MEMORANDUM OPINION

REGGIE B. WALTON, District Judge.

These consolidated lawsuits arose out of a collision between two Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority ("WMATA") trains that occurred on June 22, 2009, resulting in the deaths of nine passengers and injuries to many others. See Second Amended Master Complaint ("Compl.") ¶¶ 156, 161. Currently before the Court is the motion of WP Company, LLC, which operates the Washington Post newspaper (the "Post"), for leave to intervene and for access to court records. Upon careful consideration of the parties' submissions,1 the Court will grant in part and deny in part the Post's motion.

I. Background

On June 22, 2009, two WMATA trains collided near the Fort Totten Metrorail station in Washington, D.C. Compl. ¶ 156. The collision killed nine passengers and injured at least eighty others. Id. ¶ 161. Numerous alleged victims of the train collision brought suit in this Court, asserting various common law tort claims against WMATA and three of its equipment contractors: Ansaldo STS USA, Inc., Alstom Signaling Inc., and ARINC, Inc. (collectively, the "Corporate Defendants"). See id. ¶¶ 3-19. After consolidating the cases, the Court designated a common docket number, Miscellaneous Action No. 10-314, for all filings related to the Fort Totten Metrorail cases. See ECF No. 3 at 1.

Over the course of this litigation, the Court has granted the parties' requests to seal a number of filings. These sealed filings can be divided into the following three categories:

The Post has provided extensive press coverage of the Fort Totten Metrorail collision. See Post's Mem. at 3. It asserts, however, that the Court's sealing of the foregoing documents has hindered its ability "to report fully on the collision and the subsequent legal proceedings,"2 and thus moves for leave to intervene in these cases under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 24(b) and for access to the sealed records.3 Id. As grounds for its motion, the Post invokes both "common law and First Amendment rights of access to the court records in these cases." Id. at 1.

II. Motion for Access to Court Records

The public's right of access to judicial records derives from two independent sources: the common law and the First Amendment. See United States v. ElSayegh, 131 F.3d 158, 160-61 (D.C.Cir. 1997). Perhaps recognizing that the District of Columbia Circuit has expressed doubts about whether the First Amendment right of access applies outside of the criminal context, see SEC v. Am. Int'l Grp., 712 F.3d 1, 5 (D.C.Cir.2013); Ctr. for Nat'l Sec. Studies v. DOJ, 331 F.3d 918, 935 (D.C.Cir.2003), the Post's motion rests primarily on the common law right of access, see Post's Mem. at 13 n. 11. Accordingly, the Court will focus on that right, only addressing the First Amendment right of access where the common law does not provide a sufficient basis for unsealing the documents requested by the Post.

"In `the courts of this country' — including the federal courts — the common law bestows upon the public a right of access to public records and documents." Wash. Legal Found. v. U.S. Sentencing Comm'n, 89 F.3d 897, 902 (D.C.Cir.1996) (quoting Nixon v. Warner Commc'ns, Inc., 435 U.S. 589, 597, 98 S.Ct. 1306, 55 L.Ed.2d 570 (1978)). This right extends to "judicial records." El-Sayegh, 131 F.3d at 161; Am. Int'l Grp., 712 F.3d at 3. "[W]hether a document must be disclosed pursuant to the common law right of access involves a two-step inquiry." Wash. Legal Found., 89 F.3d at 902. First, the court must determine whether the document sought is a judicial record. See id. And in this Circuit, "not all documents filed with courts are judicial records." Am. Int'l Grp., 712 F.3d at 3. Rather, "whether something is a judicial record depends on `the role it plays in the adjudicatory process.'" Id. (quoting El-Sayegh, 131 F.3d at 163 (holding that a withdrawn guilty plea agreement in a criminal case which the district court never ruled upon was not a judicial record)). The reasoning for this rule is intuitive: "the concept of a judicial record `assumes a judicial decision,' and with no such decision, there is `nothing judicial to record.'" Id. (quoting El-Sayegh, 131 F.3d at 162).

If a document qualifies as a judicial record, the court proceeds to the second inquiry: balancing the public's right of access against the interests favoring nondisclosure. See Wash. Legal Found., 89 F.3d at 902. The "starting point" of this analysis is the "`strong presumption in favor of public access to judicial proceedings.'" EEOC v. Nat'l Children's Ctr., Inc., 98 F.3d 1406, 1409 (D.C.Cir.1996) (citation omitted). In United States v. Hubbard, 650 F.2d 293 (D.C.Cir.1980), the Circuit "identified six factors that might act to overcome this presumption":

Nat'l Children's Ctr., 98 F.3d at 1409 (citing Hubbard, 650 F.2d at 317-22). Although this inquiry is necessarily case-specific, there are a few "time-honored exceptions" to the common law right of access. Hubbard, 650 F.2d at 315. "There is, for instance, no right of access to `documents which have traditionally been kept secret for important policy reasons,'" In re Motions of Dow Jones & Co., 142 F.3d 496, 504 (D.C.Cir.1998) (citation omitted), such as "protect[ing] trade secrets, or the privacy and reputation of victims of crimes," "guard[ing] against risks to national security interests," and "minimiz[ing] the danger of an unfair trial by adverse publicity," Hubbard, 650 F.2d at 315-16 (internal footnotes omitted).

With this legal framework as its guide, the Court will address the applicability of the common law right of access with respect to each category of sealed documents at issue here.

A. Settlement Documents Concerning Minors

The first category of sealed documents concern settlement agreements involving minors that were filed with and approved by the Court pursuant to D.C.Code § 21-120(a) (requiring court approval of settlements on behalf of minor children). Specifically, these documents consist of petitions for approval of settlements involving minors, the Court's orders approving those settlements as fair and reasonable, a notice confirming the disbursement of settlement funds in one case, and a dismissal order based upon this notice. See ECF Nos. 218, 219, 240, 247, 253, 657, 676, 677, 773, 774, 775, 776, 778, 779, 780, and 781.

The initial question for the Court to address is whether the minor settlement documents are "judicial records" to which the common law right of access attaches. They plainly are. Indeed, the documents consist of (1) filings upon which the Court relied in deciding whether to approve settlements and dismiss cases, and (2) orders approving those settlements and dismissing cases. Because of the significant roles they "play[ed] in the adjudicatory process," El-Sayegh, 131 F.3d at 163, the documents qualify as judicial records, see SEC. v. Van Waeyenberghe, 990 F.2d 845, 849 (5th Cir.1993) ("[S]ettlement agreements that are filed and submitted to the district court for approval" and orders approving such settlements are "judicial records" to which the "public's common law right of access to court records ... applies." (collecting cases)). No party argues otherwise.

As judicial records, the minor settlement documents are presumptively-accessible unless sealing is justified under the Hubbard factors. The first of those factors is "the need for public access to the documents at issue." Nat'l Children's Ctr., 98 F.3d at 1409. Because WMATA is a governmental entity, its presence in this litigation enhances the need for public access to the judicial records. See id. ("`The appropriateness of making court files accessible is accentuated in cases where the government is a party.'" (citation omitted)). And the fact that some of the sealed records reveal how WMATA utilized taxpayer funds in settling lawsuits further strengthens the public's stake in their release. Cf. id. at 1410 (public had interest in the disclosure of the terms of a settlement agreement with a non-profit organization because "[t]he public should be able to learn how the money it has contributed to a charitable organization is being spent"). Irrespective of the presence of a governmental entity in this litigation, a "court's approval of a settlement," even between private parties, is a matter "which the public has the right to know about and evaluate," LEAP Sys., Inc. v. MoneyTrax, Inc., 638 F.3d 216, 220 (3d Cir.2011) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted), for "[t]he public has an interest in knowing what terms of settlement a federal judge would approve and perhaps therefore nudge the parties to agree to," Jessup v. Luther, 277 F.3d 926, 929 (7th Cir.2002). Finally, the Fort Totten train collision — the deadliest event in WMATA's history — is a matter of significant public concern, particularly to residents of the District of Columbia metropolitan area who comprise the bulk of WMATA's ridership. Although the minor settlement documents do not shed much light (if any) on the circumstances of the train collision itself, their disclosure would, at the least, cause an "incremental gain in public understanding of an immensely important historical occurrence." Nixon, 435 U.S. at 602, 98 S.Ct. 1306; see also Mokhiber v. Davis, 537 A.2d 1100, 1117 (D.C.1988) (per curiam) ("[A]n issue of greater and wider public importance may create a stronger claim of access than a less important issue," even when "[t]he primary public interest... relate[s] to the underlying dispute, not to the judicial proceedings, as such, in which the records arose."). For all of these reasons, the need for public access weighs heavily in favor of disclosure.

The second Hubbard factor is "the extent of previous public access to the documents." Nat'l Children's Ctr., 98 F.3d at 1409. Here, there is no indication that the minor settlement documents have been previously disclosed to the public. While the Post is correct in noting that some details about the minor plaintiffs are part of the public record, Post's Mem. at 11-12, the terms of their settlements are not. This factor therefore weighs against disclosure.

The third Hubbard factor is "the fact that someone has objected to disclosure, and the identity of that person." Nat'l Children's Ctr., 98 F.3d at 1409. All defendants have unequivocally objected to the disclosure of the minor settlement documents. See WMATA's Opp'n at 14-17; Corp. Defs.' Opp'n at 6-8. Some of the defendants' objections, however, are made on behalf of the minor plaintiffs and seek to protect their privacy interests. See WMATA's Opp'n at 15 ("Public disclosure [of settlement amounts] endangers these minors by exposing them to the potential avarice and ill will of those who may not share the minors' best interests."); Corp. Defs.' Opp'n at 7 ("Disclosure of [settlement amounts] could place these minors at risk of adverse attention from ill-intentioned adults and others who would have no interest in them but for the anticipated receipt of future payments."). The Court accords no weight to these particular objections since the defendants have no standing to raise them. See Kowalski v. Tesmer, 543 U.S. 125, 129, 125 S.Ct. 564, 160 L.Ed.2d 519 (2004) ("[A] party `generally must assert his own legal rights and interests, and cannot rest his claim to relief on the legal rights or interests of third parties.'" (citation omitted)).

As for the plaintiffs, they broadly assert that filings relating to "damages" should remain sealed, while those concerning "liability" should not. Pl.'s Resp. at 1-2. More specifically, they oppose disclosure of information containing "private, sensitive personal information" about the minor plaintiffs, "including intra-family relationships, mental and physical health issues, and other extremely sensitive matters." Id. at 2. But the plaintiffs do not explicitly oppose disclosure of the minor settlement documents, nor do they raise the particular privacy concerns the defendants attempt to assert on their behalf.4 And insofar as the minor settlement documents contain sensitive medical and other personal information, the Post agrees that this information should be redacted, see Post's Reply at 2-3, 8 — as does the Court, for reasons that will be explained below. Thus, the plaintiffs' objections are inapposite to the Post's request for access to the minor settlement documents. The Court does, however, consider the defendants' properly-raised objections as a factor weighing against disclosure.

The fourth Hubbard factor examines "the strength of any property and privacy interests asserted" by those objecting to disclosure. Nat'l Children's Ctr., 98 F.3d at 1409. The defendants assert that confidentiality was an essential term of the parties' settlement agreements, and that it would consequently be unfair for the Court to pierce that confidentiality by disclosing the minor settlement documents. See WMATA's Opp'n at 15-16; Corp. Defs.' Opp'n at 8. The Post counters that courts have rejected parties' reliance on confidentiality agreements as a reason for sealing judicial records. Post's Reply at 5-6.

There is caselaw supporting both positions. Most notably weighing in the defendants' favor is National Children's Center, 98 F.3d at 1409. There, the District of Columbia Circuit reviewed the district court's decision to seal a consent decree memorializing the parties' settlement agreement. Id. The district court's sealing decision was based, in part, on its finding that "confidentiality was [an] important" factor in the defendant's decision to settle the case. Id. The Circuit agreed that this "was an appropriate consideration under Hubbard," despite reversing the district court's ruling on different grounds. Id. at 1409-10. Similarly, in Mokhiber, 537 A.2d at 1116, the District of Columbia Court of Appeals listed the "inequity of exposing parties ... who acted in reliance on continuing confidentiality" as one of the "factors counseling against disclosure" of sealed settlement information in civil cases. As that court reasoned, "protective orders typically induce reliance by the parties and often constitute a significant inducement to settlement;" thus, "parties' reliance on secrecy and the goal of encouraging settlement ... very frequently will constitute a compelling reason to continue an existing protective order." Id. at 1116-17; see also El-Sayegh, 131 F.3d at 163 (noting "the policy in favor of civil settlement," and the risks posed to this policy by disclosure of settlement negotiations).

As the Post points out, other courts have been unwilling to deem parties' reliance on continuing confidentiality in reaching a settlement agreement a sufficient basis to overcome the public's right of access. The Eleventh Circuit appears to have taken the strongest stance on this issue, finding it

Brown v. Advantage Eng'g, Inc., 960 F.2d 1013, 1016 (11th Cir.1992). The Third Circuit has likewise held that a "court's approval of a settlement" is a matter "which the public has a right to know about and evaluate," and that this right cannot be overcome by "the generalized interest in encouraging settlements," even in cases where "settlement would not be effectuated if ... confidentiality was not assured." Bank of Am. Nat'l Trust & Sav. Ass'n v. Hotel Rittenhouse Assocs., 800 F.2d 339, 344, 346 (3d Cir.1986); but see LEAP Sys., 638 F.3d at 222 (distinguishing Rittenhouse on the grounds that the district court's sealing of settlement information was based not merely on "a generalized concern about discouraging settlement agreements," but rather a party's demonstrated reliance on the district court's repeated assurances of confidentiality).

National Children's Center indicates that the District of Columbia Circuit would not take a position as extreme as the Eleventh Circuit's. Although the Circuit did not explain its rationale, that case at least stands for the proposition that a party's demonstrated reliance on confidentiality as a condition of a settlement agreement is an "appropriate consideration" for a court deciding whether to unseal judicial records containing settlement information. Nat'l Children's Ctr., 98 F.3d at 1409. Applying that principle here, the Court deems the defendants' reliance on the terms of their settlements remaining confidential a factor weighing against disclosure of the minor settlement documents.

The fifth Hubbard factor is "the possibility of prejudice to those opposing disclosure." Id. The defendants contend that disclosure of the minor settlement documents would prejudice them by complicating their ability to settle with the remaining plaintiffs in these cases and by tainting future jury pools. WMATA's Opp'n at 16; Corp. Defs.' Opp'n at 6. The Court rejects these objections out of hand. As the Seventh Circuit has explained, a defendant's "desire to keep the amount of its payment quiet (perhaps to avoid looking like an easy mark, and thus drawing more suits) is not nearly on a par with national security and trade secret information," Herrnreiter v. Chicago Hous. Auth., 281 F.3d 634, 637 (7th Cir.2002) — i.e., the types of information "`which have traditionally been kept secret for important policy reasons,'" Dow Jones & Co., 142 F.3d at 504 (citation omitted). Similarly, courts have held that guarding a party from adverse consequences in other civil lawsuits is not a proper basis for sealing judicial records. See Foltz v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 331 F.3d 1122, 1137 (9th Cir.2003) ("[D]isclosure might harm State Farm by exposing it to additional liability and litigation..., but a litigant is not entitled to the court's protection from this type of harm."). And any risk of jury prejudice caused by disclosure of the minor settlement documents (which the Court does not believe would be substantial in any event) can be addressed through appropriate voir dire. Accordingly, the fifth Hubbard factor weighs neither for nor against disclosure.

Finally, the sixth Hubbard factor examines "the purposes for which the documents were introduced during the judicial proceedings." Nat'l Children's Ctr., 98 F.3d at 1409. The settlement agreements at issue were submitted to the Court pursuant to D.C.Code § 21-120(a), which declares that a settlement made "on behalf of a minor child ... is not valid unless approved by a judge of the court in which the action is pending." This statute reflects a well-established "policy that a minor plaintiff, under certain circumstances, requires special consideration from the court not ordinarily accorded other litigants." Godfrey v. Washington, 653 A.2d 371, 373 (D.C.1995). And this policy of protecting minors is vindicated, rather than undermined, by the disclosure of records generated in connection with a court's approval of a minor settlement, for such disclosure facilitates public scrutiny of the judicial approval process. See Hill v. Kenworth Truck Co., No. 2:07-0223, 2008 WL 4058426, at *4 (S.D.W.Va. Aug. 26, 2008) ("[T]he amount of the settlement is not a tangential matter with respect to the plaintiff's petition [for approval of a settlement on behalf of a minor], but rather goes to the heart of the petition inasmuch as the court is being asked to approve the amount of the settlement and the distribution thereof. Without access to this information, the public has no means of judging the product of the court in this case." (emphasis added)); C.L. v. Edson, 140 Wis.2d 168, 409 N.W.2d 417, 423 (Wisc.Ct.App.1987) ("[T]he public's interest in protecting minors is likely better served by allowing public scrutiny of minor settlements."). As Justice Brandeis famously remarked on the importance of transparency, "`[s]unlight is ... the best of disinfectants.'" Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1, 67, 96 S.Ct. 612, 46 L.Ed.2d 659 (1976) (quoting L. Brandeis, Other People's Money 62 (National Home Library Found. ed.1933)). Because § 21-120(a) is designed to protect minors from disadvantageous settlements, and because disclosure of the minor settlement documents would advance this goal by inviting public scrutiny of the Court's decisions approving those settlements, the sixth Hubbard factor weighs heavily in favor of disclosure.

To sum up, the first and sixth Hubbard factors weigh heavily in favor of disclosure; the second, third, and fourth factors weigh in favor of nondisclosure; and the fifth factor is neutral. Although most of the factors weigh in favor of nondisclosure, this is not determinative because a strong showing on one Hubbard factor can outweigh several other factors. See In re Sealed Case, 237 F.3d 657, 666 (D.C.Cir. 2001) (indicating that "an extraordinarily strong privacy interest" could, by itself, outweigh the remaining five Hubbard factors). Here, given the strength of the public's interest in accessing the minor settlement documents, and considering that disclosure of the documents would vindicate the purposes for which they were introduced during the judicial proceedings, the weight of the first and sixth Hubbard factors overcome the remaining factors. Accordingly, the strong presumption of access to the minor settlement documents has not been rebutted and the documents must be unsealed.

This decision comes with a few caveats. First, the Post and the other parties agree that the minors' medical information should be redacted from the documents to be unsealed. The public has little interest, if any, in disclosure of this information, while the plaintiffs have a strong privacy interest in keeping this highly personal information sealed. Thus, sealing is permissible under both the common law right of access and, assuming it applies in this context, the First Amendment. See United States v. Brice, 649 F.3d 793, 796-98 (D.C.Cir.2011) (affirming district court's decision to seal sensitive medical information about minors under both the First Amendment and common law rights of access). Based on the Court's review, the only minor settlement document containing such information is ECF No. 657-2 at 3-5 (medical record of a minor plaintiff). The Court will therefore instruct the parties to submit a redacted version of ECF No. 657 for filing on the public docket, omitting the sensitive medical information contained at pages three through five of ECF No. 657-2.

Second, some of the minor settlement documents list the minors' full names and full birthdates of the minors and others. E.g., ECF No. 219 at 4; ECF No. 676 at 1. Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 5.2(a), "[u]nless the court orders otherwise, in an electronic or paper filing with the court that contains an individual's ... birth date, [or] the name of an individual known to be a minor ... a party or nonparty making the filing may include only... the year of the individual's birth ... [or] the minor's initials." Insofar as it concerns minors' identities, Rule 5.2(a) reflects Congress's judgment "that the interest of minors in privacy is greater than the public's interest in learning their names, even when there is no particular threat to the juvenile's physical safety or well-being."5 Doe ex rel. Doe v. Kamehameha Sch./Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estate, 625 F.3d 1182, 1187 (9th Cir.2010) (Reinhardt, J., joined by Kozinski, C.J., dissenting from denial of rehearing en banc). Accordingly, consistent with the requirements of Rule 5.2(a) and its underlying policy of "providing for juvenile anonymity as the general practice in federal courts," id., the Court will instruct the parties to submit redacted versions of ECF Nos. 218, 219, 240, 247, 253, 657, 676, 677, 773, 774, 775, 776, 778, 779, 780, and 781 for filing on the public docket, omitting any references to individuals' birthdates and the minors' names, as well as the names of the minors' family or guardians, given that public disclosure of those names could reveal the minors' identities.

B. Documents Relating to Confidential Mediations

The second category of sealed documents relates to confidential mediations conducted by the parties. See ECF Nos. 616, 623, 624, 625, 627, 630, 631, 638, 639, 641, 649, 650, 651, 655, 656, 661, 711, 715, 716, 718, 719, and 721. This category of sealed documents can be further divided into two subcategories, which the Court will address separately.

1. Documents Relating to the Tawanda Brown Mediation

The first subcategory concerns a mediation with the defendants and one of the plaintiffs, Tawanda Brown. Per an Order of this Court dated May 7, 2010, ECF No. 4, this mediation was subject to the confidentiality restrictions of Local Civil Rule 84.9(a)(1) ("The Court hereby prohibits the mediator, all counsel and parties and any other persons attending the mediation from disclosing any written or oral communications made in connection with or during any mediation session."). After the mediation, Ms. Brown made statements to the media revealing confidential settlement communications made by the defendants during mediation. These disclosures led the Corporate Defendants to move to dismiss Ms. Brown's complaint for breaching mediation confidentiality. The Court allowed the documents submitted in connection with this motion to be sealed due to the Corporate Defendants' confidentiality concerns. See ECF Nos. 616, 625, 627, 639, and 641. Ultimately, the Court denied the motion to dismiss at a hearing held on February 28, 2012. That hearing was not sealed and the transcript for the hearing is available on the public docket. See ECF No. 659.

As a threshold matter, the documents in this subcategory qualify as judicial records subject to the common law right of access because they were filed with the Court and were the subjects of judicial action. See Am. Int'l Grp., 712 F.3d at 3; El-Sayegh, 131 F.3d at 163. Thus, the remaining question is whether the presumption of access associated with these filings has been overcome upon consideration of the Hubbard factors.

As to the first Hubbard factor, there is a need for public access to these records given the significance of the Fort Totten Metrorail collision, see supra at 7-8, and because the records were relied upon by the Court in its public decision denying the Corporate Defendants' motion to dismiss, see Hubbard, 650 F.2d at 318. The third Hubbard factor weighs against disclosure because all defendants object to unsealing. As to the nature of the defendants' objections, they emphasize the importance of maintaining confidentiality over the mediation process because of the Local Rule requiring such confidentiality and because of the policy goal of promoting candor in settlement negotiations. See WMATA's Opp'n at 10-14; Corp. Defs.' Opp'n at 4-5. The Corporate Defendants further claim that disclosure of the sealed records could taint jury pools in upcoming trials. Corp. Defs.' Opp'n at 5-6. But these interests are not actually implicated by disclosure of the sealed records at issue here. This is because the records do not reveal previously-undisclosed statements made during confidential mediations, but rather contain statements Ms. Brown made to the media which were aired on television and published on the internet. See ECF Nos. 616, 625, 627, 639, and 641. The fact that this information is freely available in the public domain weighs heavily in favor of disclosure under the second Hubbard factor, and negates the defendants' asserted privacy interests and concerns of prejudice, the fourth and fifth Hubbard factors.6 Any harm caused by Ms. Brown's statements has already been done, so keeping judicial records repeating those statements sealed indefinitely will not advance the defendants' interests in nondisclosure. Finally, the sixth Hubbard factor weighs in favor of disclosure because the sealed records were introduced in connection with a motion containing publicly-available information which was denied in open court.

The Court thus finds that the first, second, and sixth Hubbard factors weigh in favor of disclosure, the third factor weighs against disclosure, and the fourth and fifth factors are neutral. Because the defendants have not rebutted the strong presumption of access, the filings relating to the Corporate Defendants' motion to dismiss Ms. Brown's complaint must be unsealed.

2. Documents Relating to the "Defendants — Only" Mediations

The second subcategory of sealed mediation documents concerns mediations conducted among the defendants only in late 2011 and early 2012. These mediations were subject to a confidentiality agreement between the defendants, but not Local Civil Rule 84.9, as the Court's May 7, 2010 Order did not explicitly order that mediation among the defendants only (and without the plaintiffs) be subject to the Court's local rules governing mediation. Following these defendants-only mediations, a dispute arose concerning whether the Corporate Defendants and WMATA had reached an enforceable settlement agreement. The Corporate Defendants thereafter moved to enforce the settlement agreement, which WMATA moved, in turn, to strike. Based on the defendants' confidentiality concerns, the Court allowed the filings submitted in connection with these motions, and other filings regarding the defendants-only mediations, to be sealed. Among these sealed records are (1) WMATA's motion to strike the Corporate Defendants' Emergency Motion to Enforce Settlement Agreement and all related briefs; (2) transcripts of court hearings attended only by the defendants where the Court granted WMATA's motion to strike, ruled that the defendants had reached no enforceable settlement agreement during mediation, and denied the Corporate Defendants' motion for reconsideration of these rulings; and (3) other briefs discussing the defendants-only mediations which were relied upon by the Court in adjudicating the parties' rights. See ECF Nos. 623, 624, 649, 650, 651, 655, 656, 661, 715, 718, and 721.

All of these documents are judicial records subject to the common law right of access because they either were filed with the Court and were the subjects of judicial action, see Am. Int'l Grp., 712 F.3d at 3; El-Sayegh, 131 F.3d at 163, or are transcripts of hearings during which the Court ruled on motions related to the defendants-only mediations, see Nat'l Children's Ctr., Inc., 98 F.3d at 1409 ("A court's decrees, its judgments, its orders, are the quintessential business of the public's institutions."). For these records to remain sealed, then, the presumption of access must be overcome upon consideration of the Hubbard factors.

Turning to the first Hubbard factor, there is a need for public access to these records because of the significance of the Fort Totten Metrorail collision generally, and this need is enhanced because of the involvement of WMATA — a governmental entity — in the defendants-only mediations. See supra at 7-8. The second Hubbard factor, however, weighs against disclosure because there appears to have been no prior disclosure of this information. Moreover, the third Hubbard factor weighs against disclosure because all defendants have objected to unsealing the records.

Analysis of the remaining Hubbard factors blends together. As to the fourth and fifth factors, the defendants emphasize that confidentiality is mandated by their mediation agreement, and note the chilling effect that disclosure could have on civil litigants' willingness to settle cases through mediation. See WMATA's Opp'n at 10-14; Corp. Defs.' Opp'n at 4-5. They further note that the policy of retaining confidentiality in mediation is reflected by Local Civil Rule 84.9(a)(1),7 and Federal Rule of Evidence 408, which generally bars the admission of evidence of "conduct or a statement made during compromise negotiations." See WMATA Opp'n at 11; Corp. Defs.' Opp'n at 4.

The defendants' arguments overlook the reason why the sealed records were introduced in the first place (which, incidentally, is the sixth Hubbard factor): the Corporate Defendants wanted the Court to enforce a purported settlement agreement reached during the defendants-only mediations. This point is significant because when litigants "call on the courts" to resolve disputes, "they must accept the openness that goes with subsidized dispute resolution by public (and publicly accountable) officials," for "[j]udicial proceedings are public rather than private property." Union Oil Co. of Cal. v. Leavell, 220 F.3d 562, 568 (7th Cir.2000). Thus, when information subject to confidentiality restrictions "become[s] a subject of litigation, it must be opened to the public just like other information (such as the wages paid to an employee, or the price for an architect's services) that becomes the subject of litigation." Herrnreiter, 281 F.3d at 637. Applying this principle in Herrnreiter, the Seventh Circuit held that a party to a confidential settlement agreement "relinquished any claim to confidentiality" by asking the court "to enforce the agreement." Id. at 636. The court reasoned that "[a] settlement agreement is a contract, and when parties to a contract ask a court to interpret and enforce their agreement, the contract enters the record of the case and thus becomes available to the public, unless it contains information such as trade secrets that may legitimately be kept confidential." Id.; see also Rittenhouse, 800 F.2d at 345 ("Having undertaken to utilize the judicial process to interpret the settlement and to enforce it, the parties are no longer entitled to invoke the confidentiality ordinarily accorded settlement agreements."). So too here. Regardless of the confidentiality restrictions and evidentiary prohibitions applicable to the mediation-related documents, those records became presumptively-accessible once they were filed with the Court in connection with a dispute of which the defendants sought judicial resolution, and the Court did, in fact, resolve the dispute. The defendants' confidentiality objections therefore do not weigh against disclosure under the fourth and fifth Hubbard factors, while the sixth Hubbard factor does weigh in favor of disclosure.

The defendants contend that the Court's disclosure of the mediation-related documents would undermine the confidentiality restrictions imposed by the defendants' mediation agreement, see WMATA's Opp'n at 12; Corp. Defs.' Opp'n at 5, but, in reality, it was the Corporate Defendants' conduct that compromised mediation confidentiality. The defendants' confidentiality agreement prohibited disclosure of mediation-related communications to parties outside the mediation circle, including this Court. See Mediation Agreement, ECF No. 622-6 at 2 ("If this matter does not settle in mediation, the Parties may report to a court that mediation has been unsuccessfully attempted ..., but no Party may provide any details or otherwise disclose what happened in the mediation. Nor may a Party refer to or rely on offers, promises, conduct or statements made during the mediation in court submissions, testimony or expert reports." (emphasis added)). Despite this prohibition, the Corporate Defendants asked the Court to enforce a purported settlement agreement based on confidential communications arising out of the defendants-only mediations. Although the Court ultimately denied this request and granted WMATA's motion to strike the Corporate Defendants' motion to enforce settlement, by that point the defendants had subjected the confidential mediation information to the strong presumption of access through their filings with this Court. Had the Corporate Defendants complied with the confidentiality provision of their mediation agreement, the mediation-related documents would not have become judicial records to which the common law right of access attaches. But the Corporate Defendants chose a different route, unilaterally deciding to submit the mediation dispute for judicial resolution. By doing so, the Corporate Defendants assumed the risk that the records relating to that dispute would be made public. In light of these circumstances, disclosure in this case would not, as a general matter, have a chilling effect on the mediation process. Rather, the upshot of the Court's ruling is this: a party who enters into an agreement to keep mediation strictly confidential should not expect to retain confidentiality if it brings a dispute arising out the mediation to a court's attention, contrary to the terms of the confidentiality agreement.

None of this is to say that confidentiality restrictions on mediation are toothless. On the contrary, breaches of an agreement requiring confidentiality may be redressed in a separate civil suit. See Herrnreiter, 281 F.3d at 637 ("[I]f initiating litigation about [an] agreement (or causing such litigation to be initiated) amounts to a breach of the confidentiality clause, then any party who can demonstrate damages because of the disclosure may obtain them in a separate action"). And in cases governed by Local Rule 84, violations of this Court's rules and implementing orders mandating confidentiality in mediation may be met with appropriate sanctions. See Williams v. Johanns, 529 F.Supp.2d 22, 24 (D.D.C. 2008) (holding counsel in civil contempt for violating confidentiality order governing mediation). But indefinite sealing of judicial records is not a form of relief available to a party claiming a breach of mediation confidentiality during litigation. The longstanding tradition of openness in judicial proceedings cautions otherwise. Thus, both the Corporate Defendants' and WMATA's objections to disclosure must be rejected.

In sum, the Court concludes that the first and sixth Hubbard factors weigh in favor of disclosure (with the first factor weighing heavily so), the second and third factors weigh against disclosure, and the fourth and fifth factors are neutral. Based on this balancing, the Court finds that the presumption of access associated with the documents relating to the defendants-only mediations has not been rebutted. These judicial records must therefore be unsealed.

C. Documents Containing Medical and Other Sensitive Information about Individual Plaintiffs

The third category of sealed documents contains medical and other sensitive information about individual plaintiffs. See ECF Nos. 429, 547, 772, 782, and 786. This category encompasses a broad range of documents, which the Court will address separately.

ECF No. 429 is a motion in limine seeking to exclude from trial sensitive personal information concerning a minor plaintiff, and ECF No. 547 is the order granting that motion. While these documents are judicial records subject to the common law right of access, none of the Hubbard factors weigh in favor of their disclosure. Specifically, (1) the public has no discernible interest in disclosure of the records; (2) the records were not previously disclosed to the public; (3) all parties object to disclosure; (4) the minor plaintiff has a very strong privacy interest in keeping the information sealed; and (5) the Court granted the motion in limine precisely because it sought to exclude irrelevant and prejudicial information from trial that would have unduly infringed the minor plaintiff's privacy interests, and unsealing the records now would undermine that ruling. Nor would disclosure be required under the First Amendment right of access — assuming that right applies outside of the criminal context — because sealing serves the compelling interest of "`not exposing intimate ... facts about ... juveniles to all and sundry'"; unsealing the records would harm this compelling interest; and no alternatives to sealing the records in their entirety would adequately protect the compelling interest.8 See Brice, 649 F.3d at 796-97 (citation omitted). ECF Nos. 429 and 547 will therefore remain sealed.

The remaining documents in this category concern two cases: Smith v. WMATA, No. 09-cv-2061, and Washington v. WMATA, No. 09-cv-2062. Specifically, ECF No. 772 is the parties' Amended Joint Pre-trial Statement for both Smith and Washington, and ECF Nos. 782 and 786 are the opposition and reply briefs, respectively, submitted to the Court in connection with a motion in limine filed in Washington, Because both Smith and Washington settled before trial, the Court had no occasion to issue any rulings relating to these documents or otherwise rely on them in adjudicating the parties' rights. Thus, since the filings played no role whatsoever in the Court's adjudicatory process, they are not judicial records subject to the common law right of access. See Am. Int'l Grp., 712 F.3d at 3-4 ("The ... reports are not judicial records subject to the right of access because the district court made no decisions about them or that otherwise relied on them."). And assuming, once again, that the First Amendment right of access applies outside of the criminal context, it would not attach to the filings either. The First Amendment "`guarantees the press and the public access to aspects of court proceedings, including documents, `if such access has historically been available, and serves an important function of monitoring prosecutorial or judicial misconduct.'" Id. at 5 (quoting El-Sayegh, 131 F.3d at 160). The filings at issue here, however, were not an "aspect of court proceedings," nor do they have any "bearing on monitoring judicial conduct," given that the Court took no action with respect to them. Id. Because neither a common law nor First Amendment right of access attaches to ECF Nos. 772, 782, and 786, these filings will remain sealed.

III. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, the Post's motion for leave to intervene and for access to court records is granted in part and denied in part. The Court will stay the effect of its Order for fourteen days so as to allow the parties an opportunity to appeal. If there is an appeal within fourteen days, the Court will stay its Order pending the Circuit's resolution of that appeal, unless otherwise instructed by the Circuit.

SO ORDERED this 8th day of August, 2013.9