PAUL L. FRIEDMAN, United States District Judge.
Plaintiff Christopher Sanders, a former Sergeant in the Metropolitan Police Department, accuses the Department and various police officials of violating his First Amendment and procedural due process rights. Both Sanders and the defendants have now moved for summary judgment. On March 31, 2015, after careful consideration of the parties' papers, attached exhibits, relevant legal authorities, and the entire record in this case, the Court granted judgment to the defendants on one portion of Count I, dismissed Count II without prejudice for failure to exhaust administrative remedies, and denied as moot plaintiff's motion for summary judgment. This Opinion explains the reasoning underlying that March 31, 2015 Order.
The story of this case spans almost two decades.
Shortly after giving his testimony, plaintiff filed suit in this Court, alleging that the MPD and various police officials retaliated against him in violation of his First Amendment rights. See Complaint, Sanders v. Dist. of Columbia, Civil Action No. 97-2938(PLF) [Dkt. No. 1]. The parties eventually reached an agreement settling all claims, which was signed by all the parties, including, on September 3, 2002, counsel for the District of Columbia. Pl. Mot. Ex. 3 (settlement agreement); see also Def. Stmt. Mat. Facts ¶ 2. Under the terms of that agreement, plaintiff received a lump sum payment and the MPD was required to promote him to Lieutenant. Pl. Mot. Ex. 3; see also Second Am. Compl. ¶ 15.
In January of 2002, before the suit was settled, plaintiff took extended leave, with the approval of his supervisor, defendant Jeffrey Herold, to care for his mother in Florida. Pl. Mot. Ex. 1 ¶¶ 15-17 (Sanders' Declaration); Def. Stmt. Mat. Facts ¶ 38. Plaintiff returned in August of 2002. Pl. Mot. Ex. 1 ¶ 18.
On September 5, 2002, defendant Herold reported to his supervisor, defendant Cathy Lanier, that plaintiff had been Absent Without Leave ("AWOL") because he had failed to report for duty the prior week despite allegedly stating that he would. Def. Mot. Ex. 6 at 3 (Herold deposition transcript). Later that same day, plaintiff met with defendants Herold and Lanier to discuss either taking a leave of absence or resigning in order to pursue a Masters of Business Administration degree at Marymount University. Pl. Stmt. Mat. Facts ¶¶ 4-6. Defendants Lanier and Herold did not inform plaintiff that he had been reported AWOL. Pl. Mot. Ex. 5 at 31-32 (Herold deposition transcript); Ex. 7 at 47-48 (Lanier deposition transcript); Ex. 1 ¶ 22 (Sanders' Declaration) ("At no time was I made aware that I was under investigation for misconduct.").
Later that day, plaintiff submitted a letter requesting permission to resign from the MPD. Pl. Mot. Ex. 1 ¶¶ 23-25; Def.
Between November 2002 and June 2003, plaintiff and his attorney sent numerous communications to then Chief of Police, defendant Charles Ramsey, and to a D.C. Assistant Corporation Counsel, Thomas Foltz, requesting that plaintiff's separation be halted or, in the alternative, that plaintiff be reinstated. Pl. Stmt. Mat. Facts ¶¶ 26-36. At some point during this period, defendant Alfred Broadbent ordered defendant Herold to complete plaintiff's disciplinary investigation. Def. Stmt. Mat. Facts ¶ 53; Def. Mot. at 12. Defendant Herold completed the investigation and concluded that plaintiff had been AWOL and had made a false statement. Def. Mot. Ex. 6 (disciplinary investigation report). Defendant Herold's report was forwarded to defendant Ramsey who then sent a letter to plaintiff on August 15, 2003, denying plaintiff's request for reinstatement. Pl. Stmt. Mat. Facts ¶¶ 38, 48; Pl. Mot. Ex. 24 at 107-08 (Ramsey deposition transcript).
In late 2005 or early 2006, plaintiff received a package from an anonymous source containing (1) documents pertaining to the 2003 disciplinary investigation and (2) a copy of plaintiff's initial resignation letter bearing the initials of various MPD officials and appearing to show that plaintiff's request to resign had been approved on September 6, 2002. Pl. Mot. Ex. 1 ¶ 27; Def. Mot. Ex. 7. Plaintiff then filed this suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against the MPD, former Chief of Police Ramsey, Captain Herold, and John Doe, alleging violations of his First Amendment and due process rights. Compl. ¶¶ 1-7. The Court later granted plaintiff leave to amend the complaint and replace defendant John Doe with now Chief of Police Cathy Lanier and former Assistant Chief Alfred Broadbent. Feb.2009 Op. at 2-4.
Summary judgment is appropriate when "the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986); see FED. R. CIV. P. 56(a), (c). In making that determination, the court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party and draw all reasonable inferences in its favor. Tolan v. Cotton, ___ U.S. ___, 134 S.Ct. 1861, 1866, 188 L.Ed.2d 895 (2014) (per curiam); Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. at 255, 106 S.Ct. 2505; Talavera v. Shah, 638 F.3d 303, 308 (D.C.Cir.2011).
A disputed fact is "material" if it "might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law." Talavera v. Shah, 638 F.3d at 308 (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. at 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505). A dispute over a material fact is "genuine" if it could lead a reasonable jury to return a verdict in favor of the nonmoving party. See Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 380, 127 S.Ct. 1769, 167 L.Ed.2d 686
Plaintiff brings two claims. He alleges that defendants violated (1) his First Amendment rights by retaliating against him and (2) his procedural due process rights by terminating and refusing to reinstate him without providing notice or the opportunity to be heard. Before proceeding to the merits of plaintiff's claims, however, the Court must address two threshold issues raised by defendants. First, defendants argue that plaintiff has failed to establish the municipal liability of the District of Columbia, necessitating its dismissal as a defendant. Second, defendants argue that plaintiff's claims against two of the individual defendants are barred by the statute of limitations.
Plaintiff asserts municipal liability under the theory enunciated in Pembaur v. City of Cincinnati, that "municipal liability may be imposed for a single decision by municipal policymakers under appropriate circumstances." 475 U.S. 469, 480, 106 S.Ct. 1292, 89 L.Ed.2d 452 (1986) (plurality opinion); see also City of St. Louis v. Praprotnik, 485 U.S. 112, 123, 108 S.Ct. 915, 99 L.Ed.2d 107 (1988) ("[A]n unconstitutional governmental policy [can] be inferred from a single decision taken by the highest officials responsible for setting policy in that area of the government's business.").
Notwithstanding this concession, the District has taken the untenable position that plaintiff cannot establish municipal liability because Chief Ramsey was not the final policymaker on employment matters "for the entire District of Columbia government." Def. Mot. at 46; Def. Opp. at 14 (emphasis in original). Under the District's reasoning, a municipality may defeat liability in every instance simply by dividing up policymaking authority among various entities. Def. Mot. at 45-46.
Section 1983 claims, such as plaintiff's First Amendment and procedural due process claims, are subject to the District of Columbia's residual statute of limitations period of three years. D.C.CODE § 12-301(8); see Carney v. American Univ., 151 F.3d 1090, 1096 (D.C.Cir.1998). Defendants argue that plaintiff "clearly had sufficient notice of the alleged misconduct" by Chief Lanier and former Assistant Chief Broadbent "[o]n or before August 15, 2003, the date that Chief Ramsey denied his request for reinstatement." Def. Mot. at 57-58. Therefore, according to defendants, plaintiff's claims against Lanier and Broadbent are barred under the statute of limitations because plaintiff did not amend his complaint to add them as defendants until 2008.
The statute of limitations, however, only "starts ticking when the plaintiff has sufficient `notice of the conduct . . . which is now asserted as the basis for [his] lawsuit.'" Curtis v. Lanier, 535 F.Supp.2d 89, 95 (D.D.C.2008) (quoting Hall v. Clinton, 285 F.3d 74, 82 (D.C.Cir.2002)). Plaintiff asserts that he did not discover the basis for his suit against Chief Lanier and Assistant Chief Broadbent until an anonymous package containing relevant documents arrived in late 2005 or early 2006. Pl. Opp. Ex. 1 ¶ 27 (Sanders Declaration); see also Feb. 2009 Op. at 3 ("Defendants' statute of limitations argument depends on disputed factual questions of
Public employees do not "relinquish the First Amendment rights they would otherwise enjoy as citizens." Navab-Safavi v. Glassman, 637 F.3d 311, 315 (D.C.Cir.2011). Courts, however, must "balance[] the interest of the [public employee], as a citizen, in commenting on matters of public concern and the interest of the State, as an employer, in promoting the efficiency of the public services it performs through its employees." Lane v. Franks, ___ U.S. ___, 134 S.Ct. 2369, 2377, 189 L.Ed.2d 312 (2014) (citing Pickering v. Bd. of Ed. of Township High School Dist. 205, 391 U.S. 563, 568, 88 S.Ct. 1731, 20 L.Ed.2d 811 (1968)). In light of that balance, public employees must satisfy a four factor test to establish a First Amendment retaliation claim:
Bowie v. Maddox, 642 F.3d 1122, 1133 (D.C.Cir.2011). "The first two factors . . . are questions of law for the court to resolve, while the latter are questions of fact ordinarily for the jury." Tao v. Freeh, 27 F.3d 635, 639 (D.C.Cir.1994). Defendants argue that plaintiff cannot meet the first factor as a matter of law and has failed to present evidence establishing the third and fourth factors. Each argument is addressed in turn.
Plaintiff alleges two distinct instances of protected speech: (1) his 1997 testimony before the D.C.Council regarding the alleged time and attendance abuses; and (2) his 1997 lawsuit alleging that the MPD and various police officials retaliated against him. See Second Am. Compl. ¶¶ 47-59. The latter survives summary judgment; the former does not.
Defendants acknowledge that plaintiff's testimony before the D.C.Council related to a matter of public concern. But they argue that the statements he gave before the Council were made "pursuant to his official duties"—not as a citizen—and thus are not protected by the First Amendment. Def. Mot. at 23-26. The Court concludes that defendants are correct, but for the wrong reason.
The Supreme Court held in Garcetti v. Ceballos, 547 U.S. 410, 421, 126 S.Ct. 1951, 164 L.Ed.2d 689 (2006), that "when public
Testifying before the D.C. Council about the abuse of time and attendance policies by certain MPD officers and the resulting loss of taxpayer money was not "ordinarily within the scope of [Sanders'] duties" as a police officer. While it "relate[d] to his public employment [and] concern[ed] information learned during that employment," Lane v. Franks, 134 S.Ct. at 2378, it would seem to be "speech as a citizen for First Amendment purposes." Id. But there are two D.C. Circuit precedents that seem to draw that otherwise apparent conclusion into question—one pre-Lane and the other post-Lane: Winder v. Erste, 566 F.3d 209 (D.C.Cir.2009), which applied Garcetti, and Mpoy v. Rhee, 758 F.3d 285 (D.C.Cir.2014). While one is tempted to say that Winder is no longer good law, that is not so easy in view of the following dicta in Mpoy:
Mpoy v. Rhee, 758 F.3d at 294-95 (citations omitted). The Circuit left the question unresolved, noting that "Lane does not directly or necessarily contradict Winder's application of Garcetti." Id. at 294. Winder thus apparently remains binding, albeit tenuous, precedent. See also Martin v. Dist. of Columbia, Civil Action No. 11-1069(RC), 78 F.Supp.3d 279, 322-24, 2015 WL 294723, at *32-34 (D.D.C. Jan. 23, 2015).
Plaintiff testified before the D.C. Council that his duties included ensuring that his subordinates accurately reported their time. Def. Mot. Ex. 1 at 13-14 ("It was part of our responsibility to ensure that accurate time records of our subordinates
Plaintiff alternatively maintains that he engaged in protected speech by filing and participating in his 1997 lawsuit. Second Am. Compl. ¶¶ 1, 48, 51, 53, 55. A lawsuit filed by a public employee constitutes speech protected under the First Amendment if it "address[es] a matter of public concern." Pearson v. Dist. of Columbia, 644 F.Supp.2d 23, 44 (D.D.C. 2009); see also Bridges v. Kelly, 977 F.Supp. 503, 507-08 (D.D.C.1997) ("While this circuit has not yet addressed the nature and contours of this protected interest, other circuits have, for the most part, come to the conclusion that the government may not dismiss an employee for filing a lawsuit so long as that lawsuit implicates a matter of public concern."). Speech is a matter of public concern when it "concerns issues about which information is needed or appropriate to enable members of society to make informed decisions about the operation of their government." LeFande v. Dist. of Columbia, 613 F.3d 1155, 1159 (D.C.Cir.2010) (quoting Hall v. Ford, 856 F.2d 255, 259 (D.C.Cir.1988)).
Although plaintiff's prior lawsuit involved personnel disputes, which are not ordinarily considered a matter of public concern, see, e.g., Connick v. Myers, 461 U.S. 138, 147-48, 103 S.Ct. 1684, 75 L.Ed.2d 708 (1983), the suit's subject matter was the District's alleged mistreatment of whistleblowers, as well as fraud and corruption within the MPD. Such matters clearly are those "in which the public might be interested" and that relate to "the public's evaluation of the performance of governmental agencies." LeFande v. Dist. of Columbia, 613 F.3d at 1159, 1162. For that reason, Judge Harris held that plaintiff's speech at issue in the 1997 lawsuit related to a matter of public concern. Sanders v. Dist. of Columbia, 16 F.Supp.2d 10, 13 (D.D.C.1998). The same reasoning applies here, and the filing by plaintiff of his prior lawsuit thus constituted protected speech.
Plaintiff must next show that the filing of his lawsuit in 1997 was a substantial or motivating factor in prompting defendants' retaliatory action. This is normally a question of fact for the jury, but in this case defendants seek summary judgment. To defeat a motion for summary judgment on a First Amendment retaliation claim, a plaintiff must present evidence showing a causal link between the employee's protected speech and the retaliatory acts taken by the employer. See Alexis v. Dist. of Columbia, 44 F.Supp.2d 331, 347 (D.D.C.1999). A plaintiff, however, "need not present direct evidence . . .
Plaintiff identifies three different acts allegedly taken by defendants in retaliation for his protected speech: (1) the denial of Sanders' requests to rescind his resignation and be reinstated; (2) the initiation and completion of defendants' disciplinary investigation; and (3) defendants' allegedly false and defamatory statements about plaintiff during that investigation. Second Am. Compl. ¶¶ 49, 51, 53, 55, 57. All three clearly may constitute retaliatory acts in violation of the First Amendment. See, e.g., Rutan v. Repub. Party of Ill., 497 U.S. 62, 76 n. 8, 110 S.Ct. 2729, 111 L.Ed.2d 52 (1990) (holding that the First Amendment protects public employees from "even an act of retaliation as trivial as failing to hold a birthday party for [the] employee . . . when intended to punish her for exercising her free speech rights"); Smith v. Fruin, 28 F.3d 646, 649 n. 3 (7th Cir.1994) ("[E]ven minor forms of retaliation can support a First Amendment claim, for they may have just as much of a chilling effect on speech as more drastic measures.").
Defendants argue that there is no evidence in the record that establishes the requisite causal connection between plaintiff's 1997 lawsuit and any of these allegedly retaliatory acts. Def. Mot. at 27.
First, plaintiff has presented direct evidence that defendants knew of plaintiff's prior lawsuit—defendants Ramsey and Broadbent testified that they were aware of the suit, and defendant Herold stated that he knew of "a whistle blower thing." Pl. Opp. Ex. 26 at 18; Ex. 28 at 26; Ex. 6 at 61. Defendant Lanier likewise could be found to have had knowledge because she allegedly referred plaintiff to counsel for assistance with the lawsuit. Pl. Opp. Ex. 1 at 8. Defendants' assertion that "there is no evidence that the individuals engaged in the allegedly retaliatory acts had any knowledge of plaintiff's prior speech," Def. Mot. at 27, therefore is plainly wrong.
Second, the close temporal proximity between the protected speech and defendants' allegedly retaliatory acts provides additional circumstantial support to defeat summary judgment. See Jones v. Bernanke, 557 F.3d 670, 679 (D.C.Cir.2009) (in Title VII retaliation context, summary judgment was defeated by pointing to agency's knowledge and a one month lapse between the protected activity and the adverse action; temporal proximity supports inference of retaliatory motive); Cones v. Shalala, 199 F.3d 512, 521 (D.C.Cir.2000) ("the close temporal proximity"
As to the disciplinary investigation and allegedly defamatory statements made in connection with that investigation, defendant Herold reported plaintiff as AWOL two days after the agreement settling the 1997 lawsuit was signed by the District. See supra at 3. Although it is unclear whether defendant Herold immediately opened the disciplinary investigation or did so months later, see supra at 3 n.3, that is a question of fact for the jury. A reasonable jury could conclude that Herold's investigation was sufficiently close in time to the settlement of the lawsuit to support an inference that there was a causal connection. See Singletary v. Dist. of Columbia, 351 F.3d 519, 525 (D.C.Cir.2003) ("Whether such proximity was enough in this case is . . . a question for the finder of fact. . . .").
Finally, there is evidence that indicates that defendants' conduct regarding plaintiff's separation and disciplinary investigation was abnormal. For example, defendants' Rule 30(b)(6) deponent testified that, absent a pending adverse action, an officer who had resigned was always allowed to rescind his or her resignation. Pl. Opp. Ex. 11 at 54. Despite defendants' insistence that plaintiff's resignation was effective immediately, defendants' own records indicate that plaintiff remained on the payroll until October 19, 2002. Pl. Opp. Ex. 14. And defendants' Rule 30(b)(6) deponent also testified that plaintiff's separation process was "unusual" and "outside the procedures." Pl. Mot. Ex. 11 at 22-23.
The circumstances surrounding the disciplinary investigation also set off warning bells. The investigation ostensibly focused on plaintiff's absence on August 28, 29, 30, and 31, 2002. See Def. Mot. Ex. 6 (investigation report). But the relevant time sheets indicate that plaintiff was placed on approved sick leave on those dates. Id. Moreover, defendants did not actively pursue that investigation until months later, after repeated communications from plaintiff requesting reinstatement, and they failed to inform plaintiff that he was reported as AWOL despite meeting with him on the same day. See supra at 3. These
Once a plaintiff has met his initial burden of showing that he engaged in constitutionally protected speech, and that this speech was a "substantial" or "motivating" factor, the burden shifts to the defendants to show, by a preponderance of the evidence, that they would have taken the same actions "even in the absence of the protected conduct." O'Donnell v. Barry, 148 F.3d 1126, 1133 (D.C.Cir.1998) (quoting Mt. Healthy City Sch. Dist. Bd. Of Educ. v. Doyle, 429 U.S. 274, 287, 97 S.Ct. 568, 50 L.Ed.2d 471 (1977)); see also Williams v. Johnson, 701 F.Supp.2d 1, 18 (D.D.C.2010). This factor is a "question of fact ordinarily for the jury," Tao v. Freeh, 27 F.3d at 639, because "[w]ithout a searching inquiry into [defendants'] motives, those intent on punishing the exercise of constitutional rights could easily mask their behavior behind a complex web of post hoc rationalizations." Peacock v. Duval, 694 F.2d 644, 646 (9th Cir.1982).
Defendants claim that they would have reached the same decisions due to plaintiff's (1) disciplinary investigation; (2) allegedly unauthorized work in Florida while caring for his mother; and (3) his failure to return police equipment. Defendants' post hoc rationales, however, are undermined by the record evidence. For example, defendant Herold attempted to talk plaintiff out of resigning and testified that plaintiff's typical punishment for being AWOL would have been a "five to ten" day suspension, not termination. Pl. Opp. Ex. 6 at 73-74. Defendants also have failed to offer any evidence that plaintiff's unauthorized work or his failure to return equipment was or would have been considered at the time of the retaliatory acts. Defendants therefore have failed to carry their burden.
Despite failing to raise the argument at the motion to dismiss stage, defendants now argue that plaintiff's procedural due process claim must be dismissed because he has failed to exhaust his administrative remedies through the Comprehensive Merit Personnel Act ("CMPA"), D.C.CODE § 1-601 et seq. Def. Mot. at 39-43. It is undisputed that plaintiff did not pursue his administrative remedies. Pl. Opp. at 44-45. Plaintiff argues, however, that pursuit of such remedies would have been futile, and he therefore should be excused from the exhaustion requirement. Id. Because plaintiff has failed to make a showing of futility, however, the failure to exhaust his administrative remedies under the CMPA deprives the Court of subject matter jurisdiction. It therefore reluctantly must dismiss plaintiff's procedural due process claim without prejudice. Plaintiff's cross motion for summary judgment is denied as moot.
Under the CMPA, employees must exhaust their available administrative remedies before filing suit in the District of Columbia Superior Court, and failure to exhaust such remedies deprives the court of subject matter jurisdiction. See Robinson v. Dist. of Columbia, 748 A.2d 409, 411 n. 4 (D.C.2000) ("The [CMPA] is jurisdictional and provides the exclusive remedy for almost all [work-related] claims against public employers, with an opportunity to appeal to the Superior Court."); see also
Plaintiff does not dispute the fact that he failed to file an appeal with either the Office of Employee Appeals or the Public Employee Relations Board. Pl. Opp. at 44-45. He argues, however, that any appeal would have been futile because neither has jurisdiction to hear his claims. Id. But plaintiff "is still required to first invoke the CMPA's procedure `because the determination whether the OEA has jurisdiction is quintessentially a decision for the OEA to make in the first instance.'" Owens v. Dist. of Columbia, 923 F.Supp.2d at 249 (quoting McManus v. Dist. of Columbia, 530 F.Supp.2d 46, 78 (D.D.C.2007)); see also Hill v. Gray, 28 F.Supp.3d 47, 55-56 (D.D.C.2014).
To the extent that plaintiff raises a different futility argument—that any appeal now would be futile because it is untimely—the Court suggests that, despite the significant delay, "it is plausible that the discovery tolling rule could apply to the plaintiff['s] [] claims, which [c]ould permit the OEA's jurisdiction." Hill v. Gray, 28 F.Supp.3d at 56 (citing Caudle v. Thomason, 942 F.Supp. 635, 641 (D.D.C.1996)). Plaintiff therefore has failed to "demonstrate a `clear and positive showing of futility' [that] the prescribed remedy would not provide adequate relief or [that] the prescribed remedy would certainly result in an adverse decision." Id. at 55 (quoting Winter v. Local Union No. 639, Affiliation with Int'l Bhd. of Teamsters, 569 F.2d 146, 149 (D.C.Cir.1977)).
For the foregoing reasons, the Court granted in part and denied in part defendants' motion for summary judgment as