RICHARD J. LEON, United States District Judge
Plaintiff Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington ("CREW" or "plaintiff") moved to recover $25,922.12 in attorney's fees and costs pursuant to the Freedom of Information Act ("FOIA"), 5 U.S.C.
Plaintiff is a non-profit corporation "committed to protecting the rights of citizens to be informed about the activities of government officials." Compl. ¶ 3. To advance this credo, plaintiff seeks to disseminate "information about public officials and their actions" in order to inform public discourse. Compl. ¶ 3. This case stems from plaintiff's efforts to obtain investigatory records concerning former Congressman John Murtha ("Murtha") and his associates. See Compl. ¶ 1. A longtime "champion of earmarks," Congressman Murtha was dubbed by some the "King of Pork" for a career spent doling out billions in federal money to fund lawmakers' "pet projects." See Pl.'s Mem. at 2-3. Murtha's largesse, however, proved to be his downfall. As a result of his brand of pork-barrel politics, the Congressman, and various of his associates, fell under the scrutiny of both the DOJ and the Office of Congressional Ethics. This led to several high-profile investigations into, among others, former Murtha aide Paul Magliocchetti, Murtha associates William and Ronald Kuchera, and Murtha protege Rep. Peter J. Visclosky (D-Ind.). In addition, the FBI and DOJ investigated several corporate entities alleged to have received millions in federal earmarks at the Congressman's behest, including Kuchera Industries and Concurrent Technologies. See Pl.'s Mem. at 2-3. These investigations bore fruit. Although the Congressman, who died in 2010, was never indicted, several of his associates were charged with criminal conduct. In 2009, for example, Richard Ianiere, the former CEO Coherent Systems International Corporation, a defense contractor with ties to the Congressman, pled guilty to accepting kickbacks. Pl.'s Mot. Ex. D [Dkt. # 27-2]. In 2011, Paul Magliocchetti received a 27-month prison sentence for illegally funneling campaign contributions to candidates and political action committees. Pl.'s Mot. Ex. C [Dkt. # 27-2]. And in 2013, William and Ronald Kuchera, who owned and managed Kuchera Defense Systems, pled guilty to federal fraud and conspiracy charges. Pl.'s Mot. Ex. D.
On February 7, 2011, in the wake of these highly publicized investigations, plaintiff sent FOIA requests to the FBI, the DOJ Criminal Division, and the Executive Office for United States Attorneys ("EOUSA") seeking: "witness statements, investigation reports, prosecution memoranda, and [FBI] 302 reports ... related to several investigations in which the late Rep. John Murtha (D-PA) is named or otherwise identified." Pl.'s Mot. Ex. E [Dkt # 27-2]; Decl. of David Hardy ("Hardy Decl.") ¶ 5 [Dkt. # 31-1]. The FBI promptly acknowledged plaintiff's request and stated, in a letter dated February 10, 2011, that it was searching for responsive records. Hardy Decl. ¶ 6; Def.'s Opp'n to Pl.'s Mot. for Att'ys' Fees ("Def.'s Opp'n"),
On March 1, 2011, less than a month after plaintiff's request, the FBI informed plaintiff that it was withholding the requested records pursuant to 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(A) ("Exemption 7(A)"), which shields from disclosure records that could reasonably be expected to interfere with ongoing enforcement proceedings.
In early September 2011, after portions of the investigations pertaining to Congressman Murtha closed, the FBI determined that FOIA Exemption 7(A) no longer applied to all of the requested records. Hardy Decl. ¶ 12. Indeed, a review of pertinent records revealed that Congressman Murtha "was a main subject" in certain responsive files and merely a "cross-reference"—or collateral party—in the files of third party subjects. Hardy Decl. ¶ 12. Although the FBI was able to segregate certain information in Congressman Murtha's main investigative file for production, it continued to withhold portions of "cross-reference files" that "could reasonably be expected to interfere with ongoing criminal investigations of other third parties." Hardy Decl. ¶ 12.
On October 14, 2011, after reviewing 124 pages of responsive material, the FBI released to plaintiff 4 pages in full, withheld 4 pages in full, and released 116 pages in part. Hardy Decl. ¶ 13; Def.'s Opp'n Ex. G [Dkt. # 31-2]. On November 14, 2011, following a further review of its files, the FBI made a second release of documents. Hardy Decl. ¶ 14; Def.'s Opp'n Ex. H [Dkt. # 31-2]. Of the 142 pages examined during this iteration of its review, the FBI released to plaintiff 6 pages in full, withheld 20 pages of duplicate materials, and released 116 pages in part. Hardy Decl. ¶ 14; Def.'s Opp'n Ex. H. The FBI's review continued into early 2012. On January 27, 2012, after reviewing 194 pages of responsive records, the FBI notified plaintiff of its decision to withhold all 194 pages in full under a kaleidoscope of FOIA exemptions. Hardy Decl. ¶ 15; Def.'s Opp'n Ex. I [Dkt. # 31-2]. That same day, however, the FBI released 50 pages in part of material that had been referred by the DOJ Criminal Division for review. Hardy Decl. ¶ 16; Def.'s Opp'n Ex. J [Dkt. # 31-2].
Unsatisfied with the FBI's production, plaintiff challenged the FBI's claimed withholdings on 200 pages of material. See Decl. of Anne L. Weismann ("Weismann Decl.") ¶ 10 [Dkt. # 27-3]. Following a June 2012 conference between the parties, the FBI furnished "further detail
Neither the EOUSA nor the DOJ Criminal Division directly produced documents to plaintiff. Weismann Decl. ¶ 5. The Criminal Division advised plaintiff in July 2012 that it had located only one responsive document, which it withheld in full pursuant to various FOIA exemptions. Weisman Decl. ¶ 5. In December 2012, the EOUSA advised plaintiff that it had completed its search for responsive documents, but declined to produce any materials, citing numerous FOIA exemptions. Weisman Decl. ¶¶ 7-8. Plaintiff does not contest any of these asserted withholdings. See Pl.'s Mem. at 9. Rather, the sole issue before this Court is plaintiff's motion for the $24,922.12 in attorneys' fees and the $450.00 in litigation costs it purportedly incurred during the pendency of this matter. See generally Pl.'s Mem.
FOIA permits courts to "assess against the United States reasonable attorney fees and other litigation costs reasonably incurred in any case ... in which the complainant has substantially prevailed." 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(E)(i). Attorney's fees are discretionary, and are not designed as a "reward for any litigant who successfully forces the government to disclose information it wished to withhold." Nationwide Bldg. Maint., Inc. v. Sampson, 559 F.2d 704, 711, 715 (D.C.Cir.1977). They instead serve "a more limited purpose [of] remov[ing] the incentive for administrative resistance to disclosure requests based not on the merits of exemption claims, but on the knowledge that many FOIA plaintiffs do not have the financial resources or economic incentives to pursue their requests through expensive litigation." Id. at 711.
In keeping with this dictate, a plaintiff seeking attorney's fees and costs must satisfy a two-part inquiry. Weisberg v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, 745 F.2d 1476, 1495 (D.C.Cir.1984). A plaintiff must show first that it is "eligible" for an award and second, that it is "entitled" to the requested relief. Id.; accord McKinley v. Fed. Hous. Fin. Agency, 739 F.3d 707, 710 (D.C.Cir.2014); Brayton v. Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, 641 F.3d 521, 524 (D.C.Cir.2011). Eligibility requires a showing that the plaintiff "substantially prevailed" in the underlying FOIA litigation either by procuring a favorable court order, or by causing the voluntary release of responsive records. See 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(E)(ii). If the plaintiff is eligible, the Court then determines whether, notwithstanding its eligibility, the "plaintiff should receive fees." Brayton, 641 F.3d at 524. At that juncture, the Court assesses four factors: "(1) the public benefit derived from the case; (2) the commercial benefit to the plaintiff; (3) the nature of the plaintiff's interest in the records; and (4) the reasonableness of the agency's withholding of the requested documents." Davy v. CIA, 550 F.3d 1155, 1159 (D.C.Cir. 2008) (citing Tax Analysts v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, 965 F.2d 1092, 1093-94 (D.C.Cir.
Under FOIA, a plaintiff is eligible for attorney's fees if it "substantially prevailed" in its request for records. 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(E)(ii). Although a plaintiff certainly prevails if it receives "a judicial order, or an enforceable written agreement or consent decree," mandating disclosure, the Court's imprimatur is by no means essential. See 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(E)(ii)(I). Under the so-called "catalyst theory" of recovery, a plaintiff may be eligible for attorney's fees in the absence of a favorable judgment on the merits if its actions effectuated "a voluntary or unilateral change in position by the agency." 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(E)(ii)(II). The key question under the catalyst theory is whether "the institution and prosecution of the litigation cause[d] the agency to release the documents obtained during the pendency of the litigation." Church of Scientology of Cal. v. Harris, 653 F.2d 584, 587 (D.C.Cir.1981) (emphasis added); see Davis v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, 610 F.3d 750, 752 (D.C.Cir.2010) (under the catalyst theory, "plaintiffs [are] eligible for a fee award if the lawsuit substantially caused the agency to release the requested records").
Recovery under the catalyst theory thus turns on causation. See Weisberg, 745 F.2d at 1496; Cox v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, 601 F.2d 1, 6 (D.C.Cir.1979) ("[T]he party seeking such fees in the absence of a court order must show that ... a causal nexus exists between that action and the agency's surrender of the information."). The "mere filing of the complaint and subsequent release of documents," without more, "is insufficient to establish causation." Weisberg, 745 F.2d at 1496. Indeed, to prevent plaintiffs from being the beneficiaries of purely extrinsic factors, courts are directed to look at the circumstances surrounding disclosure. When disclosure is triggered by events unrelated to the pending lawsuit, the causal nexus is missing and the plaintiff cannot be deemed a "prevailing party." See Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe of Indians v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, 750 F.2d 117, 119-21 (D.C.Cir.1984) (holding that plaintiff was ineligible for attorney's fees because "[t]he series of events ... [did] not even show a causal nexus between the lawsuit and [the disclosure]"); see also Church of Scientology of Cal., 653 F.2d at 588 (finding that causation does not in here when "an unavoidable delay accompanied by due diligence in the administrative process was the actual reason for the agency's failure to respond to a request" (internal citations omitted)). Eligibility instead attaches only when the lawsuit begets disclosure.
In the absence of Court-ordered disclosure, plaintiff here seeks to recover under the catalyst theory of eligibility and invites the Court to infer causation from the timing of disclosure. See Pl.'s Mem. at 12-13. Such an inference would be improper. Plaintiff's argument rests almost entirely on the time between the commencement of its suit in June 2011 and the FBI's first release of documents in October 2011. Although the time between the plaintiff's initiation of this lawsuit and the agency's release of responsive records is indeed a salient factor in the Court's analysis, it is by no means dispositive evidence of causation. See Pub. Law Educ. Inst. v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, 744 F.2d 181, 184 n. 5 (D.C.Cir.1984) ("While the temporal relation between an FOIA action and the release of documents may be taken into account
At the time of plaintiff's FOIA request, the FBI was engaged in numerous investigations involving Congressman Murtha. As plaintiff readily acknowledges, these investigations delved into several individuals with ties to the late Congressman, including Murtha "aide-turned-defense lobbyist" Paul Magliocchetti, Richard Ianiere, the Kuchera brothers, and "Murtha protege Rep. Peter J. Visclosky." See Pl.'s Mem. at 2. Several corporate entities with connections to Congressman Murtha were likewise implicated, including Kuchera Industries, a "company that Murtha had helped grow with more than $100 million in military contracts and earmarks," the PMA Group, a lobbying entity from which Congressman Murtha allegedly "collected $2.37 million," and "Mountaintop Technologies," yet another purported recipient of Congressman Murtha's fiscal largesse. See Pl.'s Mem. at 2-3. When plaintiff filed a FOIA request in February 2011 seeking records from the various investigations concerning the Congressman, the FBI found that "segregation of John Murtha's information was not possible without negatively impacting the [other] pending investigations." See Hardy Decl. ¶ 7. To prevent disclosure of investigative materials that, if made public, may have adversely affected pending investigations into Congressman Murtha's associates, the FBI asserted Exemption 7(A) to shield the requested documents from disclosure. See Hardy Decl. ¶ 7.
Exemption 7(A) is inherently "temporal in nature" and expires when disclosure no longer interferes with active law enforcement proceedings. CREW v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, 746 F.3d 1082, 1097 (D.C.Cir.2014) (citing Robbins Tire, 437 U.S. at 230-32, 98 S.Ct. 2311). That was the case here. When portions of the investigations pertaining to Congressman Murtha closed subsequent to the filing of plaintiff's action, the FBI revised its stance, and determined that Exemption 7(A) no longer shielded all investigative records encompassed by plaintiff's request. See Hardy Decl. ¶ 12. Shortly thereafter, the FBI began to review, segregate, and produce non-exempt records responsive to plaintiff's request. See Hardy Decl. ¶ 12. It is abundantly clear that this disclosure was not caused by plaintiff's litigation. See Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 13-16, 19. It resulted instead from the closure of certain investigations during the pendency of the lawsuit.
Plaintiff's claim that it "substantially prevailed" when, months after the commencement of this lawsuit, the FBI provided more fulsome explanations for certain of its withholdings is similarly unavailing. See Pl.'s Mem. at 14. Indeed, plaintiff cites no authority for the proposition that the FBI's "clarification" of certain claimed exemptions renders it a "substantially prevailing" party under 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(E)(i). The sin quo non of eligibility is the release of tangible records. See Church of Scientology of Cal., 653 F.2d at 587 (noting that a plaintiff substantially prevails if the litigation "cause[d] the agency to release the documents obtained during the pendency of the litigation" (emphasis added)). A party simply does not "prevail" by failing to obtain the requested records. As such, the FBI's release of information regarding the reasons for its withholdings does not meet the litmus test for eligibility. Plaintiff's argument, moreover, that it "substantially prevailed" by causing the EOUSA and the DOJ Criminal Division to process, and issue final responses to, its FOIA requests fails for the same reason. See Pl.'s Mem. at 14. Even if plaintiff were to adduce evidence that its lawsuit catalyzed the agencies' responses
The inquiry ends, as it must, here. Because plaintiff has not substantially prevailed, there is no need to consider whether
Thus, for all the foregoing reasons, the Court DENIES plaintiff's Motion for Attorney's Fees and Costs [# 27]. An Order consistent with this decision accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.
