CHRISTOPHER R. COOPER, United States District Judge.
Chinyere Uzoukwu's two-year tenure of employment with the Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments ("COG") was marked by a series of conflicts and bizarre interactions with her supervisors and coworkers. After she was terminated — purportedly due to an overall reduction in force — Uzoukwu sued, alleging that she had been discriminated against because of her Nigerian ethnicity. After rulings on multiple motions to dismiss and
COG is a nonprofit regional association of government officials from Washington, D.C. and its surrounding Maryland and Northern Virginia suburbs. COG hired Chinyere Uzoukwu, who is an American citizen of Nigerian descent, to fill the newly created position of Policy Analyst within its Department of Human Services Planning and Public Safety ("HSPPS"). Def. Statement of Material Facts ("DSOF") ¶ 3. Calvin Smith, who was HSPPS's Director and is himself African-American, recommended creating the position and approached Uzoukwu after having interviewed her for a different role. Id. ¶¶ 2-4. Smith and Paul DesJardin, who was chief of housing and planning at HSPPS and is white, interviewed Uzoukwu and offered her the position at slightly above the advertised salary. Id. ¶ 7. Uzoukwu began work in March 2006, reporting directly to DesJardin. Id. ¶¶ 8-9. Unfortunately, Uzoukwu's experience working in HSPPS proceeded much less smoothly than her hiring. The following incidents illustrate the difficulties that both she and COG experienced during her tenure.
According to Uzoukwu, in May 2006 she overheard loud voices coming from the office of Greg Goodwin, who was HSPPS's Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ("EEOC") representative and is white. Pl.'s Ex. 4, Dep. of Chinyere Uzoukwu ("Uzoukwu Dep.") 58-60. She claims that she found DesJardin and Goodwin "red-faced" and standing over Gary Givens, an African-American coworker. Id. Uzoukwu testified in her deposition that she believed the managers were "abusing and treating Gary Givens in a very hostile[,] degrading, demeaning manner," and she asked Givens if he would like to come to her office. Id. Uzoukwu later raised the incident with Smith, who said he would look into the matter. Id. at 64-65. Uzoukwu maintains that after she complained to Smith, she asked to participate in other groups within HSPPS, but was denied the opportunity and worked exclusively under DesJardin in the housing and planning division. Id. at 68-70.
As a new employee, Uzoukwu was subject to a six-month probationary period, and DesJardin evaluated her at the end of that period in August 2006. DSOF ¶ 10-11. According to COG, Uzoukwu received a favorable score of 90 out of 100 on the evaluation, which entitled her to a 4.5 percent pay increase. Id. ¶ 11; Def.'s Ex. F, Deposition of Imelda Roberts, COG's Director of Human Resources ("Roberts Dep.") at 25:10-18. Uzoukwu disputes that her initial evaluation was positive. According to her, DesJardin first gave her
Pl.'s Ex. 5. Uzoukwu contends that DesJardin told her she would likely be terminated as a result of the poor review, which prompted her to complain in an email to COG's Director of Human Resources, Imelda Roberts, that her supervisors had "manufactured reasons to not only give me a negative appraisal but seriously attempt to extend my probation." Def.'s Ex. B, Uzoukwu Dep. Ex. 3 (emphasis in original). She added that because "this experience/process has been so horrendously prejudiced ... [she was] contemplating a formal complaint" but was having difficulty reaching her EEOC representative. Id. Only then, Uzoukwu alleges, did she receive the final, positive evaluation noted by COG. Uzoukwu Dep. 81-82, 85-87. COG disputes that her evaluation was changed after she emailed Roberts, and it appears that at least one of her emails complaining about her evaluation discusses the later, higher rating she received. See Pl.'s Ex. 6.
DesJardin testified in his deposition that he was surprised by Uzoukwu's email given the positive review. Def.'s Ex. E, Deposition of Paul DesJardin ("DesJardin Dep.") at 42:11-12, 48:18-21. In an email, DesJardin and Smith told Uzoukwu that they were confused and disturbed by her allegations of racism and prejudice. Pl.'s Exs. 11-13. They advised her that she could file a complaint with COG's EEO Committee and recommended that she seek counseling through its Employee Assistance Program ("EAP"). Id. Uzoukwu did not file a formal complaint with the internal EEO Committee. DSOF ¶¶ 14-15.
In late 2006 or early 2007, internal COG documents were inadvertently placed in a media packet that was distributed at a conference. David Robertson, COG's Executive Director, later interviewed Uzoukwu and two other individuals working on the event about what had happened. Uzoukwu Dep. 95-97. Uzoukwu testified she was concerned that she might be fired and spoke with DesJardin about the incident. Id. at 97-98. Several weeks later, Uzoukwu raised the matter with Smith over lunch, complaining that she had been treated worse than her two coworkers, who were white. Id. at 98-99. According to Uzoukwu, Smith responded that she should understand that she does not "have white privilege." Id.
Uzoukwu complains about two other incidents involving coworkers. In August 2007, she emailed a COG human resources representative, claiming that a coworker, Abdul Mohammed, had "intimidat[ed]" her by "act[ing] like he[was] going to literally run [her] over" when they would pass each other in the office hallway by asking her "where [she] was from[.]" Pl.'s Ex. 24. Uzoukwu testified that Roberts scheduled a meeting with the two, during which Roberts stood by while Mohammed yelled at her. Uzoukwu Dep. 182-83. The next
In October and November 2007, two company-wide emails were sent from Uzoukwu's email account. The first was sent in response to an internal meeting announcement:
Uzoukwu Dep. Ex. 7. Uzoukwu disputes that she sent the email. Uzoukwu Dep. 151. She acknowledges, however, that she sent the following email two weeks later:
Id. Ex. 9. Unsurprisingly, Roberts testified that a number of employees came to her with concerns about the tenor of these emails. Roberts Dep. 41.
Shortly after Uzoukwu distributed the second email, Roberts recommended to DesJardin and Smith that Uzoukwu be referred for mandatory EAP counseling. DSOF ¶ 18. A COG memorandum explained that the organization was mandating counseling because of the two emails Uzoukwu had recently sent; her failure, without reason, to attend a departmental meeting; and prior inappropriate emails. Pl.'s Ex. 17. Uzoukwu resisted the counseling referral and maintained that she had been given leave the day of the meeting in question. Pl.'s Ex. 18.
A memorandum from COG's EAP provider describes Uzoukwu's resistance to releasing detailed information about her counseling sessions to her employer. Pl.'s Ex. 19. Initially, the EAP provider explained to Uzoukwu that the release she was expected to sign would allow disclosure to COG of "attendance and compliance, but no clinical or private info." Id. at 11. After Uzoukwu's first session, the provider sent Roberts a letter stating:
Id. at 7. The provider's notes also detail that he
Id. After the provider explained to Roberts and Smith that he would not schedule another session with Uzoukwu unless she signed a full release, id. at 6, Roberts and Smith sent Uzoukwu a memorandum explaining that she would be terminated if she did not comply fully with EAP counseling, Pl.'s Ex. 20. Uzoukwu then signed the full release and attended three additional sessions. Pl.'s Ex. 19. After these sessions, the EAP provider informed Roberts that he "did not set forth recommendations for any further counseling or treatment at this time." Pl.'s Ex 21. COG then cleared Uzoukwu to return to work. Pl.'s Ex. 22.
Smith voluntarily left COG in January 2008. Def.'s Ex. C, Deposition of Calvin Smith ("Smith Dep.") at 19:9-10; 41:12-42:1. According to COG, he was not involved in any discussions regarding Uzoukwu's termination. DSOF ¶ 24. After Smith left, Robertson determined that two existing employees would be promoted to assume Smith's responsibilities. Def.'s Ex. D, Deposition of David Robertson ("Robertson Dep.") at 59:4-16. Robertson
Uzoukwu brought her initial complaint in February 2011 against COG, Smith, DesJardin, Roberts, and numerous other Defendants. In that complaint, she claimed violations of Title VII, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, the Americans with Disabilities Act, the Equal Pay Act, and various state laws. Judge Wilkins, who previously presided over this case, dismissed the suit in February 2012 because Uzoukwu had failed to file her complaint within 90 days of receiving her right to sue letter from the EEOC. Op. (Feb. 28, 2012). He reconsidered his ruling in September 2013, however, after Uzoukwu requested leave to file a second amended complaint adding claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1981. Op. (Sep. 30, 2013). She filed the request for leave to file the second amended complaint first as an exhibit to a surreply to the Defendants' motion to dismiss in June 2011 and again as a separate motion in July 2011. The Defendants thereafter filed a new motion to dismiss the remaining claims, which Judge Wilkins granted as to the outstanding state law claims but denied as to the Section 1981 claims. Op. (Jan. 21, 2014). The Court specifically found that Uzoukwu's Section 1981 claims were not barred by the applicable statute of limitations because even the latest possible date from which to begin counting the limitations period would cover the date of Uzoukwu's termination. Id. at 3-6. The Court also rejected the Defendants' contentions that Uzoukwu had failed to plead intentional discrimination as required under Section 1981, that Uzoukwu's allegations did not amount to a hostile work environment, and that her complaints constituted protected activity sufficient to make out a claim of retaliation. Id. at 6-14.
Uzoukwu's remaining claims are for hostile work environment against Smith and COG; retaliation against Smith, DesJardin, Roberts, and COG; and disparate treatment against COG under Section 1981. The parties have completed discovery and the Defendants now move for summary judgment, asserting that Uzoukwu's remaining claims are barred by the statute of limitations, that she has failed to offer sufficient facts to demonstrate disparate treatment or a hostile work environment, and that she cannot rebut the Defendants' race-neutral justification for the alleged adverse employment actions. The Court heard argument on the Defendants' motion on May 7, 2015.
Summary judgment shall be granted "if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). The movant bears the burden to demonstrate an "absence of a genuine issue of material fact" in dispute. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). In ruling on a motion for summary judgment, the court accepts as true the nonmovant's evidence and draws all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). The nonmovant may not, however, rely on mere allegations
Section 1981 protects the right of "[a]ll persons" to "make and enforce contracts," including "the enjoyment of all benefits, privileges, terms, and conditions of the contractual relationship" without respect to race. "To evaluate a section 1981 claim, `courts use the three-step McDonnell Douglas framework for establishing racial discrimination under Title VII.'" Brown v. Sessoms, 774 F.3d 1016, 1022 (D.C.Cir.2014) (quoting Carney v. Am. Univ., 151 F.3d 1090, 1092-93 (D.C.Cir. 1998)). A plaintiff must make out a prima facie case by establishing "that (1) he is a member of a protected class, (2) he suffered an adverse employment action, and (3) the unfavorable action gives rise to an inference of discrimination (that is, an inference that his employer took the action because of his membership in the protected class)." Forkkio v. Powell, 306 F.3d 1127, 1130 (D.C.Cir.2002). Likewise, a prima facie case of retaliation requires the plaintiff to demonstrate that (1) she engaged in protected activity; (2) the employer took a materially adverse action against her; and (3) the employer took the adverse action because of the employee's protected activity. Bridgeforth v. Jewell, 721 F.3d 661, 663 (D.C.Cir.2013); Jones v. Wash. Times, 668 F.Supp.2d 53, 59 (D.D.C.2009). The burden then shifts to the employer "to articulate `some legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason' for the employment action, which the plaintiff can rebut by proving, under a preponderance of the evidence standard, that the employer's justification is merely pretext for discrimination." Brown, 774 F.3d at 1023 (quoting McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802-04, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973)).
The Defendants seek summary judgment as to all of Uzoukwu's remaining claims. They maintain that (1) her claims are barred by the applicable four-year statute of limitations; (2) she has failed to present facts demonstrating intentional discrimination; (3) her allegations do not amount to a hostile work environment; and (4) she cannot rebut COG's facially legitimate justification for her termination. The Court will address each of the Defendant's contentions in turn.
The Defendants assert that Uzouwku's claims are barred by the four-year statute of limitations that applies to post — contract formation Section 1981 claims. For the sake of clarity, the Court will outline the dates that are relevant to this issue. Uzoukwu was terminated in March 2008. She filed her initial complaint in February 2011. She then attached a proposed amended complaint to a surreply to the Defendants' motion to dismiss the initial complaint in June 2011, raising her Section 1981 claims for the first time. Judge Wilkins dismissed the case in February 2012, but Uzoukwu filed a motion for reconsideration, again attaching her proposed amended complaint, in March 2012. The case was reinstated in September 2012, and Uzoukwu filed a final amended complaint that same month. According to the Defendants, the limitations period should be calculated back from the first time Uzoukwu filed an amended complaint after her case had been dismissed, meaning March 2012. Because this limitations period would begin just days before Uzoukwu's termination, several of her allegations arguably would be time-barred.
Ordinarily, claims asserted in an amended complaint relate back to the date of the original pleading if they arose out of the conduct described in the original complaint. Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(c)(1)(B). But "once a suit is dismissed, even if without prejudice, `the tolling effect of the filing of the suit is wiped out and the statute of limitations is deemed to have continued running from whenever the cause of action accrued, without interruption by that filing.'" Ciralsky v. CIA, 355 F.3d 661, 672 (D.C.Cir.2004) (quoting Elmore v. Henderson, 227 F.3d 1009, 1011 (7th Cir. 2000)). Under this rule, if the order dismissing Uzoukwu's original complaint had remained in force and she had filed a new suit raising her Section 1981 claims, then she could not have benefited from the earlier tolling of the statute of limitations. But that is not what happened. Instead, Judge Wilkins granted Uzoukwu's motion for reconsideration and reopened the case. By granting the motion for reconsideration, Uzoukwu's original complaint was reinstated along with its tolling effect. See id. at 674 (remanding order of dismissal to district court for reconsideration, which would have the effect of tolling the statute of limitations) (citing Estate of Solis-Rivera v. United States, 993 F.2d 1, 3 (1st Cir.1993)).
While Uzoukwu's original complaint does not include claims under Section 1981, it raises claims based on the conduct at issue in this lawsuit, including her hiring and termination, her performance appraisal, her alleged hostile and prejudicial treatment by her supervisors, and her disputes with her coworkers. Compl., Feb. 16, 2011 ¶¶ 14-15, 23, 33. As a result, Uzoukwu's Section 1981 claims relate back to the filing of her original complaint in February 2011. The four-year limitations period therefore encompasses most of the allegations underlying her claims. Some of the occurrences giving rise to her claim for hostile work environment occurred before the limitations period, but the Defendants can be held liable for these events under a continuing-violation theory. See Nat'l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 118, 122 S.Ct. 2061, 153 L.Ed.2d 106 (2002) ("Given, therefore, that the incidents constituting a hostile work environment are part of one unlawful employment practice, the employer may be liable for all acts that are part of this single claim. In order for the charge to be timely, the employee need only file a charge within 180 or 300 days of any act that is part of the hostile work environment."). Accordingly, all of Uzoukwu's claims under Section 1981 fall within the applicable statute of limitations.
The Defendants next contend that Uzoukwu has failed to present evidence demonstrating intentional discrimination by her supervisors. To prevail on a claim of disparate treatment or retaliation under Section 1981, a plaintiff must establish that the defendants acted with a discriminatory purpose, meaning that they acted "because of" the plaintiff's race or protected activity. See, e.g., Personnel Adm'r v. Feeney, 442 U.S. 256, 279, 99 S.Ct. 2282, 60 L.Ed.2d 870 (1979). Here, the Defendants assert that Uzoukwu "alleges simply that she is from Nigeria and leaves for the Court to conclude how any
Uzoukwu has offered evidence of more than the mere fact of her ethnicity. She testified in her deposition that Smith, her supervisor, responded to her concerns that she was being treated worse than her white colleagues by explaining that she did not have "white privilege." The import of Smith's purported comment is far from obvious. Smith, as an African-American, might well have intended simply to begin a frank conversation about the challenges that nonwhite employees face in the workplace. But a jury might also infer, as Uzoukwu suggests, that the comment was instead meant to discourage her from complaining about instances of discrimination due to COG's negative views of non-white employees. Similarly, Uzoukwu alleges that her supervisors failed to act on her complaints about conduct she considered racially insensitive or derogatory — such as the joke by her coworkers that she had the "right name but the wrong color." While the Court struggles, frankly, to see how Smith's comments and the coworkers' joke could support an inference of discriminatory intent, it cannot conclude with confidence at this stage that no reasonable juror could accept Uzouwku's interpretation of them.
Moreover, although DesJardin and Roberts testified that they did not know Uzoukwu's ethnicity before she was terminated, a jury might choose not to credit this testimony at trial. As Uzoukwu points out, her name, appearance, and accent all indicate her West-African descent, and defendants may not escape liability for ethnicity discrimination merely because they are unaware of the precise nation from which a plaintiff originates. See Saint Francis Coll. v. Al-Khazraji, 481 U.S. 604, 613, 107 S.Ct. 2022, 95 L.Ed.2d 582 (1987) ("If respondent on remand can prove that he was subjected to intentional discrimination based on the fact that he was born an Arab, rather than solely on the place or nation of his origin, or his religion, he will have made out a case under § 1981."). The Court therefore finds that Uzoukwu has put forth (barely) sufficient evidence from which a jury could infer that the Defendants acted with discriminatory intent.
The Defendants next maintain that Uzoukwu has not made out a prima facie case of hostile work environment. "To prevail on a hostile work environment claim, a plaintiff must first show that he or she was subjected to `discriminatory intimidation, ridicule, and insult' that is `sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of the victim's employment and create an abusive working environment.'" Ayissi-Etoh v. Fannie Mae, 712 F.3d 572, 577 (D.C.Cir.2013) (quoting Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 21, 114 S.Ct. 367, 126 L.Ed.2d 295 (1993)). The court "looks to the totality of the circumstances, including the frequency of the discriminatory conduct, its severity, its offensiveness, and whether it interferes with an employee's work performance." Baloch v. Kempthorne, 550 F.3d 1191, 1201 (D.C.Cir. 2008) (citing Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, 524 U.S. 775, 787-88, 118 S.Ct. 2275, 141 L.Ed.2d 662 (1998)). A hostile work environment claim has both a subjective and an objective component, Harris, 510 U.S. at 21, 114 S.Ct. 367, and the "objective severity of harassment should be judged from the perspective of a reasonable person in the plaintiff's position, considering all the circumstances," Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Servs., Inc., 523 U.S. 75, 81, 118 S.Ct. 998, 140 L.Ed.2d 201 (1998).
Uzoukwu asserts that evidence of the following alleged incidents is sufficient to
Several of the incidents of which Uzoukwu complains cannot form the basis of a hostile work environment claim. The ordinary work-related activities of a supervisor, such as denying an employee work opportunities or issuing a negative performance evaluation, are not sufficiently severe or abusive to constitute objective harassment. Swann v. Office of Architect of Capitol, 73 F.Supp.3d 20, 32 (D.D.C. 2014) (citing, e.g., Wade v. District of Columbia, 780 F.Supp.2d 1, 19 (D.D.C.2011)). Likewise, the mere fact that Uzoukwu overheard an argument between an African-American coworker and a white supervisor, without knowing the context of the dispute, is not evidence of intimidation and ridicule directed at Uzoukwu. And Uzoukwu's dispute with Abdul Mohammed — who allegedly stood too close to her and yelled at her in Roberts's presence — is the kind of "ordinary tribulation[] of the workplace" that does not give rise to a hostile workplace claim. Franklin v. Potter, 600 F.Supp.2d 38, 76 (D.D.C. 2009) (citing Faragher, 524 U.S. at 788, 118 S.Ct. 2275).
Removing these events from the equation, Uzoukwu is left with the comment by Smith that she lacked "white privilege"; COG's alleged failure to respond to the joke that she had "the right name but the wrong color"; and the mandatory EAP counseling. These incidents are not sufficiently severe or pervasive to "alter the conditions of the victim's employment and create an abusive working environment." Ayissi-Etoh, 712 F.3d at 577. Because three incidents over a two year period of employment is far from frequent, the events in question must be particularly severe to alter the conditions of Uzoukwu's employment. See Baloch v. Norton, 355 F.Supp.2d 246, 260 (D.D.C. 2005) ("severity can in essence compensate for a lack of pervasiveness, despite the fact that isolated or occasional episodes rarely merit relief" (citing Harris, 510 U.S. at 23, 114 S.Ct. 367)). The events at issue here do not meet that standard. As noted above, Smith's comment and the joke regarding Uzoukwu's name and color remain opaque. And the mandatory EAP counseling, while no doubt an unpleasant experience for Uzoukwu, was not so severe as to support a hostile work environment claim standing alone. Nor has Uzoukwu connected the EAP referral to her race or ethnicity. The only troubling aspect of the EAP referral is the possibility that COG threatened Uzoukwu with termination unless she allowed her counselor to reveal information about what occurred during her sessions or any diagnosis that was made.
To establish a retaliation claim under Section 1981, a plaintiff must show that she engaged in protected activity and that her employer took an adverse employment action against her because of that activity. Ayissi-Etoh, 712 F.3d at 578 (citing Holcomb v. Powell, 433 F.3d 889, 901-02 (D.C.Cir.2006)). The Defendants do not dispute that terminating Uzoukwu was a materially adverse action. But they argue that Uzoukwu's complaints were not protected activity and that she lacks evidence of a causal link between the complaints and her termination. They also contend that Uzoukwu has failed to put forth evidence to dispute Robertson's justification for eliminating her position.
"Statutorily protected activities include `opposing alleged discriminatory treatment by the employer or participating in legal efforts against the alleged treatment.'" Harris v. D.C. Water & Sewer Auth., 922 F.Supp.2d 30, 34 (D.D.C. 2013) (quoting Coleman v. Potomac Elec. Power Co., 422 F.Supp.2d 209, 212 (D.D.C. 2006)), rev'd on other grounds 791 F.3d 65 (D.C.Cir.2015). To constitute protected activity in the context of a Section 1981 claim, Uzoukwu must have raised concerns related to discrimination based on her race or ethnicity. See Harris, 922 F.Supp.2d at 34 ("[T]he plaintiff must be opposing an employment practice made unlawful by the statute under which [he] has filed [his] claim of retaliation." (alterations in original) (quoting Lemmons v. Georgetown Univ. Hosp., 431 F.Supp.2d 76, 92 (D.D.C. 2006))). Complaints of mistreatment, "without mentioning discrimination ... [do] not constitute protected activity, even if the employee honestly believes she is the subject of ... discrimination." Broderick v. Donaldson, 437 F.3d 1226, 1232 (D.C.Cir.2006) (citing Sitar v. Ind. Dep't of Transp., 344 F.3d 720, 727-28 (7th Cir. 2003)).
Uzoukwu's complaints were not limited to workplace issues; she specifically complained of perceived racism and prejudice. In response to receiving her initial appraisal, Uzoukwu sent DesJardin an email stating: "While I feel I've done a tremendous job here, despite, all the hostilities, and, now, what I've come to see as your biases and prejudice in enabling these actions by co-workers, I won't make much issue of this." She added: "There are various reasons for termination ... and even various methods, but when supervisors have to go to such great lengths to create an atmosphere, such as the two of you have with me ... then it becomes racist and prejudicial and needs to be addressed within legal protections." Pl.'s Ex. 6 (ellipses in original). She testified in her deposition that she complained about the argument among Goodwin, Givens, and DesJardin, Uzoukwu Dep. 64-66; that she told Smith she had been treated worse than her white co-workers by Robertson, id. at 98-99; and that she had asked management to address the alleged office joke that she had the "wrong color," id. at 136-40. The Defendants, moreover, clearly considered these complaints to raise issues relating to Uzoukwu's race or ethnicity because they recommended that she contact
Uzoukwu must also produce evidence to establish a causal link between her protected activity and the employer's later adverse actions. Carney v. Am. Univ., 151 F.3d 1090, 1095 (D.C.Cir.1998). "The causal connection component of the prima facie case may be established by showing that the employer had knowledge of the employee's protected activity, and that the adverse personnel action took place shortly after that activity." Id. (quoting Mitchell v. Baldrige, 759 F.2d 80, 86 (D.C.Cir.1985)) (internal quotation marks omitted). Such a temporal connection, however, must be "very close." Hamilton v. Geithner, 666 F.3d 1344, 1357 (D.C.Cir.2012). Generally, courts require the two events to have occurred, at most, within three or four months of one another. Id. (citing Clark Cnty. Sch. Dist. v. Breeden, 532 U.S. 268, 273-74, 121 S.Ct. 1508, 149 L.Ed.2d 509 (2001)). Alternatively, a plaintiff may establish causation through direct or circumstantial evidence of her supervisors' intent. E.g., Kilby-Robb v. Duncan, 77 F.Supp.3d 164, 177 (D.D.C.2015).
Uzoukwu does not provide evidence of protected activity taking place within a few months of her termination. Her complaints about her initial performance appraisal occurred in late 2006; her conversation with Smith took place in early 2007; and the coworker joke occurred in September or October 2007. These events are too temporally distant from her termination in March 2008 to establish causation on that basis alone. But Uzoukwu provides additional evidence to support an inference that she was fired because of her complaints. As Uzoukwu points out, the memorandum mandating EAP referral refers to the two department-wide emails Uzoukwu sent out, as well as other unspecified, "inappropriate emails." Pl.'s Ex. 17. Given that Uzoukwu complained numerous times of discrimination, a jury could infer that these other emails referred to her complaints alleging racism and prejudice. Moreover, as noted above, although the Court is skeptical of the relevance of Smith's comments about "white privilege," a reasonable juror might credit Uzoukwu's contention that Smith was responding negatively to Uzoukwu's allegations of discrimination.
Robertson's testimony that he alone decided to terminate Uzoukwu's position and was unaware of her complaints does not necessarily defeat Uzoukwu's evidence of causation. A jury may choose not to credit Robertson's account and may instead credit the theory Uzoukwu advances. Uzoukwu presents a "cat's paw" theory of liability, in which one supervisor or set of supervisors — here, Smith and DesJardin — is held liable for an adverse employment action by a different individual within the organization — here, Robertson — when that employment action is proximately caused by those supervisors' discriminatory conduct. See Staub v. Proctor Hosp., 562 U.S. 411, 131 S.Ct. 1186, 1192, 179 L.Ed.2d 144 (2011). Specifically, in Staub, the Supreme Court endorsed the theory that
Id. Here, Uzoukwu has put forth evidence from which a reasonable jury could conclude that her supervisors and the head of human resources at COG sought to retaliate against her because of her complaints relating to ethnicity. Her claim may proceed, even though a neutral decisionmaker terminated her, to the extent that a reasonable jury could conclude that the decision resulted from influence exerted by her supervisors. Indeed, although Robertson testifies that he alone made the decision to eliminate Uzoukwu's position, he acknowledges that he "sought input" from Roberts and DesJardin about whether to do so. Robertson Dep. 31-33. Accordingly, Uzoukwu has made out a prima facie case of retaliation.
"If the plaintiff establishes a prima facie case, the burden shifts to the employer to produce a `legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason' for its actions." Jones v. Bernanke, 557 F.3d 670, 677 (D.C.Cir. 2009) (quoting Wiley v. Glassman, 511 F.3d 151, 155 (D.C.Cir.2007)). If the employer does so, then the court "looks to whether a reasonable jury could infer retaliation from all the evidence, which includes not only the prima facie case but also the evidence the plaintiff offers to attack the employer's proffered explanation for its action and [the plaintiff's] evidence of retaliation." Gaujacq v. EDF, Inc., 601 F.3d 565, 577 (D.C.Cir.2010) (quoting Jones, 557 F.3d at 677). According to the Defendants, Uzoukwu's positon was eliminated by Robertson due to budget constraints and redundancies, and Robertson had no knowledge of Uzoukwu's difficulties at COG. Uzoukwu does not dispute that this justification, if true, would have served as a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason to terminate her employment. Instead, she asserts that the Defendants' justification is unworthy of credence.
Uzoukwu puts forward evidence that at least raises a question of fact regarding COG's justification for terminating her. Robertson testified that eliminating Uzoukwu's position was part of a larger plan to reduce COG's costs in anticipation of lower membership dues. Robertson Dep. 26-27. But Uzoukwu's termination was one of only "two or three specific activities" that Robertson attests were made to cut costs, id. at 29:8-12, and besides his post hoc testimony, the Defendants put forth no evidence of any plan to reduce overhead in early 2008. Moreover, Robertson acknowledged that, in splitting HSPPS into two separate groups in the wake of Smith's departure, COG actually added positions, albeit with a modest cost reduction. Id. at 47-48 (noting that the groups replacing HSPPS added an additional full-time employee and that overall costs for the entire department were reduced by approximately $140,000 as a result of the reorganization).
Besides evidence challenging COG's stated reason for her termination, Uzoukwu also advances independent evidence of retaliatory motives. As discussed above, Uzoukwu has put forth sufficient evidence to advance a "cat's paw" theory of liability, which could justify a jury finding that Uzoukwu's termination was retaliatory. Although Robertson testifies that the ultimate decision to eliminate Uzoukwu's position was made by him alone, he "work[ed] with Mr. DesJardin and Imelda Roberts... [and] sought input and discussed" the decision with them. Robertson Dep. 31:4-6. And at several points throughout Uzoukwu's disputes with her supervisors, they suggested that Robertson should be made aware of her complaints. Pl.'s Exs. 14, 24. A jury could reasonably conclude from this evidence, taken together, that
For the reasons stated above, the Court will grant the Defendants' motion for summary judgment as to Uzoukwu's claim of hostile work environment but deny the Defendants' motion as to her claims of disparate treatment and retaliation. An Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.
