Clean Water Act ("CWA"), 33 U.S.C. §§ 1251 et seq. Defendants move to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction or, in the alternative, for failure to state a claim. For the reasons stated below, the Court will grant defendants' motion.
Plaintiffs originally brought suit on March 23, 2009, alleging that the EPA and the Corps violated the APA in determining in 2008 that two reaches of the Santa Cruz River are TNWs.
Id.
The Court of Appeals affirmed the district court's dismissal on the alternative ground that plaintiffs lacked Article III standing to challenge the TNW Determination.
Id. The Court added "[i]n the meanwhile, [NAHB's] members face only the possibility of regulation, as they did before the TNW Determination: Any watercourse on their property may (or may not) turn out to be subject to CWA dredging permit requirements because of a nexus (or not) with the two Santa Cruz reaches." Id. (emphasis in original). The Court also indicated that "[w]ithout an additional allegation that the TNW substantially increased the risk of regulation or enforcement relating to particular property, we have no basis to conclude [that] the TNW caused a `concrete and particularized' and `actual or imminent' threat to any landowner, let alone any particular NAHB member." Id. at 14.
Finally, the Court held that NAHB's claim that it had "procedural standing to challenge the Agencies' failure to provide notice and an opportunity to submit comments pursuant to the APA" likewise failed because of the absence of an imminent injury-in-fact. Id. at 15. NAHB's petition for rehearing en banc was denied on March 8, 2012. See id. at 6.
NAHB has now filed a new suit, again challenging under the APA the procedural and substantive validity of the same TNW Determination at issue in NAHB I and NAHB II. (See Complaint [ECF No. 1] ("Compl.").) Defendants have moved to
It is important to note that none of the facts on the ground have changed between 2009 and the present date. The only difference is that in response to the motion to dismiss the 2009 case, NAHB submitted declarations from Thomas Ward, NAHB Vice President for Litigation and Legal Services, and Jessica Whyde, SAHBA President, whereas in response to the instant motion, it has submitted declarations from three NAHB and SAHBA members — Albert LeCocq, Larry Kreis, and Jerry DeGrazia — each of whom owns and seeks to develop land in proximity to the two Santa Cruz reaches.
NAHB's new litigation strategy is informed by the Court of Appeals' holding that the previous declarations "f[e]ll short of establishing certainly impending dangers for any particular member of the petitioners' associations." NAHB II, 667 F.3d at 15 (quoting Am. Chem. Council v. Dep't of Transp., 468 F.3d 810, 819 (D.C.Cir.2006)). In particular, the Circuit Court highlighted Ward's statement, "I am personally aware of NAHB members that recently applied for and received authorization to discharge stormwater under CWA Section 402 in connection with construction activities on lands within the Santa Cruz River watershed and where the receiving water was identified as the Santa Cruz River." (Def. Mot., Ex. 2, Feb. 3, 2010 Declaration of Thomas Ward, Vice President of Litigation and Legal Services for NAHB [ECF No. 12-2] ¶ 9.) The Court found this statement inadequate because "the declarant fails to explain whether the TNW Determination motivated the landowner to seek an application for a permit or how the relief NAHB seeks — declaratory and injunctive relief — would remedy the past injuries the members may have already incurred in applying for the permits." NAHB II, 667 F.3d at 14 (emphasis in original).
The Court also highlighted Whyde's statement, "I have personal knowledge of at least one SAHBA member that owns land within the Santa Cruz River watershed and is applying for a Clean Water Act permit in connection with development activities on its land." (Def. Mot., Ex. 3, Feb. 3, 2010 Declaration of Jessica D. Whyde, President of SAHBA [ECF No. 12-3] ¶ 11.) The Court faulted that declaration for failing to explain "why the member's decision to apply is directly traceable to the TNW Determination;" for saying "nothing about the property, the watercourse affected by the landowner's project
Plaintiffs bear the burden of establishing that the Court has jurisdiction over their claims. See Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Env't, 523 U.S. 83, 104, 118 S.Ct. 1003, 140 L.Ed.2d 210 (1998). Nonetheless, "[f]or purposes of ruling on a motion to dismiss for want of standing, [the court] must accept as true all material allegations of the complaint, and must construe the complaint in favor of the complaining party." Warth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. 490, 501, 95 S.Ct. 2197, 45 L.Ed.2d 343 (1975). "While the burden of production to establish standing is more relaxed at the pleading stage than at summary judgment, a plaintiff must nonetheless allege `general factual allegations of injury resulting from the defendant's conduct' (notwithstanding `the court presumes that general allegations embrace the specific facts that are necessary to support the claim')." NAHB II, 667 F.3d at 12 (internal citations omitted). Moreover, where a court's subject matter jurisdiction is called into question, the court may consider matters outside the pleadings to ensure that it has jurisdiction over the case. See Teva Pharms., USA, Inc. v. U.S. Food & Drug Admin., 182 F.3d 1003, 1006 (D.C.Cir. 1999).
When ruling on a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), courts must first assume the veracity of all "well-pleaded factual allegations" contained in the complaint. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 679, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009); see also Atherton v. D.C. Office of Mayor, 567 F.3d 672, 681 (D.C.Cir.2009). Next, courts must determine whether the allegations "plausibly give rise to an entitlement to relief" by presenting "sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to `state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face,'" in that "the court [can] draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged." Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 663, 129 S.Ct. 1937 (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007)). "In determining whether a complaint fails to state a claim, [courts] may consider only the facts alleged in the complaint, any documents either attached to or incorporated in the complaint, and matters of which [courts] may take judicial notice," E.E.O. C. v. St. Francis Xavier Parochial Sch., 117 F.3d 621, 624 (D.C.Cir.1997), and documents "appended to [a] motion to dismiss and whose authenticity is not disputed" if they are "referred to in the complaint and are integral" to a plaintiff's claim. Kaempe v. Myers, 367 F.3d 958, 965 (D.C.Cir.2004) (considering content of documents on motion to dismiss where complaint relied on documents' terms and where documents were subject to judicial notice).
"[T]o establish constitutional standing, plaintiffs must satisfy three elements: (1) they must have suffered an injury in fact that is `concrete and particularized' and `actual or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical'; (2) the injury must be `fairly traceable to the challenged action of the defendant'; and (3) `it must be likely, as opposed to merely speculative, that the injury will be redressed by a favorable decision.'" NB ex rel. Peacock v. District of Columbia, 682 F.3d 77, 81 (D.C.Cir.2012) (quoting Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560-61, 112 S.Ct. 2130, 119 L.Ed.2d 351 (1992)). Where a plaintiff is seeking declaratory or injunctive relief, he "must show he is suffering an ongoing injury or faces an immediate threat of injury." Dearth v. Holder, 641 F.3d 499, 501 (D.C.Cir.2011).
"To establish representational standing, an association must demonstrate that (a) its members would otherwise have standing to sue in their own right; (b) the interests it seeks to protect are germane to the organization's purpose; and (c) neither the claim asserted nor the relief requested requires the participation of individual members in the lawsuit." NAHB II, 667 F.3d at 12 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).
NAHB fails to establish standing because it has not adequately alleged that any of its members have suffered an injury-in-fact fairly traceable to the TNW Determination and redressable by this Court. The allegations in the 2013 complaint are not substantially different from those in its 2009 complaint, and the factual circumstances have not changed at all. There is no suggestion that the TNW Determination has been altered since its issuance in 2008, nor that it has been superseded by any other agency statement. Most significantly, the declarations filed by LeCocq, Kreis, and DeGrazia do not establish that the agencies have issued any individual site-specific "jurisdictional determination [that] applies the TNW Determination to particular property (and its watercourses) and finds a sufficient nexus — or ... use[d] the TNW Determination in an enforcement action against a party discharging without a permit." NAHB II, 667 F.3d at 13. Nor do the declarants allege that they have been denied a permit or received a permit with undesirable conditions attached. Thus, there is no suggestion that the agencies have taken any adverse action against NAHB or its members based on the TNW Determination. The declarants also do not allege that the agencies have asserted CWA jurisdiction over any of their properties for the first time following the issuance of the TNW Determination. On the contrary, the only Corps-issued jurisdictional determinations or delineations that the declarants identify are ones that predate the TNW Determination (see, e.g., Kreis Decl. ¶¶ 20, 21 (Corps identified a series of washes on Kreis' Cascada property as "waters of the United States" in 2004 and issued a permit authorizing discharges of pollutants into those washes in February 2008); Id. ¶ 29 (Corps issued Approved Jurisdictional Delineation with respect to De Anza property in 2005)), or ones that are "preliminary" and thus merely "advisory."
In reality, the declarations do not identify properties to which the TNW Determination has been applied in the sense intended in by NAHB II. Kreis discusses six properties that he owns and is developing or plans to develop with proximity to the Santa Cruz reaches. Kreis describes obtaining a § 404 permit for his Cascada Project in February 2008, several months before the TNW Determination was issued, based on a 2004 jurisdictional delineation by the Corps identifying "a series of shallow, braided ephemeral washes as `waters of the United States.'"
With respect to Kreis' De Anza Project, the Corps issued an Approved Jurisdictional Delineation in 2005 and Kreis applied in 2011 for "coverage under a Corps' § 404 nationwide permit to discharge fill materials into two washes previously delineated as `waters of the United States.'" (Id. ¶ 29 (emphasis added).) The Corps granted the nationwide permit verification on March 30, 2012 and assessed an in-lieu-fee compensation of $3,630 "to compensate for the impact of filling the washes." (Id. ¶ 30.) Once again, the delineation was conducted before the TNW Determination
Kreis concedes that his Sterling Meadows Project was designed in order to avoid jurisdictional washes but notes that "[a]s a result of designating Study Reach B as a TNW ... we have concerns that there may be additional jurisdictional washes and drainage features on the property." (Id. ¶ 45.) These "concerns" are entirely speculative and meet neither Lujan's standard for Article III injury nor the NAHB II's requirement for establishing standing in this case.
Regarding Kreis' remaining properties — the Oasis Hills III Project, Talavera Project, and Copper Point Project — he discusses his intent to develop the properties and notes "because of the proximity of the washes to the Santa Cruz River, we anticipate that the Corps will assert jurisdiction over them, and we will be forced to apply for a § 404 permit." (See id. ¶¶ 34, 40, 47.) He also mentions the possibility of having to design around washes, the possibility of being subject to mitigation requirements and offset costs, and his definite intent to retain consultants to evaluate the washes. (See id. ¶¶ 36, 42, 49.) In each case, he states that the TNW Determination has made it "far more likely that the ephemeral drainage features on our properties will constitute `waters of the United States,' subjecting our land use activities to regulation." (Id. ¶ 17.) But all of the consequences he mentions are possibilities only, not the "concrete and particularized" and "actual or imminent" injury required for standing, Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560-61, 112 S.Ct. 2130, with the exception of his choice to retain consultants, which, while "concrete," is a "self-inflicted" injury that does not give rise to Article III standing. Clapper v. Amnesty Int'l, ___ U.S. ___, 133 S.Ct. 1138, 1152, 185 L.Ed.2d 264 (2013).
LeCocq's declaration is even more equivocal. He does not claim that the Corps or the EPA has asserted regulatory jurisdiction or applied the TNW to his Canyon Pass Property, but rather, he concedes "[i]t is unclear whether the desert wash that crosses my property has a significant nexus to Study Reach B [of the Santa Cruz River]." (LeCocq Decl. ¶ 20.) He can say no more than that "the classification of Study Reach B as a navigable waterway certainly increases the likelihood that such a relationship exists and that the wash will be treated as a `water of the United States' and be subject to regulation." (Id. (emphasis added).) He states further that he "will have to retain consultants to evaluate whether the desert wash that crosses my property is a `water of the United States' ... [and][t]hat jurisdictional analysis would not be necessary absent designation of Study Reach B as a navigable water body." Id. ¶ 22. As with Kreis' similar representations, LeCocq's choice to retain consultants in anticipation of regulation that may or may not occur renders these expenditures "self-inflicted" injuries. Clapper, 133 S.Ct. at 1152. Taken to its logical extreme, the argument that these costs could confer standing means that even if the declarants' consultants informed them that there were no features on any of their properties that could possibly be considered jurisdictional, they would still have standing to challenge the TNW Determination because they had paid a consultant to find out that they are not affected by the Determination.
DeGrazia discusses his four properties — the Sabino Canyon Property, the Harrison Property, the Bonanza Property, and the Wilmot Property — and mentions the preparation
These declarations fail to meet the criteria established by the Court of Appeals in NAHB II, for they do not establish that the agencies have issued site-specific jurisdictional determinations or undertaken enforcement actions by the agencies based on the TNW Determination. Additionally, the mere possibility that the declarants might need to petition for permits with respect to certain of their properties — without even suggesting that a permit might be denied or granted with unfavorable conditions — is too speculative on its face to establish an injury in fact that is "fairly traceable" to the TNW Determination.
Furthermore, the declarants fail to demonstrate a "substantially increased risk of regulation," for, as defendants note, "[t]he[ir] argument rests on the mistaken and unsupported assumption that, in the absence of the TNW Determination, the Corps or EPA would necessarily regard the Colorado River as the nearest traditional navigable water to the Santa Cruz River watershed." (Defendant's Reply [ECF No. 22] ("Def. Reply") at 8.) However, as defendants explain, "[w]ith or without the TNW Determination, the Corps and EPA retain the discretion to examine, on a case-by-case basis, whether any water body, including the Santa Cruz River as a whole or its segments, is or was `navigable in fact or ... could reasonably be so made.'" (Id. (quoting Rapanos v. United States, 547 U.S. 715, 759, 126 S.Ct. 2208, 165 L.Ed.2d 159 (2006)).) Indeed, as the Court of Appeals recognized, "[t]he Agencies decide through an individual site-specific `jurisdictional determination' whether a particular watercourse in the Santa Cruz River watershed is within their CWA jurisdiction, using the jointly developed `Rapanos Guidance' document and based on the particular watercourse's nexus to waters the Agencies have determined to be TNW (in this case the Santa Cruz's two reaches)." NAHB II, 667 F.3d at 13. Thus, the TNW Determination — which is, as NAHB recognizes, a "stand-alone" determination (Pl. Opp. at 11) — does not itself cause any injury.
In short, none of the declarations establishes the sort of adverse agency action that the Court of Appeals has indicated is necessary for a finding of injury in fact. Therefore, the Court finds that NAHB's allegations are still insufficient to establish representational standing within the meaning of NAHB II.
"To establish organizational standing, [an organization] ... must demonstrate that it has suffered injury in fact, including such concrete and demonstrable injury to the organization's activities — with a consequent drain on the organization's resources — constituting more than simply a setback to the organization's abstract social interests." Id. NAHB's allegations with respect to its organizational standing remain deficient as it alleges little more than that it has "spent considerable staff time and monetary resources to clarify Clean Water Act jurisdiction for the benefit
To establish procedural standing, the plaintiff must show (1) "that the defendant's acts omitted some procedural requirement" and (2) "that it is substantially probable that the procedural breach will cause essential injury to the plaintiff's own interests." Fla. Audubon Soc. v. Bentsen, 94 F.3d 658, 665 (D.C.Cir.1996). NAHB asserts that it has procedural standing based on the "specific, concrete injuries that the members are suffering or will suffer due to Federal Defendants' procedural violation," — the failure to provide notice and an opportunity to comment, as required by the APA, when they adopted the TNW Rule. (Pl. Opp. at 31.) However, as discussed above, NAHB has not adequately alleged a specific, concrete injury fairly traceable to the TNW Determination, and "deprivation of a procedural right without some concrete interest that is affected by the deprivation — a procedural right in vacuo — is insufficient to create Article III standing." (See supra Section IIA.)
Even if NAHB could show that it has standing to challenge the TNW Determination, the Court would still reject NAHB's claims because the Determination is not a final agency action subject to judicial review under the APA. 5 U.S.C. § 704. "As a general matter, two conditions must be satisfied for agency action to be `final': First, the action must mark the consummation of the agency's decisionmaking process — it must not be of a merely tentative or interlocutory nature. And second, the action must be one by which rights or obligations have been determined, or from which legal consequences will flow." Holistic Candlers and Consumers Ass'n v. FDA, 664 F.3d 940 (D.C.Cir.2012) (quoting Bennett v. Spear, 520 U.S. 154, 177-78, 117 S.Ct. 1154, 137 L.Ed.2d 281 (1997)). "In other words, an agency action is final if, as the Supreme Court has said, it is `definitive' and has a `direct and immediate ... effect on the day-to-day business' of the party challenging it." Nat'l Ass'n of Home Builders v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 417 F.3d 1272, 1278 (D.C.Cir.2005) (quoting FTC v. Standard Oil Co., 449 U.S. 232, 239, 101 S.Ct. 488, 66 L.Ed.2d 416 (1980)).
NAHB maintains that the TNW Determination is a final agency action because it was issued pursuant to 33 C.F.R. § 320.1(a)(6), which provides that "formal determinations concerning the applicability of the Clean Water Act ... to activities or tracts of land .... shall constitute a Corps final agency action." NAHB also argues that the Determination is "final" because it satisfies both prongs of the Bennett test. (Pl. Opp. at 35.) Under the first prong, NAHB argues that the Determination is not "tentative or interlocutory" because EPA ordered that it be implemented by its regional office and that it be communicated to the Corps "so it may be used by the Corps to complete pending and future jurisdictional determinations for the Santa Cruz River watershed." (Id. (quoting
As an initial matter, the mention of "final agency action" in 33 C.F.R. § 320.1(a)(6) is not dispositive. First, the Corps indicated in rulemaking that the provision was added to clarify that "when a district engineer makes certain determinations under these regulations, the public can rely on that determination as a Corps final agency action." 51 Fed.Reg. 41,206, 41,207 (Nov. 13, 1986). No mention was made of finality for the purposes of judicial review under the APA. The Corps explained in later rulemaking that "jurisdictional determinations are not ripe for review until a landowner who disagrees with a JD has gone through the permitting process" and that "JDs are not necessarily `final' even as an administrative matter [because] [p]hysical circumstances can change over time, and the scope of regulatory jurisdiction when a JD is initially performed might be different from the scope of jurisdiction when a permit application is reviewed or when an enforcement action is taken." 65 Fed.Reg. 16, 486, 16,488 (Mar. 28, 2000). While the Corps' comments addressed jurisdictional determinations rather than TNW determinations, there is no meaningful distinction between the two in this context, as both constitute "formal determinations concerning the applicability of the Clean Water Act." 33 C.F.R. § 320.1(a)(6).
Furthermore, courts have held that "[a]lthough [a] district engineer's assertion of jurisdiction may be `final' agency action by virtue of 33 C.F.R. § 320.1(a)(6), this alone does not entitle the Plaintiff to pre-enforcement review." Route 26 Land Dev. Ass'n v. U.S. Government, 753 F.Supp. 532 (D.Del.1990).
Defendants do not contest that the TNW Determination meets Bennett's first prong, but they maintain that the Determination is not final agency action under prong two because it does not determine legal rights or obligations, and there are no legal consequences that flow from it. (See Def. Mot. at 22.) This is an issue of first impression, for, as far as this Court can determine, no court has squarely addressed whether a TNW determination is a final agency action. However, a number
Id. Similarly, in Belle Co. v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the district court held that an approved jurisdictional determination was not final agency action because it "`imposes no new or additional legal obligations,' but simply `reminds' Belle of existing duties under the CWA." No. 12-247, 2013 WL 773730, at *3 (M.D.La. Feb. 28, 2013). The TNW Determination holds a similar status. The Determination does not require NAHB members to take any specific action. They either have obligations to seek permits under the CWA or they do not. Those obligations may have been clarified by the TNW Determination, but they do not arise out of the Determination. And, as the Court of Appeals previously noted,
NAHB II, 667 F.3d at 13-14. Thus, the Court is not persuaded by NAHB's attempts to distinguish Fairbanks and Belle, and finds that the reasoning of those cases supports the conclusion that the TNW Determination is not final agency action within the meaning of the APA.
NAHB argues that other cases cited by defendants involve site-specific compliance orders and therefore have been overruled by the Supreme Court's recent decision in Sackett v. EPA, ___ U.S. ___, 132 S.Ct. 1367, 182 L.Ed.2d 367 (2012), in which it held that an administrative compliance order was final agency action and that the CWA did not preclude review. (See Pl. Opp. at 39 (citing, inter alia, Child v. United States, 851 F.Supp. 1527 (D.Utah 1994); Fiscella & Fiscella v. United States, 717 F.Supp. 1143 (E.D.Va.1989)).) The Court agrees to the extent that the cases hold that compliance orders are not final agency actions. However, the Sackett decision itself underscores the distinction between an agency action that is final — such as a compliance order — and one that is not — such as a jurisdictional determination or a TNW determination. At
By contrast, the TNW Determination does not require NAHB members to do anything, nor does it expose them to additional penalties in a future enforcement proceeding, or impact their ability to obtain a permit from the Corps. The TNW Determination, at most, warns developers in the Santa Cruz watershed that they may be required to obtain a permit for certain activities in certain locations in order to be in compliance with the CWA. This is not enough, for agency actions that merely warn regulated entities are not considered to be final agency actions, as they do not "determin[e] rights or obligations" nor do "legal consequences flow" from them. Holistic Candlers, 664 F.3d at 945. There is nothing legally binding about them. See Belle Co., 2013 WL 773730, at *3 (distinguishing site-specific jurisdictional determination from compliance order at issue in Sackett).
NAHB members' options remain the same now as they were prior to the TNW Determination. "First, a potential discharger can apply for a permit," and "[i]f its application is denied (or granted with unacceptable conditions), the applicant can appeal administratively and then seek judicial review of that permit decision under the APA." (Def. Mot. at 26.) If the TNW Determination was used to assist in assessing the permit decision, it will be part of the administrative record and can be challenged at that time. (See id.) Or, "if a potential discharger upstream of the reach which is the subject matter of the TNW Determination does not agree with it, the potential discharger can proceed to discharge without applying for a permit." (Id.) And, the Corps or the EPA can pursue an enforcement action, just as they could prior to the TNW Determination. (Id. at 27.) As the D.C. Circuit has previously held,
Nat'l Ass'n of Home Builders v. Norton, 415 F.3d 8, 15 (D.C.Cir.2005) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
Here, NAHB members face no "certain change in the[ir] legal obligations" as a result of the 2008 TNW Determination, and any potential consequences that they could face are insufficient to transform the Determination into final agency action. (Id.) In the absence of a final agency action, the TNW Determination is not subject to judicial review under the APA, and NAHB has failed to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.
For the reasons stated above, the Court will grant defendants' Motion to Dismiss.
