BERYL A. HOWELL, Chief Judge.
Forty seven years ago, on the evening of September 29, 1970, Jesse Mears was brutally murdered. His body was found lying on the bathroom floor of a vacant apartment in the building in which he worked, with his hands bound behind his back, a wet stocking stuffed in his mouth, and a telephone wire wrapped around his neck. Paint was found on his clothing and on a bottle of water found next to him, and his keys and wallet were missing. He appeared to have struggled before he died. By the next day, the police had arrested the defendant, Dennis Butler, whom testimony placed near the building the day of the murder accompanied by the victim. Later that day, two of the defendant's associates, to whom he sometimes supplied heroin, provided generally consistent statements to the police that, shortly after the murder, the defendant had confessed he had done it. At trial, the prosecution presented an array of evidence linking the defendant to the crime, including testimony from witnesses who saw the defendant and victim on the day of the murder and from the defendant's two associates recounting the details of the confession the defendant made to them. Expert testimony was also presented by two Federal Bureau of Investigations ("FBI") agents that paint residue on the victim, items at the crime scene and on the defendant's clothing appeared to be from the same source, as well as that three hairs found on the victim's clothing "matched" characteristics of hairs from the defendant. The jury found the defendant guilty of felony murder, murder in the first degree, and robbery, for which convictions the defendant was sentenced, in 1972, to two terms of 20 years to life imprisonment on the first-degree murder and felony murder counts, and 5 to 15 years in prison for the robbery count, to be served concurrently.
Following review of the defendant's case by the Department of Justice ("DOJ") and the FBI, the government conceded, in September 2015, that the hair-related expert testimony presented at the defendant's trial was false and misleading and that the government knew or should have known this at the time of the trial. The defendant then filed, in September 2016, his first
The government reports that its files, "which presumably included reports, grand jury transcripts, witness statements, photographs, and trial exhibits" as well as "all physical evidence recovered in this case... no longer exist[]." Gov't's Opp'n Pet'r's Mot. ("Gov't's Opp'n") at 3.
The prosecution's theory of the case was outlined in its opening statement: on September 29, 1970, the victim caught the defendant "selling narcotics to two boys" in Apartment 9 at 1312 East Capitol Street NE, a building managed by the victim. Trial Tr. 7/7/71 at 16-17. After the boys fled, the defendant "thereupon commenced to tie up [the victim]" and stuffed "a wad of what appeared to be toilet paper" and "a woman's nylon stocking" in the victim's mouth. Id. at 15-16. While trying to strangle the victim, the belt broke and the defendant continued strangling the victim with a telephone cord he found in the apartment. Id. at 14-16. The defendant then filled a cola bottle with water and "shoved [the] water down the throat of the victim ... to make sure he was dead." Id. at 17. The defendant took the victim's ring of keys to facilitate his later return to take some of the victim's belongings. Id. at 18.
In summarizing the evidence that would support this narrative, the prosecutor referenced the following anticipated evidence: (1) the testimony of the defendant's friends, Dennis Butler and Phyllis "Gail" Robinson, who were dating at the time and to whom the defendant had confessed a detailed account of the commission of the murder, id. at 16-17; (2) witnesses who observed the defendant both alone and with the victim on and near the premises of the building where the murder occurred "at various times on that same afternoon in question," id.; (3) the finding of the victim's keys "a period of days" after the murder on a roof "two or three doors adjacent to where the defendant resided at the time," id. at 18; and (4) "various scientific evidence" linking the defendant to the scene of the crime, id. The government did not mention in its opening that this scientific evidence would include forensic hair analysis.
The only issue at trial was the identity of the person who killed the victim. Trial Tr. 7/13/71 at 481 ("The issue in this case is not what happened to Mr. Mears, but who did it."). The manner of the victim's death was not disputed, id. at 480 ("Defense... will not contest the fact that Mr. Mears was killed or that he was killed in
On the evening of September 29, 1970, Jesse Mears was found dead in the bathroom of Apartment 9 on the third floor at 1312 East Capitol Street NE. Trial Tr. 7/8/71 at 31-33 (testimony of Dr. William Brownlee, Deputy Medical Examiner); Trial Tr. 7/9/71 at 289-90 (testimony of Officer John Lightford). After someone called 911, the first police arrived at the building around 4:52 P.M., and were joined by the homicide squad "[a]bout 5:30." Id. The police found the door of the apartment unlocked as it did not have a complete door handle on it, and it "appeared as though someone" had been "repairing the lock." Trial Tr. 7/12/71 at 436 (testimony of Detective Robert Murray).
The victim was found in the bathroom of the apartment with "his hands ... tied behind his back," with "a garrote around his neck," mouth, and face, and with "a wad of toilet paper tissue paper and a stocking" inside his mouth. Trial Tr. 7/8/71 at 32-33 (testimony of Dr. Brownlee). Blood was coming "from the [victim]'s nose and about the mouth," and the area around the victim's left eye "was bruised as if it had been struck some blow." Trial Tr. 7/12/71 at 441 (testimony of Detective Murray). The garrote was in fact a telephone cord that appeared to come from a telephone found inside the vacant apartment. Id. at 443-44. The toilet paper and stocking "were wet" and "the garrote about the neck and face was of sufficient tightness ... to create grooves within the skin." Trial Tr. 7/8/71 at 34 (testimony of Dr. Brownlee). The contents of his mouth were soggy, "not dripping," and subsequent testing revealed that the wetness had not been caused by saliva. Id. at 36, 51.
The police found "a Pepsi cola bottle that was lying near [the victim's] head" with water in it, and "water staining the floor underneath his head and [his] left shoulder." Id. at 37. Paint was found on the victim's clothing and on the bottle, which paint appeared to come from the same source. Trial Tr. 7/13/71 at 518 (testimony of Special Agent David Nichols). The victim was not found wearing a belt, but a belt that may have fit him was found in two pieces in the kitchen of the apartment. Trial Tr. 7/13/71 at 524 (testimony of Special Agent Myron Scholberg). Of sixteen "partial latent" fingerprints found at the crime scene, none of them matched the defendant or the victim. Trial Tr. 7/9/71 at 204 (testimony of Officer Donald Cherry).
The time of the victim's murder was placed as likely between 2 P.M. and 3 P.M. on September 29, 1970, Trial Tr. 7/8/71 at 37-38, 60 (testimony of Dr. Brownlee), and his cause of death was "asphyxiation second to garroting," or "strangulation," id. at 38.
Seven witnesses testified that they saw the victim, the defendant, or both, on the day of the murder. James Hill, who had known the defendant for "about three years," and Phyllis "Gail" Robinson, who had been dating Hill, testified that on the day the victim's body was found the defendant had visited them and confessed to the murder, including details of the crime. Lawrence Robertson and John Taylor, who were performing maintenance at the building where the murder occurred on the day of the murder, saw the victim at various times during the morning and afternoon at the building. Two relatives of the
On direct examination, Hill testified that on the day of the murder, he contacted the defendant by phone "[a]bout 3:00 or 3:30," and the defendant volunteered that he was leaving the apartment building of Ellen Johnson, his girlfriend's sister, where "[h]e had just killed ... Ellen[]'s rent man." Trial Tr. 7/8/71 at 66-67. The defendant said that "the old man caught him selling narcotics to two boys," so "[the defendant] tied the old man up, ... put a stocking or something in his mouth," and began to choke him with a belt. Id. at 67. After the belt that he was using broke, "he started choking him with a telephone cord," and when the defendant was finished, "he poured some water down [the victim's] throat to make sure that he was dead." Id. Hill further testified the defendant said that he killed the victim in "[t]he bathroom" of the "[u]pstairs apartment." Id. at 73.
The defendant came to Hill's house around 4:00 P.M. and told Hill "about the keys he had got" to the victim's apartment or car, and that "[h]e was going back up there later." Id. at 68. Soon after, Hill went upstairs to his girlfriend Robinson's apartment, and called for the defendant and Robinson to come upstairs. Id. at 69. Once all three were upstairs, Hill told Robinson, with the defendant's permission, that the defendant "had just killed a man," after which the defendant "told Gail he was choking a man with a belt, and the belt broke, and he started choking him with a telephone cord." Id. at 69-70. Neither the defendant nor Hill told Robinson any other details about the murder. Id. at 70.
On cross examination, Hill admitted to his significant heroin use, including on the day of the murder, as well as the fact that the defendant was his heroin supplier. After first denying having a "specific reason" for calling the defendant the day of the murder, id. at 77-78, Hill, when pressed by defense counsel, admitted that he "was calling [the defendant] because of narcotics," to get heroin, id. at 79. Hill admitted that he had used "two caps" of heroin the day of the murder, supplied to him by the defendant after they met at Hill's house, id. at 108, and that, prior to the murder, he regularly used heroin, averaging "four caps per day," Trial Tr. 7/9/71 at 146. Hill also denied using drugs since the day of the murder, Trial Tr. 7/8/71 at 112-13, or using methadone for a number of months prior to trial, id. at 113, but then testified, when pressed, that he was in fact using methadone at the time of the trial and had been using methadone for some time, Trial Tr. 7/9/71 at 141-42. He further testified that Robinson used heroin as well and had snorted some the evening of the confession in front of the defendant and Hill. Id. at 93-95. In addition to these admitted inconsistencies in his testimony about his drug
The cross-examination of Hill illuminated additional details about the police investigation the day after the murder. Hill testified that the police "came to [his] house" the morning after the murder because, the police told Hill, the victim's keys were "supposed to be upstairs underneath [his] mattress." Trial Tr. 7/9/71 at 160-61. The police unsuccessfully searched Hill's apartment for the keys and then took Hill, along with his girlfriend Robinson, and the defendant's girlfriend, Mary Dean, to "No. 1," the police station, where they were interviewed separately. Id. at 161-63. Hill was aware at the time that the defendant "had already been charged and locked up for th[e] homicide" and, at the station, "told [the police] what [the defendant] had told him." Id. at 172-75. Hill could not remember if the police threatened "to lock [him] up if [he] didn't tell the truth" or if he had told the defense investigator the police had threatened to punish him if he did not tell the truth, id. at 173, but admitted to having spoken to the defense investigator "several months after" the murder, id. at 174-75. Hill denied that the police had threatened to prosecute him for homicide in connection with the murder. Id. at 174-75.
On re-direct, Hill confirmed that "the statement he made to the police was true and accurate to the best he could remember." Id. at 185. Hill also denied any motive to lie or inculpate the defendant, including denying ever seeing the defendant and Hill's girlfriend Robinson behaving intimately with one another. Id. at 191-92. Hill told the police what he knew because he found out he "could get in trouble" for not being honest about what he knew as a witness to the confession. Id. at 187.
Hill's girlfriend, Phyllis "Gail" Robinson, testified on direct examination that on the day of the murder, September 29, 1970, she arrived at Hill's house at 4:30 P.M. and found the defendant and Hill injecting heroin into their arms. Id. at 235-36. Robinson was given some heroin as well "but [she] didn't take it right then." Id. at 236. She did, however, admit to some use of heroin beginning in June 1970 before the murder, and claimed to have stopped four months later. Id. at 233-34. After receiving the defendant's permission, Hill told her that "Dennis just killed a man," id. at 236-37, and the defendant himself explained that "he was choking the man with a belt and the belt broke and then he started choking him with the telephone cord," id. at 238-39. Hill told her that the defendant killed the victim because he "caught [the defendant] selling narcotics in the bathroom to two boys." Id. at 239. The defendant and Hill did not tell Robinson "anything else." Id. at 239. Robinson denied any "animosity ill-will, or hatred" between the defendant and her or between Hill and the defendant. Id. at 243.
Nevertheless, on cross-examination, Robinson admitted that she used drugs on the day of the murder, but stated that she used them "after [the defendant] left." Id. at 249. She testified that she never received drugs from the defendant, only from Hill, and that she "only took drugs on weekends." Id. at 248. In response to cross examination questions implying that Robinson
Robinson admitted that she initially lied to the police twice, first telling the police she knew nothing about the murder and later "telling the police" she had learned about the murder from Hill only. Id. at 252-60. She explained that she had lied because she "was scared," and having "never been in trouble," she did not want to "have [any]thing to do with [the murder investigation]." Id. at 257-59, 262-63.
On-redirect, Robinson testified that, after the police noted inconsistencies between her and Hill's statements, she told the police the "complete truth" that she had spoken to the defendant directly after the murder. Id. at 266-69.
Both Lawrence Robertson and John Taylor were at 1312 East Capitol Street NE "installing a water meter" on the day of the murder. Trial Tr. 7/9/71 at 272. Robertson saw the victim in the morning, when the victim came out of the building to check on what Robertson and Taylor were doing. Id. at 272-73. Later, around 1:30, Robertson saw the victim with "a middle-aged man," whom he "wouldn't be able to recognize" and whose physical characteristics he did not describe. Id. Robertson also testified that he did not "see anybody running out of the apartment that afternoon." Id. at 276.
Taylor first saw the victim in the morning at the same time as Robinson, saw him again "around lunch time," when he "came over to the truck and wanted to know the exact time," and again at "approximately 1:30 or 1:45," when he "and some other guy walk[ed] out to the street [to] look[] in a car." Id. at 277-78. Taylor saw the victim a fourth time, "at around 2:30," when he saw the victim "standing in the hall talking to another fellow," whom Taylor "didn't get a good look at" and whom Taylor likely would not be able to recognize. Id. at 278, 283. Taylor finished work "somewhere around 3:20 or 3:25." Id. at 282.
Charles Barber testified briefly that on the day of the murder, he was walking home "up 13th to East Capitol" when he went "past 1312 East Capitol Street ... around 12:30 or 1:00 o'clock." Id. at 284-86. Near the building, he saw the defendant and "another man under the hood of [a] car." Id. at 285. Barber identified the unnamed man as "the man who owned the place," noting that he was "old," "white," and "thin." Id. at 284-86. He further testified that "it looked like they were working on the car" together. Id. at 287.
At the time of the murder, Ellen Johnson, the sister of the defendant's girlfriend, lived at 1312 East Capitol Street NE, the building where the victim's body was found. Trial Tr. 7/9/71 at 293. Ellen knew the victim as "her rent man." Id. Ellen testified that she saw the victim in the morning, when he "knocked on [her] door," and again "when [she] got home" that day, after a man "knocked on [her] door and told [her] to come up to the apartment and see [the victim's] body." Id. at 294-95. She went to the apartment and saw that the victim had "something white stuffed in his mouth and a cord around his neck and his hands were tied behind his back." Id. at 295. Later that day, she spoke to Hill on the phone and told him that "someone just killed [the] rent man," id. at 297, but denied telling him "any details of what [she] saw" and did not "describe the body" to
Wilson Dean, the brother of the defendant's girlfriend, worked for the victim "for about three weeks" prior to his murder. Trial Tr. 7/12/71 at 375-77. Wilson testified that three days before the murder, he had been painting the apartment in which the victim's body was later found, and that the defendant "came up" to the apartment that day as it was being painted. Id. at 382-83, 393. Wilson was painting the apartment "green" or "turquoise," and "left a paint pan," "a roller," and "a bucket of paint ... in the sink." Id. at 383-84. At this time, Wilson found a dog leash and collar, like the one used to bind the victim, and a woman's "white stocking" in the apartment, which he "did not take" with him. Id. at 386-89.
On the day of the murder, Wilson testified that he saw the defendant "between two and three o'clock ... coming up C street." Id. at 377-79. Wilson did not "know where [the defendant] was coming from," id. at 380, but noted that Wilson's house, where the defendant often stayed with Wilson's sister, Mary Dean, was somewhere "around the corner" from 1312 East Capitol Street NE, where the murder occurred, id. at 378.
On cross-examination, Wilson confirmed that he had seen the defendant "between two and three o'clock" the day of the murder, and testified that he had spoken with the police the next day and told them he had seen the defendant "about two o'clock." Id. at 395. He also acknowledged that he had seen the defendant earlier in the morning when he gave the defendant a haircut, id. at 394-95, and on a brief redirect, described that he had "trimmed the sides and evened it up on the top," id. at 397-98.
The government called four witnesses to testify regarding a ring of keys that belonged to the victim and were found approximately thirteen days after the murder on the roof of a house two or three doors down from the house where the defendant's girlfriend lived and the defendant often stayed. Trial Tr. 7/12/71 at 405. Alonzo Syndor testified that on October 12, 1970, he and some friends were playing in an alley "on the 1200 block of C Street, Northeast," when "[a] man threw some keys" to one of his friends "off the roof" of
James Johnson lived in the apartment building where the victim was found and testified that after receiving the keys from Vance, he gave the keys to "Bob [Robert] Taylor, the manager of the house." Id. at 419-B. James Johnson also testified that it was possible to access the apartment building at 1312 East Capitol Street NE through his backyard, and that on the day of the murder, his dogs had been let out of his backyard by an unidentified individual. Id. at 419-D. He further testified that one of his dogs "would bite anybody that didn't know him" if they tried to enter the yard, and that the dogs knew the defendant. Id. at 417-19-A.
Robert Taylor testified and confirmed that the keys given to him by James belonged to the victim. Id. at 431-33. He also testified that the victim, the building's "rent man," had "a small black wallet that he carried all the time," that it was the victim's "practice to carry money" in his wallet, and that the victim also "ke[pt] money in the trunk of his car." Id. at 433.
The government presented the expert testimony of FBI Special Agent David W. Nichols, a specialist in "instrumental analysis," which involved conducting examinations "on such items as paint, plastics, and metals," regarding paint found on multiple items at the scene of the crime as well as on the defendant's clothing. Trial Tr. 7/13/71 at 514-15. As part of the investigation, Nichols "removed ... two specimens of paint ... from two articles of clothing that were submitted to the FBI Laboratory," a pair of pants owned by the defendant's and the coat the victim was wearing when he was found, and one from the "pepsi cola bottle" found at the scene of the crime. Id. at 515-17. Nichols "found blue-green colored paint on each of the items," and testified that the paint was "similar to one another or the same as one another in color, texture, and type of paint." Id. at 517-18. Based on this examination, he "concluded that the[] three paint deposits could have come from the same source." Id. at 518. He further testified that "[t]he paint that was on each of the[] items was applied while wet," and that it "wasn't smeared on the clothing or the bottle," but merely adhered to the items. Id. at 518-19. This witness was not asked to make a definitive conclusion about whether the paint samples came from the same source, and he was not cross examined. Id. at 519.
On the third day of trial, as the penultimate witness in the government's case-in-chief, the government called FBI Special Agent Myron Scholberg, who was "assigned to the FBI Laboratory in Washington, D.C." and specialized in hair and fiber analysis, to testify about two issues at trial: first, how the belt found at the scene of the crime likely broke, and second, the findings of comparative hair analysis that he performed on hair samples found on the clothing of the victim and hair samples from the defendant. Id. at 521-23. Agent Scholberg's testimony accounts for no more than twenty pages of a 200-page transcript for this trial day. After recounting his qualifications and experience, id. at 522, as well as the process by which he acquired the evidence for inspection, id. at 523-24, Agent Scholberg turned to the substance of his testimony. Regarding the belt, he testified that "the[] two pieces of
As to the hair evidence, Agent Scholberg first explained the process by which he compared hair samples he had received, id. at 525-26, which included "a direct microscopic comparison test on the hairs" by means of "a comparison type microscope," which allowed him to "view two slides simultaneously," id. at 527. Agent Scholberg further explained that his analysis involved comparing "approximately 16 different characteristics" of each hair, and based on comparison of these sixteen different characteristics, he determined that the hair taken from the victim's clothing "were microscopically the same or alike the hairs that were identified" as having come from the defendant, meaning that the hairs from the victim's clothing "could have come from the head of the defendant." Id. at 528-30.
Agent Scholberg went on to testify that of the roughly 10,000 hair examinations he had performed, "there ha[d] been four or five times when the hair of the suspect and the hair of the victim was so nearly alike" that he "was unable to come to a conclusion as to" whether the hair originated from the suspect or from the victim. Id. at 531 (emphasis added). He specifically qualified his testimony that the hairs were "the same" by saying that "hairs do not contain enough identifying characteristics to be positively identified to the exclusion of all other individuals," id. at 530, and emphasized that his testimony was that "the [hairs] are the same or alike in all microscopic characteristics that were available to [him]," id. at 530.
On cross examination, Agent Scholberg confirmed that he could not say "positively... that the[] hairs originated from the head of the defendant." Id. at 531-32. When defense counsel asked Agent Scholberg to provide a number for "how many other people have the same microscopic characteristics" as the defendant, Agent Scholberg responded that he "ha[d] no idea whether anyone would have the same [set of] microscopic characteristics" as the defendant, and that the number could "be no one or it could be someone" and that he had "no basis to ... assign a number to it." Id. at 536.
Defense counsel called five witnesses, whose testimony largely focused on challenging the credibility of Hill and Robinson, who had recounted the defendant's confession.
Joel Goodman worked as an investigator for the Public Defender Service in Washington, D.C. Trial Tr. 7/13/71 at 566. Goodman met with James Hill on two occasions to discuss Hill's knowledge of the murder and the alleged subsequent confession by the defendant. Id. at 566-67. Goodman testified that, contrary to Hill's testimony at trial, Hill had originally said that the defendant had called Hill on the night of the murder, rather than Hill calling the defendant. Id. at 570. He further testified that, contrary to Hill's testimony that the defendant was present at Hill's house for roughly ninety minutes on the night of the murder, Hill had told him that the defendant was at the house for only fifteen minutes. Id. at 571. Hill had told Goodman that the
John Stevenson testified that he knew both the defendant and Hill, and that he recognized, but did not personally know, Robinson. Id. at 591-92. Stevenson testified that he twice saw the defendant and Robinson together, without Hill, when he left Robinson and the defendant alone at his home. Id. at 593, 596-97. He disclaimed personal knowledge as to what the defendant and Robinson did in his house while he was gone. Id. at 594-97. On cross-examination, Stevenson explained that he considered the defendant a friend, but was closer to Hill. Id. at 599-600, 603-04. He testified that he had never been to Hill's house, but Hill had been to his house an unspecified number of times. Id. at 609-10.
Mary Dean, the defendant's girlfriend and mother of his child, testified that she saw the defendant some time "between 12:30 and 3:30" P.M. on the day of the murder, soon after she woke up. Trial Tr. 7/13/71 at 621-23. She testified that Hill had called for the defendant before 3:30, but that she did not tell the defendant about the call. Id. at 624-25. Later that evening, between 6:15 and 6:45, Mary received a call from her sister, Lillian Harring, who told her about the murder. Id. at 627-29. According to Mary, Harring had learned the details from Ellen Johnson, Mary's other sister, and after the conversation Mary discussed the murder with everyone who was in the room: Marnette Dean, another of Mary's sisters, Wilson Dean, Mary's brother, and Hill. Id. at 628-30. This discussion included "the details of how [the victim's] body was found," but Mary did not elaborate as to what those details were. Id. at 631. The defendant arrived home a short time later, around 7:00 P.M. Id. at 627.
On cross examination, Mary Dean admitted that she did not give a statement to the police the day after the murder when she was brought in for questioning. Id. at 634. She denied, however, that she had "refus[ed] to give a statement to the police" and maintained that the police "told [her] they didn't need to take a statement from [her]." Id.
Marnette Dean, the defendant's girlfriend's sister, briefly testified that she saw the defendant three times on day of the murder at her home where she lived with the defendant's girlfriend and other family members, at "fifteen after nine," around noon, and again "late in the afternoon" around sunset. Id. at 616-18.
Catherine Johnson, a friend of the defendant, testified that the defendant's girlfriend's sister, Ellen Johnson — no relation to the witness — told her about the murder "around five o'clock" on the day that it occurred, Trial Tr. 7/14/71 at 663-65, and
At the close of evidence, defense counsel orally "move[d] for acquittal on all counts" at a bench conference. Id. at 688. The defendant did not explain on what grounds the motion was made, and the government summarily argued that "it is a jury question." Id. at 688. The Court, after discussing the sufficiency of the evidence to prove premeditation on the part of the defendant, "den[ied] the motion with respect to" the felony murder and robbery charges," and reserved ruling on the murder in the first degree charge. Id. at 688-90. The trial then proceeded to closing arguments.
The prosecutor's summation summarized how the victim had been murdered and robbed, id. at 714-19, and then reviewed in the evidence presented at the trial, id. at 719-735, emphasizing Hill and Robinson's testimony, id. at 719-722, and the evidence that corroborated their accounts, id. at 722-35. While acknowledging these witnesses' drug use, the prosecutor emphasized that Hill and Robinson had no motive to lie about their "friend's" actions, and pointed out that the crime scene corroborated their statements of the defendant's confession, especially given the details Hill and Robinson provided but would not be established until later forensic testing, such as what made the stocking in the victim's mouth wet and that the murder occurred before 3:30 P.M. Id. at 722-23. The prosecutor also highlighted the three witnesses who saw the defendant and/or the victim near the apartment building around the time of the crime, emphasizing the witness who saw the two together, id. at 723-26, as well as the fourth witness, Wilson Dean, the defendant's girlfriend's brother, who testified that he saw the defendant coming down the street from the direction of the building where the murder occurred between two and three o'clock, id. at 727. In addition, he noted that the location where the victim's keys were found corroborated Hill and Robinson's testimony. Id. at 729.
The government next briefly discussed the expert paint evidence, id. at 730-31, and Agent Scholberg's hair testimony, id. at 731-32. Regarding the latter, the prosecutor began by posing the question: "Now what did he testify to? He testified to certain hair that was found on the victim's clothing: on his shirt and on his jacket and on his pants." Id. at 731. The prosecutor reminded the jury about the limitations of the hair analysis, stating that Agent Scholberg "couldn't say whose hair it was. No, the FBI, unless they are positive and can say without any qualification, they will not say that is someone's hair. But he did say that hair is not capable of exact identification, that he can't' say for sure, he can't be positive it is that person." Id. Next, the prosecutor summarized the conclusions that were drawn from the hair analysis, stating, "However, he said out of all the combinations that are possible, the sixteen characteristics and the lack thereof, and you heard about the cortex and the various types of the cortex and the direction of the fibers and so forth. Out of all these factors, what did he find? He said when he compared the hairs that were found on the victim's clothing with the defendant's hairs that were taken by Detective Fickling from him at the infirmary, when he compared those two, what were they? They were the same in every microscopic detail, the same." Id. In assessing the probative
Notably, the prosecutor then repeated his caution that "[w]e are not saying find him guilty on that evidence. We are saying consider it, ladies and gentlemen, consider it along with the other evidence, and it starts to add up. It starts to add up, doesn't it?" Id. at 732.
In his concluding remarks, the prosecutor observed that no testimony of the defense witnesses was inconsistent with the government's theory of the case. Id. at 733-35. Further, he repeated that the jury was not being asked "to find [the defendant] guilty just on one piece or two pieces" of evidence, but to take "all the circumstantial evidence," the "extraordinary coincidences," the "scientific evidence," and "the defendant's own admission of his guilt," and to then find the defendant guilty. Id. at 735-36.
Defense counsel focused his closing argument largely on the credibility of the government's "two star witnesses, Jimmy Hill and Gail Robinson." Trial Tr. 7/14/71 at 751. He reviewed the inconsistencies and misstatements in Hill and Robinson's testimony, both about their drug use and about how they learned about the murder, and posited that any details these witnesses relayed about the crime scene could have been told to them by someone who had been at the crime scene in the time between the murder and the time Hill and Robinson gave their statements to police the next day. Id. at 752-54, 756-57. Based on flaws in their testimony, defense counsel urged the jury to conclude that Hill and Robinson "lied to [the jury] on the stand." Id. at 756. He also challenged the corroborating evidence, arguing that the other witnesses' testimony and the key ring evidence showed little more than that the defendant lived in the neighborhood and was near the scene of the crime. Id. at 759-66.
With respect to the forensic evidence, defense counsel pointed out that the defendant could have gotten paint on his clothing when he had visited Wilson Dean a few days prior to the murder when Wilson was painting the apartment. Id. at 767-68. Regarding the hair testimony, defense counsel emphasized that Agent Scholberg "could not be sure" to whom the hair collected at the scene belonged. Id. at 768. As the defense counsel explained, Agent Scholberg had used the figure "four or five out of 10,000" in connection with how often he reached an inconclusive result from hair analysis, but this figure specifically referred to cases in which he was unable to distinguish between the "hair of the decedent and the hair of the suspect," which was irrelevant because, in this case, the defendant and the victim were of different races. Id. at 768. He also noted that, even if the hair belonged to the defendant, the defendant and victim "were seen under the car, under the hood of the car" working together before the murder and the hair could have been transferred to the victim's clothing at that point. Id. at 769.
The government's rebuttal was short, consisting of only fourteen transcript pages. Id. at 771-85. This rebuttal recapped Hill and Robinson's testimony regarding the defendant's confession, the testimony placing the defendant near the crime scene at around the time of death, the evidence collected from the crime scene corroborating Hill and Robinson's
The next day, on July 15, 1971, the Court instructed the jury on each of the three counts, as well as lesser included charges, and after deliberation, the jury found the defendant guilty of murder in the first degree, felony murder, and robbery. See generally Trial Tr. 7/15/71. The defendant was sentenced to "terms of 20 years to life on the murder charges and 5-15 years on the robbery count." United States v. Butler, 481 F.2d 531, 532 (D.C. Cir. 1973).
The defendant filed a direct appeal, raising two trial issues: (1) "whether the trial judge erred in not ordering two key prosecution witnesses," Hill and Robinson, "to undergo physical and psychiatric examinations;" and (2) "whether the court erred in admitting the testimony of a police officer as to whether those witnesses were under the influence of narcotics when they made statements to the police." Butler, 481 F.2d at 532.
As to whether the district court erred in not ordering examinations of Hill and Robinson, the D.C. Circuit recognized that the testimony of these two witnesses "present[ed] a particular danger of unreliability" because they were heroin users, and that their drug use implicated "a number of unresolved but material questions," including whether Hill and Robinson were influenced by the "very powerful motive to fabricate a case" in order to avoid indictment for their own criminal drug use. Id. at 534-35. The Court concluded, however, that Hill and Robinson's testimony was "comprehensive and believable" and, "[m]ore importantly ... supported by overwhelming extrinsic corroboration." Id. at 535. Furthermore, the questions raised about Hill and Robinson's drug use were deemed insufficient to require reversal since the jury had been "put on notice" about their ongoing drug use, which meant that the jury knew that "to the extent the witnesses' testimony was uncorroborated, it should be weighed with caution." Id. at
Following "allegations of improper practices by certain [FBI] examiners," DOJ established a task force to evaluate, among other things, the use of hair evidence in criminal trials. Pet'r's Mem. Supp. Pet'r's Mot. ("Pet'r's Mem.") Ex. B at 1-2 (Letter, dated September 22, 2015, from Vincent H. Cohen, Jr., Acting United States Attorney for the District of Columbia to Sandra Levick, Public Defender Service (the "Cohen Letter")), ECF No 2-1. The task force uncovered evidence confirming some examiners' use of these "improper practices," id. at 1, prompting the Congress to task the National Research Council, whose work involves "furthering knowledge and advising the federal government" on issues of science, Comm. on Identifying the Needs of the Forensic Science Cmty., Nat'l Research Council, STRENGTHENING FORENSIC SCIENCE IN THE UNITED STATES: A PATH FORWARD ("Strengthening Forensic Science") (2009) at 3 (available at https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/228091.pdf), with "examining ways to improve the quality of forensic sciences," Brandon L. Garret & Peter J. Neufeld, INVALID FORENSIC SCIENCE TESTIMONY AND WRONGFUL CONVICTIONS, 95 Va. L. Rev. 1, 7 (2009). In 2009, the Council issued a report concluding that "[f]orensic science research is not well supported," and, as relevant to this case, that "[n]o scientifically accepted statistics exist about the frequency with which particular characteristics of hair are distributed in the population." See STRENGTHENING FORENSIC SCIENCE at 15, 160. The study recognized that previous studies of hair comparison analysis have "been shown to be unreliable," and the committee "found no scientific support for the use of hair comparisons for individualization in the absence of" DNA testing. Id. at 160-61.
Subsequent to the publication of this report, and "after the exonerations of several individuals whose convictions had rested in part on the introduction at trial of faulty hair comparison analysis or testimony,... the FBI, in coordination with the [DOJ], initiated a comprehensive review of microscopic hair comparison analysis or testimony" provided in over 20,000 cases that were litigated before December 31, 1999. Cohen Letter at 1-2. The purpose of this review was "to ensure that analysis or testimony by FBI Lab personnel regarding hair comparison properly reflected the bounds of science, and that no person was deprived of a fair trial based on flawed analysis or testimony." Id. at 2.
Based on these reviews, the DOJ and FBI "have formally acknowledged that nearly every examiner in [the] elite FBI forensic unit gave flawed testimony in almost all trials in which they offered evidence [about hair matches] against criminal defendants over more than a two-decade period." Gimenez v. Ochoa, 821 F.3d 1136, 1144 n.4 (9th Cir. 2016) (quoting Spencer S. Hsu, FBI ADMITS FLAWS IN HAIR ANALYSIS OVER DECADES, Wash. Post (Apr. 18, 2015), https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/crime/fbi-overstated-forensic-hair-matches-in-nearly-all-criminal-trials-for-decades/2015/04/18/39c8d8c6-e515-11e4-b510-962fcfabc310_story.html? tid=a_in) (second alteration in original). Given this finding, the United States has decided that, in cases challenging convictions based on the improper use of forensic hair evidence, "in the interest of justice, the government is waiving reliance on the statute of limitations for collateral attack on any legal claims arising from erroneous statements in laboratory reports or testimony." Kadzik Letter at 2. Additionally, "the government will not dispute that [any identified] erroneous statements [about hair evidence] should be treated as false evidence and that knowledge of the falsity should be imputed to the prosecution." Id.
The reviews initiated by the FBI and the DOJ "did not independently identify [the defendant]'s case." Pet'r's Mem. at 11 n.5. Instead, counsel for the defendant submitted the case for review," and in September 2015, "the United States Attorney's Office for the District of Columbia notified [the defendant], through counsel, that the government had reviewed [his] case," and concluded that some form of false hair evidence was presented during his criminal trial. Id. (citing Cohen Letter at 2); see also Pet'r's Mem. Ex. A (Letter, dated September 11, 2015, from Norman Wong, Special Counsel, DOJ to defense counsel) at 2, 7, ECF No. 2-1. In this letter, the government confirmed that it would "not dispute that [hair evidence] should be treated as false evidence and that knowledge of the falsity should be imputed to the prosecution." Kadzik Letter at 2; see also Gov't's Opp'n at 20 n.15 ("[T]he government ... will not contest that the erroneous evidence was false or misleading or that the government as a whole should have known that it was false or misleading."). After receiving this letter, and in light of the government's concession, the defendant filed the instant motion to vacate his conviction and for a new trial under 28 U.S.C. § 2255, which motion is now ripe for review.
Under 28 U.S.C. § 2255(a), a federal prisoner "claiming the right to be released upon the ground that the sentence was
While a judgment "cannot be lightly set aside by collateral attack, even on habeas corpus," McNair v. United States, 235 F.2d 856, 858-859 (D.C. Cir. 1956) (quoting Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 468-69, 58 S.Ct. 1019, 82 S.Ct. 1461 (1938)), the Supreme Court has long held that the prosecutor's knowing use of false evidence or perjured testimony constitutes a denial of the defendant's due process right to a fair trial and may warrant reversal of the conviction. See, e.g., Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S. 150, 155, 92 S.Ct. 763, 31 L.Ed.2d 104 (1972) (finding that "the due process requirements enunciated in Napue," as well as "other cases ... require a new trial" where a key witness falsely testified at trial, without correction, about the government's promise not to prosecute him if he testified before the grand jury and at trial); Napue v. Illinois, 360 U.S. 264, 265-70, 79 S.Ct. 1173, 3 L.Ed.2d 1217 (1959) (holding that in murder prosecution with no reliable eyewitnesses, failure of the prosecutor to correct the false testimony of "the principal witness for the State" regarding the promise of a recommended reduced sentence in return for his testimony, denied petitioner due process of law in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment); Mooney v. Holohan, 294 U.S. 103, 112-113, 55 S.Ct. 340, 79 S.Ct. 791 (1935) (per curiam) (holding that conviction obtained "through a deliberate deception of court and jury by the presentation of testimony known to be perjured" is "inconsistent with the rudimentary demands of justice" and may constitute a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment); accord Perry v. New Hampshire, 565 U.S. 228, 237, 132 S.Ct. 716, 181 L.Ed.2d 694 (2012) ("Only when evidence is so extremely unfair that its admission violates fundamental conceptions of justice ... have we imposed a constraint tied to the Due Process Clause.") (internal quotations and citation omitted). The Supreme Court has also spoken eloquently to the policy underpinnings of this constitutional rule, citing "the special role played by the American prosecutor in the search for truth in criminal trials" and the fact that "the United States Attorney is `the representative not of an ordinary party to a controversy, but of a sovereignty whose obligation to govern impartially is as compelling as its obligation to govern at all; and whose interest, therefore, in a criminal prosecution is not that it shall win a case, but that justice shall be done.'" Strickler v. Greene, 527 U.S. 263, 281, 119 S.Ct. 1936, 144 L.Ed.2d 286 (1999) (quoting Berger v. United
The same constitutional value of promoting fair trials that animated the Supreme Court's decisions in Mooney, Napue and Giglio involving the government's knowing use of false evidence at trial also undergirds the holding in Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 87, 83 S.Ct. 1194, 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963), and its progeny, "that the suppression by the prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused upon request violates due process where the evidence is material either to guilt or to punishment, irrespective of the good faith or bad faith of the prosecution." See id. (noting that the "principle of Mooney [] is not punishment of society for misdeeds of a prosecutor but avoidance of an unfair trial to the accused," and "[s]ociety wins not only when the guilty are convicted but when criminal trials are fair"). Thus, claims that the prosecution knowingly used false evidence are a subset of Brady claims. See United States v. Agurs, 427 U.S. 97, 103, 96 S.Ct. 2392, 49 L.Ed.2d 342 (1976) (explaining that "[t]he rule of Brady [] arguably applies in three quite different situations" involving "the discovery, after trial of information which had been known to the prosecution but unknown to the defense," including, with citation to Mooney, "the undisclosed evidence demonstrates that the prosecution's case includes perjured testimony and that the prosecution knew, or should have known, of the perjury.").
The D.C. Circuit has explained that "even if the prosecution either sponsored or failed to correct false testimony, the grant of a new trial is not automatic." United States v. Vega, 826 F.3d 514, 529 (D.C. Cir. 2016); see also Strickler, 527 U.S. at 281, 119 S.Ct. 1936 (noting that "not every violation of [the prosecution's broad duty of disclosure] necessarily establishes that the outcome was unjust"); Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S. at 154, 92 S.Ct. 763 ("We do not, however, automatically require a new trial whenever a combing of the prosecutors' files after the trial has disclosed evidence possibly useful to the defense but not likely to have changed the verdict," because "[a] finding of materiality of the evidence is required under Brady") (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); United States v. Straker, 800 F.3d 570, 604 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (noting that "prosecutorial misbehavior alone does not a Brady violation make"). More must be shown to necessitate a new trial.
A due process violation arising from the government's knowing suppression of evidence only entitles a defendant to relief when "three components" are met: "[(1)] The [suppressed] evidence... must be favorable to the accused, either because it is exculpatory, or because it is impeaching; [(2)] that evidence must have been suppressed by the [government], either willfully or inadvertently; and [(3)] prejudice must have ensued." Strickler, 527 U.S. at 281-82, 119 S.Ct. 1936; see also United States v. Borda, 848 F.3d 1044, 1066 (D.C. Cir. 2017) (enumerating "three elements" to prove Brady violation, with "[t]hird, the movant must demonstrate prejudice"). "To satisfy the prejudice element, the evidence must be material." Id.; see also Turner v. United States, ___ U.S. ___, 137 S.Ct. 1885, 1893, 198 L.Ed.2d 443 (2017) (noting that, for claimed Brady violation, petitioners "are entitled to a new trial only if they `establis[h] the prejudice necessary to satisfy the "materiality" inquiry.'" (quoting Strickler, 527 U.S. at 282, 119 S.Ct. 1936) (alteration in original)).
As a type of Brady claim, a similar analysis applies when a defendant seeks vacatur of a conviction based on the government's knowing use of false evidence at trial. See Straker, 800 F.3d at 604.
The defendant bears the burden of proving that false evidence presented at trial was material. Straker, 800 F.3d at 604 (holding "[the defendant] failed to demonstrate that the misleading content of the [] testimony" was material); see also Alix v. Quarterman, 309 Fed.Appx. 875, 879 (5th Cir. 2009) ("[The defendant]'s assertion that the burden of proof rests with the prosecution to disprove his Napue allegations is contrary to clear precedent.").
The defendant argues that he was "deprived of his constitutional right to a fair
The government concedes that Agent Scholberg's hair testimony was "false or misleading" and that it knew or should have known this at the time of trial, see supra Part I.C; see also Gov't's Opp'n at 20 n.15, but, in opposition, argues that the defendant is nonetheless not entitled to relief because the prosecution's "evidence in this case was compelling" even without the hair testimony, Gov't's Opp'n at 23. Despite the challenges to the credibility of Hill and Robinson, in the government's view, the "testimony provided by other witnesses" at trial and "evidence found at the scene of the crime ... corroborated Hill and Robinson's accounts of what the defendant had told them" and "provided additional evidence of the defendant's guilt," such that the hair evidence did not have a meaningful impact on the case, regardless of how inculpatory it was. Gov't's Opp'n at 26-27.
Given the government's concession that it knowingly used false evidence at trial, the only dispute between the parties is whether there is "any reasonable likelihood" that the hair testimony could have had an impact on the outcome of the defendant's trial. See Pet'r's Mem. at 12; Gov't's Opp'n at 20 n.15. The defendant raises three main points to support his materiality argument, but none is persuasive.
First, the defendant argues that because "Agent Scholberg's testimony carried with it the weight of science," a "reasonable juror could think that the testimony offered by the then-seven-year FBI veteran, qualified as an expert in his field, was scientifically founded and could be relied upon as conclusive evidence." Pet'r's Mem. at 38-39. The defendant notes that "`there is often an inherent danger with expert testimony unduly biasing the jury because of its aura of special reliability and trust,'" id. at 38 (quoting United States v. Anderson, 851 F.2d 384, 393 (D.C. Cir. 1988) (internal quotation omitted)), and that as a result of this special reliability, lay jurors may assign "talismanic significance" to expert testimony, id. (quoting United States v. Frazier, 387 F.3d 1244, 1263 (11th Cir. 2004)). According to the defendant, the importance of the hair evidence to the government's case is demonstrated by the prosecutor's reliance on Agent Scholberg's hair analysis testimony in summations. Id. at 44.
This argument has appeal. To be sure, scientific expert testimony may be viewed by a jury as more credible, reliable, and impartial than other forms of evidence and therefore can be "both powerful and quite misleading." Miller v. Bill Harbert Int'l Constr., Inc., 608 F.3d 871, 895 (D.C. Cir. 2010) (quoting Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 595, 113 S.Ct. 2786, 125 L.Ed.2d 469 (1993)); see also Ake v. Oklahoma, 470 U.S. 68, 81 n.7, 105 S.Ct. 1087, 84 L.Ed.2d 53 (1985) (noting that testimony from an expert may be assigned more weight than identical testimony from a lay person); United States v. Williams, 827 F.3d 1134, 1161 (D.C. Cir. 2016) (holding that a witness improperly testified as both an expert and lay witness, given the risk that the "aura of special reliability and trustworthiness surrounding expert testimony" would be imputed to the
Contrary to the defendant's characterization of the summations, for example, the prosecutor spent relatively less time on the hair evidence than other more critical evidence, such as the defendant's confession to Hill and Robinson, the testimony about the day of the murder, and the finding and location of the victim's key ring. The defendant is correct that the hair evidence was used to bolster the credibility of Hill and Robinson, but served as only one piece among multiple other pieces of evidence to show the veracity of their testimony about the defendant's confession. In fact, the prosecutor discouraged any complete reliance on the hair evidence, expressly stating instead that the jury was not being asked to rely on the hair evidence alone but to consider this evidence along with other corroborating testimony and physical evidence presented.
While Agent Scholberg testified that the unknown hairs and the defendant's hairs were "microscopically the same or alike," Trial Tr. 7/13/71 at 530, he repeatedly "undercut the significance of his own testimony," Gov't's Opp'n at 28. He admitted that he was only testifying that the unknown hairs "could have" come from the defendant, and further emphasized that hairs generally "do not contain enough identifying characteristics to be positively identified as originating from a certain head of a certain individual to the exclusion of all other individuals in this race group." Trial Tr. 7/13/71 at 530. Further, as defense counsel himself clarified on cross-examination, Agent Scholberg's only testimony that could be interpreted to carry statistical weight was that, in four or five of the roughly 10,000 analyses he had performed, he was unable to distinguish between the hair of the victim and the hair of the defendant. Id. at 531-32. Given that the physical differences between the defendant and the victim, this comparison is unilluminating.
Agent Scholberg did not testify as to the chance of a false match between the hair of any two randomly-chosen individuals but, at the same time, explicitly eschewed assigning any statistical estimate to the number of individuals in the community who could have produced a hair that matched the defendant's hair, stating that he "ha[d] no idea whether anyone would have the same microscopic characteristics" as the defendant and that he "d[id]n't have a basis" to "give a number to it." Id. at 536. Indeed, the inclusion of such a statistical estimate in his testimony would have been speculative and therefore misleading to the jury. Moreover, even if the hair evidence were stronger, the defendant's focus on it, Pet'r's Mem. at 4-12, 37-44, misses the mark. The defendant's Napue/Giglio claim does not rise or fall on the strength of the false evidence, but on the strength of the other evidence presented at trial without the false evidence. No matter how strong the false evidence, if there is no reasonable likelihood of the jury reaching a different outcome only considering the other evidence presented at trial, the false evidence is not material. Vega, 826 F.3d at 530-31.
On direct review, the D.C. Circuit considered the array of evidence presented in the case, and found it to be "substantial" and "overwhelming extrinsic corroboration" of Hill and Robinson's testimony. Butler, 481 F.2d 531 at 532-33. The defendant urges the Court to decline to follow the Circuit's opinion because "it relied on the hair match testimony to find harmlessness," Pet'r's Mem. at 43, but he fails to acknowledge the limited weight the Circuit assigned to the hair evidence in relation to the other evidence at trial, see supra Part I.A.8. The Circuit mentioned the hair evidence once, in passing, but discussed in detail other evidence corroborating Hill and Robinson's testimony. Additionally, the Circuit acknowledged Hill and Robinson's credibility issues, but noted that the defense's broad-based attack at trial regarding Hill and Robinson's drug use, inconsistent statements and misstatements
Finally, the defendant argues that without the hair evidence bolstering Hill and Robinson's credibility, the remaining evidence in the case was "equivocal at best." Pet'r's Mem. at 42-44. He discounts the paint on the defendant's clothes as "innocent[ly] explain[ed]" by his visit to the apartment three days before the murder. Id. at 42. He further argues that anyone could have thrown the victim's keys on the roof of buildings near the defendant's girlfriend's home, which was frequented by the defendant, including on the day of the murder, id.; that the testimony placing him and the defendant together near the scene of the crime at the relevant time did not suggest any ill-will between the defendant and the victim, id.; that no evidence was presented about two boys leaving the building after the defendant was allegedly caught selling them illegal drugs, id.; and that of the "sixteen fingerprints located at the scene of the murder, none belonged to [the defendant]," id. at 4, 42.
The defendant's marshalling of the evidence in the most favorable light to his position is masterful but nonetheless falls short. Even if an innocent explanation is plausible for these individual pieces of evidence viewed in isolation, the defendant fails to appreciate their collective weight. As already discussed, the "comprehensive" testimony of Hill and Robinson, — both of whom considered the defendant their friend and may have been viewed by the defendant as having an incentive to keep secret his confession to avoid disclosure of their own illegal drug use — was "overwhelming[ly]" supported by "extrinsic corroboration." Butler, 481 F.2d at 535. The lack of any identifiable fingerprints of the defendant is not inconsistent with Hill and Robinson's testimony, nor is the fact that no witness saw two boys fleeing from the apartment after the murder. Hill and Robinson's testimony about the defendant's confession was corroborated not only by the consistency in their rendition of events, including self-incriminatory admissions of illegal heroin use, but also by crime scene details they otherwise would not know. The defendant's confession was further corroborated by unchallenged forensic evidence that the same color paint found on the victim and on the defendant's clothing, as well as a bottle found at the scene of the crime, could have come from the same source, and by the fact that the victim's keys, which Hill testified the defendant admitted he took, were found on a roof a few houses from where the defendant often stayed. In addition to the significant corroboration for the details of the crime alleged by Hill and Robinson, multiple witnesses saw the defendant in the vicinity of the apartment on the day of the murder, and though one witness saw the defendant and the victim working on a car together before the murder occurred, no witness clearly identified the defendant's location between two and three o'clock, the time that the murder likely occurred. Finally, the defendant clearly had access to the apartment, as he knew people who lived in the building, and had been in the building previously and knew that the apartment where the victim's body was found was vacant as he had been there a few days prior. While this evidence may be equivocal in isolation, when viewed as a whole, and even without the hair testimony, it established the defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
Forty five years ago, Dennis Butler was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment for committing the brutal murder of
An appropriate Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.
