ROSEMARY M. COLLYER, United States District Judge.
This case involves claims between Window Specialists, Inc. (WSI) and Forney Enterprises, Inc. (FEI). FEI, a subcontractor on an Army project at Fort McNair in Washington, D.C., contracted with WSI for the installation of windows and doors on the project. The Army found deficiencies and when the deficiencies remained uncured, FEI and WSI were terminated. WSI sues for breach of contract and unjust enrichment, claiming that it was wrongfully terminated because the deficiencies were caused by the prime contractor, not WSI. FEI countersues for breach of contract, seeking lost profits.
The parties agree that the Army identified deficiencies with regard to the window installation on the Project; that the deficiencies
Based on the entire record, including the credibility of the witnesses, the Court makes the following findings of fact:
1. The U.S. Army decided to improve historic homes for officers at Fort McNair in Washington, D.C., namely Quarters 1, 3 through 13, and 15 (the Project).
On September 22, 2010, the Army hired IIU Consulting Institute, Inc. (IIU) as its general contractor on the Project. Pl.Ex. 1 (Prime Contract).
3. The Prime Contract required the installation of "window sash units" that "shall be vinyl (PVC) or aluminum wrapped wood" and "jambliner in heavy duty white vinyl." Prime Contract at 4. The Prime Contract required the "installation of new window sashes plumb and square." Id. at 5.
4. The Miller Act, 40 U.S.C. §§ 3131-3134, requires a payment and performance bond on all federal government construction projects costing over $100,000. IIU applied for a bond with Hanover Insurance Company (Hanover). Pl.Ex. 5 (Application for Bond).
5. IIU asked FEI to assist in obtaining the bond, and FEI agreed to do so for a fee. See Pl.Ex. 2 (Forney Email 10/18/10); Pl.Ex. 16 (Carlson Email 1/10/11) ("FEI provided the bonding ... the third week of December.").
6. IIU, as principal, and Hanover, as surety, entered into a bond agreement. See, e.g., Compl. [Dkt. 1], Ex. 1 (Performance Bond 12/17/10). Under the standard terms of such a bond, the principal and the surety agree to be bound jointly and severally. Id.
7. FEI and its President, Keith Forney, were indemnitors on the bond. Tr. 7/21/14 at 49 (Forney).
8. In October 2010, IIU proposed that WSI subcontract for the installation of the windows and doors on the Project for the
9. IIU's President is Frank Ukoh. IIU has been in the construction business since 2001, but it is not a window contractor and most of IIU's past contracts were for lead and asbestos abatement at schools. Tr. 7/17/14 at 4 (Ukoh).
10. WSI is a window installation contractor; it has installed hundreds of thousands of windows in every condition from new construction to retrofitting occupied buildings. Pl.Ex. 27 (Carlson Letter to Ukoh 6/5/11).
11. Robert Carlson, President of WSI, has been in the construction business for 40 years, and has concentrated on the installation of doors and windows for 20 years. Tr. 7/14/14 at 37 (Carlson).
12. WSI's initial bid was for the installation of all vinyl "pocket windows," also known as "pocket fit" or "double hung" windows. A pocket/double hung window is one that has two sashes that slide up and down in a frame. Tr. 7/14/14 at 38, 39 (Carlson).
13. After WSI's initial bid, the Government Contracting Officer's Technical Representative (COTR) Kevin Fleming, changed the Project requirements from vinyl pocket windows to vinyl-clad wood sash pack windows. Tr. 7/14/14 at 38-40 (Carlson); Tr. 7/16/14 PM at 65, 71 (Fleming).
14. A sash pack window kit usually includes: (1) upper and lower sashes, i.e., the glass that slides up and down; (2) two jambliners, i.e., the track system that mounts to the sides of the existing window frame; (3) a head stop; and (4) a sill dam. Tr. 7/14/14 at 38 (Carlson); Def. Ex. 52 (Donnelly Letter 9/2011) at 4.
15. The installation of a sash pack window allows sash replacement while keeping the window framing and exterior casing in place. See New Window Replacement, http://homerenovations.about.com/od/ windowtips/qt/sash.replacement kit.htm (last visited Apr. 28, 2015).
16. Mr. Fleming testified he had observed the successful installation of sash pack windows at Ft. Myer, Tr. 7/16/14 at 63 (Fleming), and he wanted to install sash pack windows because it would better preserve the historic look of the Officer Quarters, Tr. 7/16/14 PM at 71 (Fleming).
17. Sash pack windows are more expensive and difficult to install than vinyl pocket windows. Tr. 7/14/14 at 40 (Carlson).
18. Mr. Carlson personally has installed many thousands of windows; hundreds, or even thousands, of the windows were sash packs. Tr. 7/14/14 at 45, 47, 78 (Carlson).
19. However, WSI had never before performed any contract for the installation of sash pack windows at an historic site. Tr. 7/14/14 at 165 (Carlson).
20. On December 21, 2010, WSI increased its price on the contract due to the change in Project requirements, and sent a revised schedule of values to IIU in the
21. Mr. Carlson knew that the Quarters where "rather old" and that "an existing perfect [window] opening [was] just not reality." Pl.Ex. 27 (Carlson Letter 6/5/11).
22. There is no evidence that WSI objected to the substitution of sash pack windows or informed the Army, IIU, or FEI that sash pack windows would be problematic or unsuitable for the Project.
23. Before work on the Project could begin, the windows had to be measured and ordered. WSI took field measurements over several days starting November 1, 2010. Tr. 7/14/14 at 37 (Carlson).
24. On November 1, 2010, Mr. Carlson himself visited the Project and instructed his crew on how to measure the windows. Tr. 7/14/14 at 37, 177 (Carlson).
25. Mr. Carlson told WSI Assistant Project Manager Aurelis Garcia to review and confirm the measurements, warning that "[i]f we go to sash pack units, the measurements need to be perfect as there is very little room for error ... I'm uncomfortable that there are so many different sizes (well over 200 different sizes)...." Def. Ex. 8 (Carlson Email 12/3/10 and Field Measurements).
26. The windows were not a uniform size. All of the windows had to be "custom made," and Mr. Carlson fronted money for supplies. Pl.Ex. 21 (Carlson Email 4/20/11).
27. WSI sent the data to a window manufacturer, ABC Manufacturing, Inc. d/b/a Malta Windows & Doors (Malta), for the manufacture of sash pack replacement windows. Tr. 7/14/14 at 44 (Carlson); Pl. Ex. 50 (Malta Invoice).
28. WSI "intentionally order[ed] the windows to the smallest (level) square opening." Def. Ex. 34 (Carlson Email 6/2/11); see also Pl.Ex. 27 (Carlson Letter 6/5/11).
29. Malta's President, Wade Benjamin, testified that the Quarters were so old that no two frames were the same and all of the sash packs had to be ordered undersized. Tr. 7/15/14 PM at 43 (Benjamin).
30. Mr. Carlson believed that he would be able to install windows that would look and function as intended despite the condition of the old window openings. Pl.Ex. 27 (Carlson Letter 6/5/11).
31. On December 14, 2010, IIU subcontracted a portion of its work on the Project to FEI. Pl.Ex. 9 (IIU/FEI Contract). The IIU/FEI Contract required FEI to supply labor, materials, and equipment for the installation of 684 windows and 66 doors on the Project for the price of $1,225,542. Id. at 1.
32. On January 12, 2011, FEI entered into a subcontract with WSI whereby WSI agreed to install 684 sash pack windows and 66 doors at Fort McNair for the price of $1,091,462. Pl.Ex. 17 (WSI/FEI Subcontract). The WSI/FEI Subcontract provides that "Subcontractor [WSI] shall perform all work and furnish and pay for all supervision, labor, materials, ... tools, equipment, supplies, and anything necessary for the construction and completion of all work described in Exhibit A" and "Forney Enterprises, Inc. (FEI) shall pay Subcontractor for the performance of the Work...." Id.
33. Exhibit A to the WSI/FEI Subcontract defines the Work as replacement of windows and doors on Quarters 1, 3 through 13, and 15 at Ft. McNair, and expressly excludes from the Scope of Work: demolition, cleaning, insulation, patching, painting, repair of existing materials that remain, interior caulking, interior trim, weather stripping on doors, and
34. The WSI/FEI Subcontract includes the following General Provisions pertinent to this case:
35. FEI's role on the Project was to process payments. FEI did not supply labor or materials. It did not provide an on-site supervisor or otherwise oversee the Project. This was clear from the beginning. FEI President Keith Forney stated in an email to IIU President Frank Ukoh, "Please understand that we are not really managing the comings and goings of this deal, if you need something from Bob [Carlson] I suggest you call him and tell and vice versa ... All we need [is] to be [copied] on all transmissions, thanks." Def. Ex. 10 (Forney Email 12/20/10).
36. Similarly, Mr. Forney emailed Messrs. Carlson and Ukoh:
Pl.Ex. 14 (Forney Email 12/23/10).
37. Mr. Ukoh understood that FEI's role was to process payments, and he told Mr. Carlson that all invoices should be sent to FEI. Pl.Ex. 16 (Ukoh Email 1/10/11).
36. IIU was responsible for the preparation of the window openings. It was required to do the "demolition," i.e., removal of the old windows, as well as trim, caulking and painting. Tr. 7/17/14 at 125 (Ukoh); Pl.Ex. 23 (Purvis Email 4/25/11); Pl.Ex. 25 (Ukoh Email 5/20/11).
39. Greg Purvis was the Project Manager for IIU when the work started in April 2011; by June 21, 2011, he had been replaced. Tr. 7/14/14 PM at 102 (Witthoff).
40. WSI was responsible for the installation of new sash pack windows after the old windows were removed. Pl.Ex. 17 (WSI/FEI Subcontract).
41. WSI's Field Operations Manager Greg Jones managed WSI's work on the Project, and WSI's Site Superintendent Mark Witthoff was on the Project every day. Tr. 7/14/14 at 14 (Carlson).
42. Prior to starting work on the Project, on February 1, 2011 WSI prepared a mock up window installation at Ft. McNair. There were some concerns with the first mockup, see Def. Ex. 16 (Purvis Email 2/2/11), but WSI addressed the issues and, on March 9, 2011, Mr. Fleming approved the second mock up. Pl.Ex. 19 (Cheairs Email 3/8/11); Pl.Ex. 20 (Purvis Email 3/9/11)
43. On April 25, 2011, work began on the Project; IIU began removing the old windows from Quarters 4. Pl. 23 (Purvis Email 4/25/11). The next day, WSI began to install the window sash packs. Id.
44. Officers and some of their families continued to live in the Quarters while the windows were replaced. As a result, Mr. Fleming required that some of the old windows be demolished from the outside causing the removal of exterior stops which had to be reinstalled prior to the installation of the new windows.
45. IIU was slow to trim the newly installed windows. On May 5, 2011, after WSI had installed about 100 windows, IIU had not yet trimmed any of them. Pl.Ex. 24 (Carlson Email 5/5/11).
46. After WSI had installed 100 sash kit windows in Quarters 1 and 4, the Army informed its prime contractor, IIU, that there were deficiencies in the work. Mr. Ukoh relayed the message to Mr. Carlson:
Def. Ex. 26 (Ukoh Email 5/10/11).
Pl.Ex. 26 (Ten-Day Cure Notice) at 2 (Mr. Mitchell incorporated the email from Malta employees in a Ten-Day Cure Notice to IIU).
48. On May 19, 2011, a meeting was held between IIU, FEI, WSI, and the Army to discuss the problems with the window installation. Messrs. Ukoh and Carlson attended the meeting by phone. Tr. 7/17/14 at 25 (Ukoh).
49. At the meeting, the Army indicated that there were problems with the window installation, that the measurements were off, and that the WSI's Payment Applications would not be paid until the problems on the Project were corrected. Pl.Ex. 25 (Ukoh Email 5/20/11).
50. In response, Mr. Carlson stated that, in his view, the size of the windows was not the major issue; the biggest problems were within IIU's scope of work — demolition, interior trim, and exterior stops. Pl.Ex. 25 (Carlson Email 5/20/11).
51. On May 24, 2011, Mr. Purvis, IIU Project Manager, emailed Mr. Ukoh and described various problems with the windows:
Def. Ex. 32 (Purvis Email 5/24/11).
50. On May 25, 2011, the Army sent a Ten-Day Cure Notice to prime contractor IIU. After recounting the criticism relayed by Malta technicians, the Ten-Day Cure Notice also stated:
Pl.Ex. 26 (Ten-Day Cure Notice) at 2.
53. Mr. Mitchell also noted in the Ten-Day Cure Notice:
Pl.Ex. 26 (Ten-Day Cure Notice) at 2. Mr. Mitchell's reference to "Contractor" was undefined.
54. In sum, the Ten-Day Cure Notice pointed out four problems with the windows, which the Court attributes to IIU or WSI in accord with the Scope of Work defined in the WSI/FEI Subcontract: (1) IIU "recklessly" demolished the window openings, butchering the substrate and thus inhibiting the installation of the jambliners; (2) WSI's improper measurement and verification of the window openings resulted in ill-fitting windows; (3) when WSI installed the window units, IIU left them untrimmed so that drafts and insects could enter the housing units; and (4) IIU poorly joined the trim work and did not tool the caulking for a finished appearance.
55. Army representatives, Messrs. Fleming and Mitchell, did not know which tasks were within IIU's scope of work versus WSI's scope of work. Tr. 7/16/14 PM at 108 (Fleming).
56. Mr. Ukoh described some of the problems with the Project to Mr. Carlson in an email on May 31, 2011. In responding to the email, Mr. Carlson stated that WSI intentionally ordered the windows to the smallest (level) square opening to allow for discrepancies, because "[i]f the window is too large, there is nothing that can be done to cut it down, but if it is short, the opening can be built down to make everything fit properly." Def. Ex. 34 (Carlson Email 6/2/11); see also Pl.Ex. 27 (Carlson Letter 6/5/11).
57. Mr. Carlson received a copy of the Ten-Day Cure Notice on June 3, 2011. Def. Ex. 35 (Carlson Email 6/3/11).
58. Mr. Carlson responded to the Ten-Day Cure Notice with a letter to Mr. Ukoh, which stated that "the majority of issues relate[d] to the imperfect openings and preparation of them" and that "the windows are measured correctly, will fit as provided, and are the right product for the job." Pl.Ex. 27 (Carlson Cure Notice Response 6/5/11).
59. Mr. Carlson blamed the deficiencies on IIU, alleging that IIU mistakenly removed the head stops, leaving a large gap at the top and making the new sashes
60. Mr. Witthoff claimed that IIU damaged the wooden window casings when removing the old windows and that IIU failed to remove nails or excess paint from the window openings. Tr. 7/15/14 PM at 98-99 (Witthoff).
61. Malta technician Shane McGrew described the problem caused by IIU's removal of the head stops:
Def. Ex. 46 (McGrew Letter 6/29/11).
62. In order to fill that gap and to properly install the windows, the old head stop (or a new one) had to be installed. Tr. 7/15/14 AM at 92 (Carlson).
63. The replacement of the head stops was an "easy fix." Tr. 7/16/14 PM at 3-4, 48 (Donnelly).
64. Mr. Witthoff double checked the window measurements daily as he worked. He consistently found that the measurements matched the WSI spread sheet. Tr. 7/16/14 AM at 12 (Witthoff).
65. In mid-June, Malta technicians came to the Project to check the window measurements. Mr. Witthoff took them to Quarters 15 where no Work had occurred. The Malta techs measured six or seven windows and compared their measurements to WSI's spreadsheets. They determined that the measurements were the same, except for one window that had to be adjusted by 1/16 inch. Tr. 7/16/14 AM at 8-11 (Witthoff).
66. After establishing the process for taking field measurements on November 1, 2010, Mr. Carlson visited the project only one other time before the work started; he never visited the Project after the work started on April 25, 2011. Tr. 7/14/14 at 178, 180 (Carlson); Tr. 7/16/14 PM at 75 (Fleming). Mr. Carlson was seriously ill and distracted. See, e.g., Def. Ex. 27 (Carlson Email 5/13/11) (I have to leave for a doctor appointment for follow-up surgery..."); Def. Ex. 28 (Carlson Email 5/18/11) ("I have an appointment at the hospital tomorrow and can't be at the meeting."); Def. Ex. 34 (Carlson Email 6/2/11) ("I have some complications and have to go back to the doctor (post surgery) shortly."); Pl.Ex. 31 (Carlson Email 6/22/11) ("I have medical issues to deal with this afternoon.").
67. After the Ten-Day Cure Notice was issued on May 25, work stopped on the Project to permit the parties to develop a corrective action plan. WSI and IIU drafted such a plan, calling for removal of the installed sash pack windows by WSI, window opening preparation by IIU, and reinstallation of windows by WSI. Pl.Ex. 28 (Ukoh Letter to Mitchell 6/7/11) (incorporating almost verbatim Pl.Ex. 27 (Carlson Letter to Ukoh 6/5/11)).
68. In order to correct each window, WSI had to remove the sash kit windows; IIU contractors then had to prepare each opening properly; and WSI had to reinstall the sash kit. Tr. 7/16/14 AM at 14 (Witthoff).
69. The corrective action plan was originally scheduled to begin on June 20, 2011, but construction was halted that day due to an official function at Ft. McNair. Tr. 7/16/14 AM at 17 (Witthoff).
71. On June 21, 2011, WSI had two workers on site. Def. Ex. 58 (WSI Payrolls).
72. Mr. Witthoff said that he and his coworker were one-half hour late. Mr. Fleming was upset at their tardiness and would not let them work. Tr. 7/16/14 AM at 17-18 (Witthoff).
73. On June 21, 2011, IIU gave FEI a written Three-Day Cure Notice that stated:
Pl.Ex. 30 (Three-Day Cure Notice to FEI).
74. The next day, June 22, Mr. Ukoh and Mr. Carlson exchanged emails. Mr. Ukoh asserted that WSI's two workmen showed up at the Project without knowing what they were supposed to do, and that more than two workmen were necessary to cure the deficiencies because a substantial number of the windows needed to be reinstalled. Mr. Carlson, in turn, complained that IIU was required to remove storm windows and replace unacceptable exterior stops before WSI could even begin to reinstall the windows and that IIU's newly hired superintendent did not know who was supposed to do what. Pl.Ex. 31 (Emails between Ukoh and Carlson 6/22/11).
75. Construction was halted on June 22 due to another official function. Tr. 7/16/14 AM at 18 (Witthoff).
76. On June 23, WSI removed four windows at the site so that the openings could be prepared and the window sash packs reinstalled. IIU's new Project Manager Greg Teasley and a temporary carpenter were on site to prepare the windows by cleaning out paint build up, removing nails, removing exterior stops, and reinstalling the stops on the demolished opening. IIU did not complete any of the window openings. WSI reinstalled the 4 windows anyhow, because the Quarters were occupied and the window opening needed to be closed. Tr. 7/16/14 AM at 19 (Witthoff).
77. At the end of the day on Friday June 24, 2011, FEI gave written notice to WSI that it was required to cure within three business days (by June 29) or it would be terminated for default. Pl.Ex. 32 (Three-Day Cure Notice to WSI). The noticed specified:
Id. at 1.
78. On Monday June 27, 2011, WSI had 2 workmen at the site. Def. Ex. 58 (WSI Certified Payrolls).
80. At 9:40 a.m. on June 27, 2011, Mr. Ukoh of IIU sent an email to Mr. Forney of FEI, copying Mr. Carlson of WSI. Mr. Ukoh stated that the windows were reinstalled and trimmed correctly but they were still not operating correctly. Pl.Ex. 33 (Ukoh Email 6/27/11).
81. Mr. Carlson did not respond to the June 24 letter or the June 27 email until June 29. At 8:30 a.m. that morning, Mr. Carlson emailed Mr. Forney, copying Mr. Ukoh. He denied that WSI had failed to provide sufficient manpower and that WSI had failed to comply with the FEI schedule for correcting deficiencies. Mr. Carlson stated that "[m]ore manpower would have had no benefit as we were limited to the areas in which we could work;" that "no schedule was given to us;" and that "there is far more work to be done by others than is within our scope so we will not hold up the project." Pl.Ex. 34 (Carlson Email 6/29/11 at 8:30). He also stated that the problems with the windows were caused by the installation of insulation, wrongly required by Mr. Fleming, and by "improper demolition and opening preparation" which "prevented proper installation because the units can't be shimmed properly." Id.
82. WSI Site Superintendent Witthoff testified that he had advised against installing insulation, but did it anyhow when Mr. Fleming insisted and threatened to have Mr. Witthoff fired if he refused. Tr. 7/15/14 PM at 99-100 (Witthoff); Tr. 7/16/14 AM at 28 (Witthoff); see also Pl. Ex. 39 (Carlson Letter 7/5/11).
83. Mr. Fleming denied that he mandated the insulation, testifying that he merely had required the gaps around the windows to be sealed, and WSI chose to fill the gaps with insulation. Tr. 7/16/14 PM at 107 (Fleming).
84. Later the morning of June 29, Mr. Carlson sent a separate email to Mr. Ukoh and Mr. Forney explaining why the "corrections" were not working:
Pl.Ex. 33 (Carlson Email 6/29/11 at 10:07); see also Pl.Ex. 35 (Carlson Email 6/29/11 at 10:42).
85. Mr. Witthoff's last day of work on the Project was June 28, 2011; Mr. Fleming told him not to come to work on June 29. Tr. 7/16/14 AM at 24-25 (Witthoff).
86. On June 29, 2011, IIU sent a formal notice of termination for default to FEI. Pl.Ex. 36 (FEI Termination Letter 6/29/11).
87. Mr. Forney notified Mr. Carlson of FEI's termination, impliedly terminating WSI. Pl.Ex. 37 (Forney Email 7/2/11).
88. By letter dated September 8, 2011, FEI formally terminated WSI for default. Pl.Ex. 44 (Forney Email 9/20/11, attaching 9/8/11 Letter). The letter cited WSI's installation of windows that "were not measured and verified for proper sizing, creating situations where ill-fitting and
89. At the time of termination, WSI had installed approximately 100 of 684 windows and 12 of 66 doors on the Project. Tr. 7/15/15 at 47, 59 (Carlson); Def. Ex. 52 (Donnelly Letter 9/2011) at 1, 3.
90. After WSI's work on the Project was stopped, IIU or the Army contacted Malta for assistance in completing the Project. Malta Vice President of Sales Jonathan Young called Robert Donnelly, head of Robert J. Donnelly Construction. Tr. 7/16/14 AM at 80 (Donnelly). Mr. Young and Mr. Donnelly had worked successfully on projects together for more than ten years, when Mr. Young had worked for another window manufacturer. Id.
91. Mr. Donnelly has worked in the construction business for fifty years, doing remodeling as well as new construction. Tr. 7/16/14 AM at 76-77 (Donnelly). The majority of Mr. Donnelly's business for the past twenty years has been the replacement of windows, doors, and decks. Id. at 78. He estimated that he has replaced 100,000 to 200,000 doors and windows; some of the window projects involved the installation of sash pack windows. Id. at 77-78.
92. Mr. Donnelly offered the opinion that sash pack window kits are "an inexpensive way to replace existing sashes, though on an old large home can be extremely time consuming." Def. Ex. 52 (Donnelly Letter 9/2011) at 3.
93. Sash pack windows are more difficult to install than pocket windows. Tr. 7/14/14 at 40 (Carlson).
94. A sash pack window is "a very difficult product to work with, especially on large windows." Tr. 7/16/15 PM at 16 (Donnelly).
95. Sash packs can function "reasonably well when used on moderately sized windows with existing frames that are in good shape, fairly plumb and level." Def. Ex. 52 (Donnelly Letter 9/2011) at 3.
96. The windows in the Quarters at Ft. McNair are large — some as wide as 50 inches and some as tall as 86 inches. Def. Ex. 52 (Donnelly Letter 9/2011) at 3; Pl. Ex. 8 (Field Measurements); Pl.Ex. 50 (Malta Invoice).
97. Ft. McNair was established in 1791; ninety percent of the present buildings on the post's 100 acres were built, reconstructed, or remodeled by 1908. See Ft. McNair History, available at http:// www.jbmhh.army.mil/web/jbmhh/About JBMHH/FortMcNairHistory.html (last visited Apr. 28, 2015).
98. The existing windows were approximately "105 years old, worn, twisted, out of square, out of plumb and level." Def. Ex. 52 (Donnelly Letter 9/2011) at 3.
99. Mr. Witthoff encountered problems installing the sash pack windows from the beginning of the Project because the window openings were out-of-plumb and out-of-square. Tr. 7/16/14 AM at 51. Mr. Witthoff testified that "the whole building was sagging." Id. at 53.
100. Sash pack windows are designed to fit within a "very close tolerance." Tr. 7/16/14 PM at 6 (Donnelly).
101. Mr. Witthoff agreed that the installation of sash pack windows requires more preparation work on rough window openings. Tr. 7/16/14 AM at 26 (Witthoff).
102. Mr. Donnelly inspected the sash pack windows installed by WSI. Out of 55 units installed in Quarters 1, he determined that only two windows functioned properly and only three were sized properly. The windows were too short, too wide, and/or too narrow. Def. Ex. 52 (Donnelly Letter 9/2011) at 3.
103. At trial, Mr. Donnelly explained what he meant by stating that only two
104. Some of the windows could hardly be moved up and down, while others would almost fall down. Tr. 7/16/14 PM at 2 (Donnelly). Some of the gaps around the sashes were so large that the sash would almost fall out. Tr. 7/16/14 AM at 91 (Donnelly).
105. Mr. Donnelly described problems with the jambliners:
Def. Ex. 52 (Donnelly Letter 9/2011) at 3; Tr. 7/116/14 PM at 7 (Donnelly) (the liners are not rigid and they "contour to whatever is there").
106. Mr. Donnelly found substantially similar problems with Quarters 4. Def. Ex. 52 (Donnelly Letter 9/2011) at 4.
107. The sash pack windows were "extremely unsightly;" they were a "product that didn't function." Def. Ex. 52 (Donnelly Letter 9/2011) at 4.
108. When asked if the demolition had caused the windows not to function, Mr. Donnelly asserted that the lack of function had to do with the window sizing and the "quality of the install." Tr. 7/16/14 PM at 3 (Donnelly).
109. When asked whether he would have accepted the job if he had been offered a contract to install sash pack windows at Ft. McNair in the first place, Mr. Donnelly unequivocally stated that no, he would not have accepted the job. Tr. 7/16/14 PM at 30-31 (Donnelly). "No sense in taking a job that I don't think can be done." Id. at 40.
110. In Mr. Donnelly's opinion, "[A]nybody who had any experience with sash packs would know that you can't use them on this project, not successfully." Tr. 7/16/14 PM at 42 (Donnelly).
111. When Mr. Young offered Mr. Donnelly the job of reinstalling the Malta sash pack windows at Ft. McNair, Mr. Donnelly declined. "I did not want the job.... those kits would take forever, probably [would] become a nightmare to try and complete and have work properly." Def. Ex. 52 (Donnelly Letter 9/2011) at 4.
112. Mr. Young asked Mr. Donnelly if pocket windows would solve the problems, and Mr. Donnelly immediately agreed that they would. "Pocket fit windows would dramatically reduce the install time and solve a lot if not all of the existing problems. Pocket fit windows have their own frame, which is designed to fit within an existing window's frame creating a much more stable and workable product in a dramatically shorter work time." Def. Ex. 52 (Donnelly Letter 9/2011) at 4.
113. Malta President Benjamin wrote to Mr. Ukoh describing the problem with the window installation and agreeing that pocket windows would have been better for the Ft. McNair Project:
Pl.Ex. 38 (Benjamin Letter 7/6/11).
114. The Ten-Day Cure Notice did not reference any problems with the doors. Tr. 7/16/14 PM at 94 (Fleming); see also Tr. 7/16/14 AM at 23 (Witthoff) (Mr. Witthoff was unaware of problems with the doors during the cure period).
115. Mr. Fleming accepted the doors that were installed. Tr. 7/16/14 PM at 94-95 (Fleming); see also Tr. 7/16/14 AM at 23 (Witthoff).
116. The standard spacing around a door in an old building is a maximum of 1/8 (or 2/16) inch. Def. Ex. 52 (Donnelly Letter 9/2011) at 1; Tr. 7/16/14 AM at 84 (Donnelly).
117. In Mr. Witthoff's view, a slightly larger spacing of 3/16 inch is acceptable around a door. Tr. 7/16/14 AM at 31 (Witthoff).
118. When Mr. Donnelly inspected the doors installed by WSI, he determined that the doors were too narrow, leaving gaps almost 1/2 inch wide on the sides where wind and light entered. Def. Ex. 52 (Donnelly Letter 9/2011) at 1.
119. Mr. Donnelly also found that most of the doors were cut too short, that the gap at the bottom was large enough to allow drafts, insects, and animals to intrude. Def. Ex. 52 (Donnelly Letter 9/2011) at 2.
120. A few of the doors could not open all the way because they scraped over old, warped floors. These doors needed to be adjusted to permit the door to open completely, even though the adjoining floor was not level, and had to be fitted with a sweep to cover any gap that would exist when the doors were closed. Def. Ex. 52 (Donnelly Letter 9/2011) at 2; Tr. 7/16/14 AM at 87-88 (Donnelly).
121. The strike plates were installed on the door jambs at the wrong depths and were crooked. Def. Ex. 52 (Donnelly Letter 9/2011) at 1; Tr. 7/16/14 AM at 87 (Donnelly).
122. Many of the hinges were replaced with hinges of a different size. Def. Ex. 52 (Donnelly Letter 9/2011) at 2; Tr. 7/16/14 AM at 88 (Donnelly).
123. One door was installed with broken screws in the top hinge — the screw heads had been sheared off and were just glued in place. Missing three working screws in the top hinge made the door unsafe, as the door could have fallen. Def. Ex. 52 (Donnelly Letter 9/2011) at 2; Tr. 7/16/14 AM at 85-86 (Donnelly).
124. IIU ordered double hung/pocket windows from Malta and retained Donnelly Construction to perform the necessary demolition work and install all new windows and doors. During August and September 2011, Donnelly Construction removed and replaced all 684 windows and 66 doors on the Project.
125. IIU paid WSI's Payment Application No. 1 in the amount of $26,000 for field measuring. Pl.Ex. 45 (Payment Applications Nos. 1-4); Pl.Ex. 15 (Flowers Email 1/10/15) (first payment was for measuring).
Description Schedule Value Completed/Stored Shop drawings/submittals $13,000 $13,000 Install material/equip (684 × 100.093) 8 68,464 68,464 Door Hardware (66 × 230.00) 15,180 15,180 Storm windows (684 × 110.00) 75,240 75,240 Storm window labor (684 × 50.00) 34,200 5,262 Wood doors (66 × 974.00) 64,264 64,264 Door labor (66 × 325.00) 21,450 3,300 Window (684 × 591.00) 677,436 677,436 9 Window labor (684 × 350.00) 96,208 14,801 ______ ______TOTAL $1,065,462 $936,967
127. FEI and IIU did not submit Payment Applications 2, 3, or 4 to the Army because they objected to billing for close to the full contract price when the work was less than 10% complete. Mr. Carlson responded that the bill was for materials. Messrs. Forney and Ukoh demanded the submission of supplier invoices for all materials on site. See Pl.Ex. 22 (Emails between Forney and Carlson 4/25/11); Pl.Ex. 24 (Emails between Carlson and Ukoh May 4 & 5, 2011); Pl.Ex. 25 (Emails between Carlson and Ukoh May 19 & 20, 2011).
128. Payment Applications 2-4 remained unsubmitted and unpaid because problems with the window installation on the Project came to light.
129. The Army required Quarters 1 and 4 to be "complete, inspected and cleared" before it would permit the work
130. On August 8, 2011, WSI notified Hanover of its Payment Bond Claim in the amount of $936,967.00. Pl.Ex. 43 (Notice of Payment bond Claim).
131. IIU sought payment from the Army to pay WSI's suppliers, altogether $371,364.11. Pl.Ex. 41 (Schedule of Supplier Invoices); Pl.Ex. 42 (IIU Invoice). WSI's suppliers were Falcon Door & Window, Inc. (Falcon); House of Antique Hardware (Antique Hardware); Midwest Wholesale Hardware (Midwest); and Diamond Doors Ltd. (Diamond). Pl.Ex. 46 (Falcon Invoices); Pl.Ex. 47 (Antique Hardware Invoices); Pl.Ex. 48 (Midwest Invoices); Pl.Ex. 49 (Diamond Invoices).
132. The Army paid IIU $371,364.11 on August 4, 2011. Pl.Ex. 61 (IIU Payments Received).
133. IIU certified to the Army that it would pay all of the WSI suppliers, see Pl.Ex. 42 (IIU Invoice), but instead IIU paid only the Malta invoice for $280,000 and the Diamond invoice for $30,083. In exchange for payment, Malta and Diamond released IIU, WSI, FEI and the Army from liability on the invoices. Def. Ex. 54 (Malta Release 9/27/11); Def. Ex. 55 (Diamond Release 9/28/11).
134. IIU kept the remainder of monies ($61,342.36) to finish the Project. Tr. 7/17/14 at 181 (Ukoh).
135. WSI disputes that its work was in any way deficient and seeks damages for breach of contract and quantum meruit recovery for unjust enrichment. WSI claims that the window deficiencies were the fault of IIU and the Army as follows: (1) IIU butchered the window openings during demolition and failed to remove thick old paint and nails which prevented the jamb liners from being installed correctly; (2) IIU belatedly installed trim and caulking, which allowed insects to intrude through gaps; (3) IIU generally did a poor job with the trim work, creating unsightly gaps which were sloppily filled with caulk; and (4) the Army insisted on sash pack windows instead of double hung windows and insisted on the installation of insulation behind the vinyl jambliners, causing the jambliners to bulge and prevent the sashes from sliding freely.
136. FEI claims that WSI materially breached the contract, that WSI's work and materials had no value, and that WSI should pay FEI lost profits in the amount of $75,000. FEI alleges that the windows did not fit and did not function because WSI measured the window openings incorrectly.
137. WSI filed a three-count Complaint: Count I, alleging breach of contract against FEI; Count II, alleging unjust enrichment against FEI; and Count III, alleging action on a payment bond against Hanover Insurance Company. See Compl. [Dkt. 1]. FEI filed an Amended Counterclaim for breach of contract;
138. The Complaint asserted damages in the amount of $936,967.00, but later WSI reduced its claim by $310,083.00, the combined amount that IIU paid directly to WSI's suppliers Malta and Diamond. Notice of Reduction of Claim [Dkt. 17]. Accordingly, WSI seeks recovery of $626,884,
139. A bench trial was held from July 14 through 21, 2014, and the parties submitted proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law. See WSI Post Trial Briefs [Dkts. 60, 62]; FEI Post Trial Briefs [Dkts. 59, 61].
140. Mr. Carlson testified honestly, as his demeanor and candor demonstrated. Nonetheless, the Court notes that Mr. Carlson has a large interest in the outcome of this case, which undoubtedly affected his perceptions. He tried to explain WSI's own errors by blaming others — Messrs. Fleming, Ukoh, and Forney. Mr. Carlson asserted that the problems with the window installation were due to IIU's mistaken removal of the head stop at the top of the windows. Tr. 7/14/14 at 98, 134, 137 (Carlson); Tr. 7/15/14 AM at 67, 92 (Carlson). There was no evidence, however, that the removal of the head stop caused the windows to fail to move freely, and Mr. Carlson failed to explain the gaps along the sides of the windows.
141. The evidence showed that Mr. Carlson was not attentive to this Project, probably due to illness. After training his crew how to measure the window and door openings on November 1, 2010, he did not visit the site while the work was in progress in April and May 2011 or during the cure period in June 2011. During the cure period, when time was of the essence, Mr. Carlson did not respond to the June 24 Three-Day Cure Notice or the June 27 email from Mr. Ukoh (stating that the reinstalled windows still did not operate correctly) until June 29, the very last day of the cure period. Pl.Ex. 34 (Carlson Email 6/29/11 at 8:30). Therefore, the Project proceeded without his expertise.
142. Mr. Donnelly was a forthright and honest witness, with no interest in the outcome of this case. His demeanor was straightforward, with small exceptions, as he defended Robert J. Donnelly Construction as the company that eventually completed the Project.
143. Mr. Forney's testimony was largely unhelpful. FEI was only involved in the Project for the purpose of obtaining the bond and processing payments. From the beginning, Mr. Forney instructed WSI and IIU to deal with each other directly. Def. Ex. 10 (Forney Email 12/20/10); Pl.Ex. 14 (Forney Email 12/23/10). Mr. Forney did not have personal knowledge regarding the actual work on the Project.
144. The Court does not credit the testimony of IIU President Ukoh. Mr. Ukoh admitted that he submitted invoices from WSI suppliers to the Army for payment and that he certified to the Army that he would pay these suppliers, but he only paid Malta and Diamond, keeping the remaining $61,342.36 for other purposes. Tr. 7/17/14 at 181 (Ukoh). Further, Mr. Ukoh was defensive and evasive in answering questions.
145. WSI Site Superintendent Witthoff provided credible testimony, and he had more detailed knowledge of the Project than any other witness because he was there on a daily basis. Any bias in favor of WSI, his employer, did not undercut the key points of his testimony. Mr. Witthoff testified that he had advised against installing insulation, but did it anyhow when Mr. Fleming insisted and threatened to have Mr. Witthoff fired if he refused. Tr. 7/15/14 PM at 99-100 (Witthoff); Tr. 7/16/14 AM at 28 (Witthoff); see also Pl. Ex. 39 (Carlson Letter 7/5/11). Mr. Donnelly confirmed Mr. Witthoff's opinion that it was a mistake to put insulation behind the jambliners because it hindered the operation of the windows. Def. Ex. 52 (Donnelly Letter9/2011) at 3; Tr. 7/116/14 PM at 7 (Donnelly).
WSI proffered the testimony of its president, Mr. Carlson, as both a fact and an expert witness, and FEI similarly proffered the testimony of the head of Robert J. Donnelly Construction, Mr. Donnelly. Under Federal Rule of Evidence 701, a lay witness may testify only as to opinions that are "(a) rationally based on the witness's perception; (b) helpful to clearly understanding the witness's testimony or to determining a fact in issue; and (c) not based on scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge within the scope of Rule 702." In order to present opinions that are out-side the scope of Rule 701, a witness needs to be qualified as an expert. Expert testimony is governed by Federal Rule of Evidence 702, which provides:
Mr. Carlson was qualified as an expert in window and door installation due to his knowledge and experience gained over 20 years of working in the window and door replacement business. Tr. 7/14/14 at 37 (Carlson). He offered the opinion that IIU did a poor job in demolishing the old windows, i.e., preparing the window openings for the installation of new windows. He testified that the head stops should have been left in place but IIU removed them, leaving a large gap at the top and making the new sashes appear to be too short. Tr. 7/14/14 at 98, 134, 137 (Carlson); Tr. 7/15/14 AM at 67, 92 (Carlson). Mr. Carlson further opined that the
Despite the fact that Mr. Carlson had expert knowledge, the Court finds that his opinion was not reliable. It was not based on any particular facts, data, scientific principles or methods. Further, he has an obvious interest in the outcome of this suit. Also, the record shows that he may not have been aware of problems on the Project at the time they were occurring because he did not visit the Project while the Work was in progress. He may have been kept away due to illness. The Court affords his opinion little weight.
Mr. Donnelly was qualified, by knowledge and experience, to testify regarding window and door installation. He has worked in the construction business for fifty years, doing remodeling as well as new construction. Tr. 7/16/14 AM at 76-77 (Donnelly). The majority of Mr. Donnelly's business for the past twenty years has been the replacement of windows, doors, and decks. Id. at 78. He estimated that he has replaced 100,000 to 200,000 doors and windows. Id. at 77. Some of the projects he has worked on involved the installation of sash pack windows. Id. at 78.
Mr. Donnelly offered the opinion that sash pack windows can be used only to replace moderately-sized windows with existing frames that are fairly plumb and level. Def. Ex. 52 (Donnelly Letter 9/2011) at 3. The window openings at Ft. McNair were quite larges — some as wide as 50 inches and as tall as 86 inches — and they were "105 years old, worn, twisted, out of square, out of plumb and level." Id. Because the windows at Ft. McNair were large, out-of-square, and out-of-plumb, Mr. Donnelly indicated that sash pack windows could not be used successfully. Id.; Tr. 7/16/14 PM at 42 (Donnelly). When Mr. Donnelly inspected the sash pack windows that WSI had installed in Quarters 1, he found that only two functioned properly, that others did not slide up and down or lock properly, and light penetrated along the sides. Def. Ex. 52 (Donnelly Letter 9/2011) at 3; Tr. 7/16/14 PM at 2 (Donnelly). He found similar conditions in Quarters 4. Def. Ex. 52 (Donnelly Letter 9/2011) at 4. Mr. Donnelly described the gaps along the window jambs, stating "[w]ith these old jambs as crooked as they were the tracks then developed large gaps that could both be seen [and allowed] wind [to] blow thr[ough]." Def. Ex. 52 (Donnelly Letter 9/2011) at 4. Mr. Donnelly testified that he would not even enter into a contract to install sash pack windows in a building like the Quarters at Ft. McNair because there is "[n]o sense in taking a job that I don't think can be done." Tr. 7/16/14 PM at 40 (Donnelly); see also Def. Ex. 52 (Donnelly Letter 9/2011) at 4. He testified that "anybody who had any experience with sash packs would know that you can't use them on this project, not successfully." Tr. 7/16/14 PM at 42 (Donnelly).
As a third party with no interest in the outcome of this case, the Court finds that Mr. Donnelly was not biased. Further, his explanation of the problem with sash pack installation in old and crooked window openings was grounded in undisputed fact and logic. WSI does not dispute that old buildings settle, causing the window openings to become out-of-square, or that the
The evidence supports a finding that the majority of the window openings in the Quarters were, in fact, out-of-square and out-of-plumb. Mr. Witthoff encountered problems installing the sash pack windows from the very beginning of the Project because the windows were out-of-plumb and out-of-square. Tr. 7/16/14 AM at 51 (Witthoff). "[T]he whole building was sagging." Id. at 53 (Witthoff). Upon inspecting the sash pack windows that WSI had installed, the Army found gaps around them. Pl.Ex. 26 (Ten-Day Cure Notice) at 2 ("[There was a] noticeable gap between the balance and the trim. Some windows would be considerably square where as [sic] some would have a 2 [inch] space from the sill to bottom of the glazing stop on one side and have a 2 ¾ [inch] space on the other side."); Tr. 7/16/14 PM at 107 (Fleming) (gaps around windows had to be sealed).
A litigant bears the burden of proving each element of his claim by a preponderance of the evidence. Ascom Hasler Mailing Sys., Inc. v. U.S. Postal Service, 885 F.Supp.2d 156, 181 (D.D.C. 2012). The preponderance standard requires a factfinder to decide that the existence of a fact is more probable than not. Concrete Pipe & Products of Calif., Inc. v. Constr. Laborers Pension Trust for S. Calif., 508 U.S. 602, 622, 113 S.Ct. 2264, 124 L.Ed.2d 539 (1993). "[A] factfinder must evaluate the raw evidence, finding it to be sufficiently reliable and sufficiently probative to demonstrate the truth of the asserted proposition with the requisite degree of certainty." Id.
To prevail on a claim of breach of contract, a party must establish (1) a valid contract between the parties; (2) an obligation or duty arising out of the contract; (3) a breach of that duty; and (4) damages caused by breach. Tsintolas Realty Co. v. Mendez, 984 A.2d 181, 187 (D.C.2009). A "breach" is "an unjustified failure to perform all or any part of what is promised in a contract entitling the injured party to damages." Fowler v. A & A Co., 262 A.2d 344, 347 (D.C.1970) (citation and quotation marks omitted). A "material" breach is one where the injured party received something substantially less or different from that for which he bargained. Id.
FEI argues that WSI breached the contract by failing to measure the window openings properly, causing WSI to order and install sash packs that did not fit or function. However, at trial there was no evidence to support the claim that WSI mismeasured. Mr. Carlson testified how his crew carefully measured the windows and that he had to order the windows sized to the smallest level window opening due to the fact that the old window openings were not square. While the Army's Ten-Day Cure Notice stated that windows were mismeasured, this characterization was based on the observations of the Malta technicians and there was no evidence that anyone actually measured any of the window openings and compared them to the sash packs. See Pl.Ex. 26 (Ten-Day Cure Notice); Tr. 7/17/14 at 44 (Ukoh). Similarly, Mr. Donnelly indicated that the windows were too short, too narrow and too wide, see Def. Ex. 52 (Donnelly Letter 9/2011) at 3, but his testimony was unsupported by any actual re-measurement. In fact, when the Malta technicians returned to the Project to check the measurements, they re-measured six or seven windows in Quarters 15 and found that WSI had correctly measured all but one, and that single window required an adjustment of only 1/16 inch. Tr. 7/16/14 AM at 8-11 (Witthoff). The evidence showed that the sash
While WSI did not breach due to mismeasurement, it is nevertheless liable for breach of contract because it breached the implied covenant of good faith. "Under District of Columbia law, every contract contains within it an implied covenant of both parties to act in good faith and damages may be recovered for its breach as part of a contract action." Choharis v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 961 A.3d 1080, 1087 (D.C.2008). The implied covenant of good faith means that "neither party shall do anything which will have the effect of destroying or injuring the right of the other party to receive the fruits of the contract." Allworth v. Howard Univ., 890 A.2d 194, 201 (D.C.2006). There is no single definition of good faith and fair dealing, as the duty varies depending upon the context in which it arises. Id. Good faith requires "faithfulness to an agreed common purpose and consistency with the justified expectations of the other party." Restatement (Second) Contracts § 205. Bad faith includes circumstances where a party "evades the spirit of the bargain, lack of diligence and slacking off, willfully rendering of imperfect performance, abuse of power to specify terms and interference with or failure to cooperate in the other party's performance." Id.; see also Paul v. Howard Univ., 754 A.2d 297, 320 (D.C.2000). Further, when a buyer informs a seller of the particular purpose for which purchased goods are to be used and the buyer relies on the seller's skill and expertise, there is an implied condition that the goods furnished should be reasonably fit for the purpose intended. D.C.Code § 28:2-315.
The "common purpose" and "spirit of the bargain" of the WSI/FEI Subcontract, as well as the "justified expectation" of the parties, was that WSI would install functioning windows and doors in the Quarters at Ft. McNair. FEI subcontracted with WSI, an expert installer, for the installation of windows and doors. Both parties understood that the windows needed to be fit for the specified purpose, i.e., the replacement of very large windows in very old historic buildings. When the Army COTR, Mr. Fleming, solicited a bid for the installation of sash pack windows, he relied on WSI to determine whether that type of window could be installed successfully. The Army, FEI, and their representatives were not window installation experts.
The Court credits Mr. Donnelly's expert opinion that sash pack windows could not be used successfully at Ft. McNair because the window openings were old, large, out-of-square, and out-of-plumb. Def. Ex. 52 (Donnelly Letter 9/2011) at 3; Tr. 7/16/14 PM at 42 (Donnelly). As a window installation expert, Mr. Carlson should have known that sash pack windows would not fit or function properly in the Quarters at Ft. McNair. On November 1, 2010, before WSI entered into the WSI/FEI Subcontract and before WSI ordered the windows and doors, Mr. Carlson visited Ft. McNair to instruct his crew on the measurement process. Tr. 7/14/14 at 37. At that time, he personally observed the size of the windows and the age of the Quarters. In addition, Mr. Carlson reviewed the field measurements taken by the WSI crew, and noted that when ordering sash pack windows "there is very little room for error." Def. Ex. 8 (Carlson Email 12/3/10 and Field Measurements). He expressed concern that there were well over 200 different unique dimensions needed for the Project. Def. Ex. 8 (Carlson Email 12/3/10 and Field Measurements). Because the window openings were not
WSI argues that its failure to perform the contract was excused because an essential condition precedent to window installation was IIU's proper preparation of the window openings. See Merando v. Mathy, 152 F.2d 21 (1945) (party may be excused from performance if the other party failed to perform essential condition precedent). WSI contends that IIU's poor workmanship prevented the installation of functional windows: (1) IIU butchered the window openings during demolition, leaving uneven surfaces that prevented the proper installation of the sash packs; (2) IIU improperly removed the head stop, leaving a large gap at the top of the window openings; (3) IIU failed to remove paint buildup and nails, again preventing the proper installation of the sash packs; (4) IIU placed a series of incompetent Project Managers at the site who allowed the reckless demolition and poor preparation of the window openings to continue; and (5) IIU was slow to trim the windows, and when IIU did install trim, it did so badly. See, e.g., Ten-Day Cure Notice (window openings were butchered, trim joined poorly); Tr. 7/14/14 at 98, 134, 137 (Carlson) (IIU mistakenly removed the head stops, leaving a large gap at the top); Tr. 7/15/14 AM at 67, 92 (Carlson) (same);
WSI's assignment of blame is substantially undermined by the fact that WSI installed approximately 100 windows without notifying FEI that IIU's window opening preparation was in any way unacceptable, as required by the Subcontract. See WSI/FEI Subcontract, Art. 13.3.2 ("Subcontractor shall promptly submit a written statement to FEI noting any discrepancies or unacceptable conditions prior to commencing with the Work.").
While many of the deficiencies cited in the Ten-Day Cure Notice were within the scope of IIU's work — particularly demolition, trim, and painting — the critical problem was that the windows did not move up and down freely, they did not lock properly, and air and light was able to penetrate through gaps along the sides. Tr. 7/16/14 PM at 2 (Donnelly); see also Pl.Ex. 26 (Ten-Day Cure Notice) at 2 (windows "will not function correctly in their current state"); Def. Ex. 26 (Ukoh Email 5/10/11) (Mr. Fleming indicated that "the windows are not able to open and close freely."); Def. Ex. 32 (Purvis Email 5/24/11) (jambliners "are short causing additional problems with operation"). The actual cause of the window malfunction was the unevenness of the antique window openings coupled with the fact that sash pack windows cannot be installed well in large, out-of-square, out-of-plumb window openings like those at Ft. McNair.
WSI argues that FEI breached the WSI/FEI Subcontract by failing to pay WSI, including failing to seek payment from IIU and advising the Army not to make payments on the Project.
In the ordinary case, when a party fails to complete a service to which it agreed, the non-breaching party is entitled to receive the amount it cost to complete the service, to the extent that amount exceeds the original contract price. Rowan Heating-Air Conditioning-Sheet Metal v. Williams, 580 A.2d 583, 585 (D.C.1990). But here, FEI did not complete the Project. Instead, the prime contractor (IIU) cured the deficiencies by hiring a new subcontractor, and IIU paid the new subcontractor itself. IIU signed a settlement with FEI, agreeing not to seek any damages from FEI. Having no responsibility for the costs involved in the cure, FEI cannot recover such costs from WSI. For this reason, the Court limited FEI to recovery of lost profits. See Op. [Dkt. 45] at 8-9; Order [Dkt. 46].
FEI seeks lost profits in the amount of $75,000. While a litigant need not prove damages with mathematical certainty, he must prove some reasonable basis upon which damages may be estimated. Mashack v. Superior Mgmt. Servs., Inc., 806 A.2d 1239, 1241-42 (D.C.2002); Garcia v. Llerena, 599 A.2d 1138, 1142 (D.C.1991). "[D]amages cannot be awarded on the basis of mere speculation or guesswork." Hill v. Republic of Iraq, 328 F.3d 680, 684 (D.C.Cir.2003). If a party establishes breach of contract but fails to demonstrate actual damages or its proof of damages is vague or speculative, the party is entitled to no more than nominal damages. See Cahn v. Antioch Univ., 482 A.2d 120, 120 (D.C.1984); FCE Benefit Adm'rs, Inc. v. George Washington Univ., 209 F.Supp.2d 232, 243 (D.D.C.2002).
Mr. Forney testified at trial that FEI suffered $75,000 in lost profits that would have been paid if IIU had not terminated FEI's contract and if the WSI/FEI Subcontract had been completed successfully. Tr. 7/21/14 at 46 (Forney). FEI did not submit any evidence to support this figure. The evidence showed that IIU agreed to pay FEI $1,225,542, that FEI agreed to pay WSI $1,091,426, and that the bond premium was $27,683. Pl.Ex. 9 (IIU/FEI Contract); Pl.Ex. 17 (WSI/FEI Subcontract); Compl., Ex. A (Bond). There was no evidence regarding FEI's overhead, administrative costs, or other costs on the Project. At trial, Mr. Forney was unsure whether he had ever submitted a payment application to IIU that included FEI's profits. Id. at 52. Without any reasonable basis for calculating lost profits, FEI has not met its burden of proof. Because FEI was limited to lost profits but failed to prove what they were, the Court will award only nominal damages in the amount of $1.00 to FEI for WSI's breach of contract.
In addition to the breach of contract claim against FEI, the Complaint includes an unjust enrichment claim against FEI, also known as a claim for quantum meruit recovery. See Compl., Counts I & II. A plaintiff states a claim for unjust enrichment by alleging that the plaintiff conferred a benefit on defendant, the defendant retained the benefit, and under the circumstances such retention was unjust. See Armenian Assembly of Am., Inc. v. Cafesjian, 597 F.Supp.2d 128, 134 (D.D.C.2009). The Court dismissed the unjust enrichment claim because there was a written contract, the WSI/FEI Subcontract, covering the same subject matter. See Order [Dkt. 27].
On the first day of trial, WSI orally moved for reconsideration, insisting that the unjust enrichment claim should be reinstated because Count III of the Complaint seeks payment from Hanover as
In a Miller Act suit, an unjust enrichment claim can be joined with a breach of contract claim; the presence of a written contract does not preclude the unjust enrichment claim. See U.S. ex rel. Coastal Steel Erectors, Inc. v. Algernon Blair, Inc., 479 F.2d 638, 641 (4th Cir. 1973). Further, under the Miller Act, a subcontractor can recover in quantum meruit without regard to its ability to recover on the contract. Id. ("The impact of quantum meruit is to allow a contractor to recover the value of services rendered irrespective of whether he would have lost money on the contract and been unable to recover in a suit on the contract.").
On an unjust enrichment claim under the Miller Act, a subcontractor may obtain quantum meruit recovery in the amount of "the reasonable value of the services rendered," i.e., "the amount for which such services could have been purchased from one in the plaintiff's position at the time and place the services were rendered." Algernon Blair, 479 F.2d at 641; accord U.S. for Use and Benefit of Mariana v. Piracci Constr., 405 F.Supp. 904, 907 (D.D.C.1975). If some of the workmanship or material was defective, quantum meruit recovery must be reduced accordingly. See U.S. ex rel. Metric Elec., Inc. v. Enviroserve, Inc., 301 F.Supp.2d 56, 67 (D.Mass.2003).
The sash pack windows that WSI installed did not function properly, as discussed in detail above. The windows had no value and thus no benefit was conferred on FEI. Accordingly, WSI's claim for unjust
Based on a motion in limine filed by FEI, the Court excluded as not relevant evidence regarding IIU's submissions to the Army and the Army's payments to IIU. See Op. [Dkt. 52]; Order [Dkt. 53]. Understanding that the evidence pertained to IIU invoices to the Army for the cost to cure, i.e. to replace the windows and doors installed by WSI and to complete the remaining doors and windows, and finding that FEI could not sue WSI for the monies expended by IIU (and not FEI) to cure, the Court determined that the Army's payment on the IIU invoices was not relevant. Op. [Dkt 52] at 13-14. The issue of Army payments to IIU was presented in context at trial, and WSI moved for reconsideration.
The trial evidence showed that the Army paid IIU on invoices from WSI suppliers Malta, Diamond Doors, Falcon, Antique Hardware, and Midwest. Despite IIU's certification that it would pay the suppliers, IIU paid only Malta and Diamond because IIU needed the money to finish the Project. Tr. 7/17/14 at 181 (Ukoh). The invoices from Falcon, Antique Hardware and Midwest total $61,342.36, and WSI asserts that FEI is liable to it for this amount.
Upon hearing the evidence, the Court realized that the Army payment to IIU did not concern IIU's material costs in curing the deficiencies on the Project (which were not relevant to the suit between WSI and FEI), but instead concerned WSI's material costs, as they were invoices from WSI suppliers. Accordingly, the Court reconsidered the motion in limine and admitted the evidence. Even so, this evidence is not relevant to this case. There was no evidence that FEI received payment on WSI supplier invoices. Further, IIU is not a party,
WSI breached the WSI/FEI Subcontract and therefore FEI is excused from payment. Despite the finding of a breach, FEI will be awarded only nominal damages because it failed to prove lost profits. Judgment will be entered in favor of FEI, and FEI will be awarded nominal damages of $1.00. A memorializing Order of Final Judgment accompanies this Opinion.
