ROBIN M. MERIWEATHER, Magistrate Judge.
Pending before the Court is Defendant Tighe Barry's ("Mr. Barry" or "Defendant") Motion to Dismiss ("Motion") [ECF No. 10]. Mr. Barry seeks to dismiss this matter on two different grounds — for improper venue or for selective prosecution. See Def.'s Mot. to Dismiss at 4-8 ("Def.'s Mot."), ECF No. 10. In the alternative, Mr. Barry requests that if the Court does not dismiss this action, then the Court should order the United States to "provide discovery concerning the decision to prosecute" Mr. Barry. Id. at 5. Having considered the parties' briefings and submissions thereto, the Court
On September 6, 2018, Mr. Barry attended the Senate confirmation hearings for then-nominee Justice Brett Kavanaugh in the Hart Senate Office Building. Gov't's Opp'n to Def.'s Mot. ("Gov't Opp'n") at 1, ECF No. 12. Several U.S. Capitol Police Officers ("officers") were positioned around the perimeter of the hearing room. Id. The officers observed Mr. Barry allegedly placing a pink tiara hat on his head with the writing "KAVA-NOPE CODE PINK" and allegedly advised him that demonstrating was prohibited and to remove the hat. Id. Mr. Barry then pulled out a large sign and stood on top of his chair and allegedly began shouting in the direction of the hearing committee members. Id. at 1-2.
When approached by the officers, Mr. Barry allegedly leapt from his row of chairs to the row in front of him, causing a chair to dislodge towards other attendees behind him and allegedly injuring another hearing attendee. Id. at 2. The officers then removed Mr. Barry from the hearing room, while he allegedly continued to shout, carrying him out by his arms and legs. Id. Mr. Barry was then arrested and charged in D.C. Superior Court with three D.C. Code offenses: Unlawful Conduct Capitol Grounds, Resisting Arrest, and Disorderly Conduct. See Def.'s Mot. at 1 & Ex. 1 (D.C. Superior Court Docket No. 2018 CMD 013221).
On September 7, 2018, Mr. Barry made an initial appearance in D.C. Superior Court, was released, and scheduled for a status hearing on September 25, 2018. Id. at 1. On September 13, 2018, the United States transferred Mr. Barry's D.C. Superior Court matter to this Court and filed an Information charging Mr. Barry with one count of Unlawful Disorderly and Disruptive Conduct and Picketing, Parading, and Demonstrating on United States Capitol Grounds, in violation of 40 U.S.C. §§ 5104(e)(2)(D) and (G). Id.; see also Information, ECF No. 1. On September 24, 2018, Mr. Barry made his initial appearance in this federal district court. See Def.'s Mot. at 1. On September 25, 2018, the United States entered a nolle prosequi in Mr. Barry's D.C. Superior Court matter, and that case was dismissed. See Id. at 2.
Mr. Barry seeks to dismiss this matter for lack of venue under Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure 12(b)(2) and 18. Id. at 4. Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 18 states that
FED. R. CRIM. P. 18. Mr. Barry asserts that 40 U.S.C. § 5109(c)(2) controls venue here, and the United States does not challenge this assertion. See Def.'s Mot. at 4-5. Although both parties center their arguments around the interpretation of 40 U.S.C. § 5109(c)(2), that provision does not govern venue in this case.
The venue provision under 40 U.S.C. § 5109 provides that
40 U.S.C. § 5109(c)(2). Subsection (A), which requires that a matter be brought in federal district court, addresses charges based on violations of Section 5104(e)(1) or conduct constituting a felony. See Id. Mr. Barry has been charged under 40 U.S.C. § 5104(e)(2), a Class B misdemeanor, so this subsection does not apply.
Subsection (B) refers to Section 5109(a), which refers to violations or attempted violations of Section 5104(e)(1).
In the absence of an alternate controlling statute, Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 18 governs venue. Rule 18 requires the government to "prosecute an offense in a district where the offense was committed." FED. R. CRIM. P. 18. Here, Mr. Barry is alleged to have committed an offense on the U.S. Capitol Grounds in the District of Columbia. See Information, ECF No. 1. Neither party disputes that Mr. Barry was in a hearing room on the U.S. Capitol Grounds, where a confirmation hearing was being held for Justice Brett Kavanaugh. See Def.'s Mot. at 2; Gov't Opp'n at 1. As the alleged offense occurred in the District of Columbia, venue is proper in this District. Cf. United States v. Class, 38 F.Supp.3d 19, 28 (D.D.C. 2014) ("Defendant is charged with committing a criminal offense on United States Capitol Grounds in the District of Columbia, and he has not pointed to any statute or rule permitting (much less requiring) him to be prosecuted in a different district. Therefore, venue is proper in this District."). The Court therefore DENIES Mr. Barry's motion to dismiss for lack of venue.
Mr. Barry also contends that he is being selectively prosecuted in federal district court, as opposed to D.C. Superior Court, and seeks to dismiss this case on that basis. Def.'s Mot. at 3, 5-8. In the alternative, if the Court does not dismiss the case, Mr. Barry seeks authorization to take discovery on the issue of selective prosecution. See Id. at 8. The United States contends that there is no evidence in the record to support the assertion of selective prosecution. See Gov't Opp'n at 14.
Prosecutorial decisions enjoy a "presumption of regularity" and "in the absence of clear evidence to the contrary, courts presume that [prosecutors] have properly discharged their official duties." United States v. Armstrong, 517 U.S. 456, 464 (1996) (quotation marks omitted) (quoting United States v. Chemical Found., Inc., 272 U.S. 1, 14-15 (1926)). Nevertheless, prosecutorial discretion is "subject to constitutional constraints," Armstrong, 517 U.S. at 464 (quotation marks omitted) (quoting United States v. Batchelder, 442 U.S. 114, 125 (1979)). "The Equal Protection Clause prohibits selective enforcement `based upon an unjustifiable standard such as race, religion, or other arbitrary classification.'" Batchelder, 442 U.S. at 125 n.9 (quoting Oyler v. Boles, 368 U.S. 448, 456 (1962)).
Accordingly, to establish selective prosecution, the Defendant "must show both (1) that he was singled out for prosecution from others similarly situated and (2) that his prosecution was motivated by a discriminatory purpose." United States v. Khanu, 664 F.Supp.2d 28, 31 (D.D.C. 2009); accord United States v. Mangieri, 694 F.2d 1270, 1273 (D.C. Cir. 1982); see also Armstrong, 517 U.S. at 465 ("The claimant must demonstrate that the federal prosecutorial policy `had a discriminatory effect and that it was motivated by a discriminatory purpose.'" (quoting Wayte v. United States, 470 U.S. 598, 608 (1985))). As this inquiry asks the court to "invade a special province of the Executive—its prosecutorial discretion . . . the standard for proving [this claim] is particularly demanding." Reno v. Am.-Arab Anti-Discrimination Comm., 525 U.S. 471, 489 (1999); accord Armstrong, 517 U.S. at 463. "[I]n order to dispel the presumption that a prosecutor has not violated equal protection, a criminal defendant must present clear evidence to the contrary." Armstrong, 517 U.S. at 465 (quotation marks omitted) (quoting Chemical Found., 272 U.S. at 14-15). Thus "[t]o warrant dismissal, a defendant must present `clear evidence' that the decision to prosecute her had a discriminatory effect and was motivated by a discriminatory purpose." United States v. Palfrey, 499 F.Supp.2d 34, 39 (D.D.C. 2007) (quoting Armstrong, 517 U.S. at 464).
A defendant may obtain discovery in support of a selective prosecution claim by showing "some evidence tending to show the existence of the essential elements" of the claim. Armstrong, 517 U.S. at 468 (quoting United States v. Berrios, 501 F.2d 1207, 1211 (2d Cir. 1974)) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Attorney Gen. of U.S. v. Irish People, Inc., 684 F.2d 928, 932 (D.C. Cir. 1982) (noting that defendant "must offer at least a colorable claim both that the prosecution was improperly motivated and that it was selective in the first place."); Khanu, 664 F. Supp. 2d at 31. This "colorable showing must be made with respect to both prongs of the test." Branch Ministries, Inc. v. Richardson, 970 F.Supp. 11, 16 (D.D.C. 1997) (citing Irish People, Inc., 684 F.2d at 932).
Mr. Barry argues that he was singled out from other similarly situated individuals for prosecution in federal district court. See Def.'s Reply to Gov't Opp'n to Mot. to Dismiss and for Discovery ("Def.'s Reply") at 7, ECF No. 14. "A similarly situated offender is one outside the protected class who has committed roughly the same crime under roughly the same circumstances but against whom the law has not been enforced." Khanu, 664 F. Supp. 2d at 32 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting United States v. Lewis, 517 F.3d 20, 27 (1st Cir. 2008)); see also United States v. Blackley, 986 F.Supp. 616, 619 (D.D.C. 1997) (describing similarly situated individuals as those with "some degree of commonality of conduct among the indictable group"). "[D]efendants are similarly situated when their circumstances present no distinguishable legitimate prosecutorial factors that might justify making different prosecutorial decisions with respect to them." United States v. Hastings, 126 F.3d 310, 315 (4th Cir. 1997) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting United States v. Olvis, 97 F.3d 739, 744 (4th Cir. 1996)), cited in Branch Ministries v. Rossotti, 211 F.3d 137, 145 (D.C. Cir. 2000).
Mr. Barry defines the group of "similarly situated" individuals as all other individuals who were arrested and charged during the Kavanaugh hearings. See Def.'s Mot. at 7 (noting that 1,188 other individuals arrested during this time for the same conduct were charged in D.C. Superior Court); Def.'s Reply at 3-7 (listing instances of protest during the hearings and arrest numbers). In particular, Mr. Barry identifies three other individuals — Ms. Wood, Ms. Gold, and an unidentified woman — who conducted protests at the Kavanaugh hearings in the same manner that Mr. Barry allegedly did and were charged in D.C. Superior Court. See Def.'s Reply at 5-7. Mr. Barry contends that the U.S. Attorney's Office prosecuted him (but not other similarly situated individuals) in federal court instead of D.C. Superior Court as a punishment for his prior exercise of his Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial, and therefore violated the Equal Protection Clause. See Def.'s Mot. at 5; Def.'s Reply at 8-9.
To prove discriminatory effect under the theory he has articulated, Mr. Barry "must show that similarly situated individuals" who did not assert their Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial "were not prosecuted" in federal District Court. Armstrong, 517 U.S. at 465. In Armstrong, the Supreme Court rejected the view that a defendant could "establish a colorable basis for discriminatory effect without evidence that the Government has failed to prosecute others who are similarly situated to the defendant." Id. at 469. Mr. Barry has failed to provide any such evidence and offers only his conclusory and unsupported assertion that he was the only individual who asserted his right to a jury trial due to charges related to the January 2017 protests of the Attorney General nomination hearings. Mr. Barry contends that "with discovery, he will be able to identify others who were arrested in January 2017 and did not assert their rights to a jury trial, and then were subsequently arrested during the Kavanaugh hearings for conduct similar to his but were not prosecuted criminally in federal court." Def.'s Reply at 9. However, the Court can neither dismiss a case nor order discovery for selective prosecution based solely on unfounded speculation that Mr. Barry will later procure evidence of a discriminatory effect. See Armstrong, 517 U.S. at 470 (noting that "the required threshold — a credible showing of different treatment of similarly situated persons — adequately balances the Government's interest in vigorous prosecution and the defendant's interest in avoiding selective prosecution"). In sum, Mr. Barry has failed to provide any evidence of being singled out from similarly situated individuals and thus has not met the evidentiary threshold for showing a discriminatory effect.
Moreover, even if Mr. Barry had presented some evidence of a discriminatory effect, a viable selective prosecution claim would require that the similarly situated individuals "present no distinguishable legitimate prosecutorial factors that might justify making different prosecutorial decisions with respect to them." Hastings, 126 F.3d at 315 (quoting Olvis, 97 F.3d at 744) (internal quotation marks omitted). The United States has identified legitimate prosecutorial factors that may justify prosecuting Mr. Barry differently than other allegedly similarly situated individuals. At the Motions Hearing held on March 18, 2019, the United States asserted that Mr. Barry has an extensive history of similar conduct, then identified a history of infractions ranging from 2007 to 2018 for similar conduct. Although Mr. Barry responded by asserting that there are many other individuals in this area who have protested for decades, he did not indicate whether the three individuals he identified as similarly situated also had a criminal history similar to his. Likewise, Mr. Barry asserts that many of those arrested during the Kavanaugh hearings were "repeat offenders," however he provides no further information regarding the nature of those individuals' criminal history. Def.'s Mot. at 2-3.
The United States also argued that Mr. Barry engaged in more extreme conduct in his demonstration than others, including leaping from one row of chairs to another, and that "[n]o other demonstrator conducted himself or herself in this manner." Gov't Opp'n at 12. In response, Mr. Barry argued that the penalty before the District Court, which is less than the possible penalty before the Superior Court, did not support the United States' assertion that Mr. Barry's conduct was more extreme. See Def.'s Reply at 3. Mr. Barry's argument is persuasive, and therefore this argument did not weigh as heavily in the Court's consideration of legitimate prosecutorial factors. Overall, however, the Court concludes that Mr. Barry has failed to provide sufficient evidence of a discriminatory effect to warrant discovery or dismissal.
Although Mr. Barry has failed to proffer sufficient evidence supporting the first prong of his selective prosecution claim to obtain discovery or dismissal, the Court nevertheless will briefly address the second prong of the inquiry which requires Mr. Barry to demonstrate that his "prosecution was motivated by a discriminatory purpose." Khanu, 664 F. Supp. 2d at 31. To establish a discriminatory purpose, the defendant must show "that the selection was deliberately based upon an unjustifiable standard such as race, religion, or other arbitrary classification, or was designed to prevent or paralyze his exercise of constitutional rights." Mangieri, 694 F.2d at 1273 (citations omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted). Specifically, a defendant "must prove that the decisionmakers in his case acted with discriminatory purpose." McCleskey v. Kemp, 481 U.S. 279, 292 (1987); accord United States v. Cooper, 91 F.Supp.2d 90, 115 (D.D.C. 2000). Given that Mr. Barry contends that the United States has prosecuted him on a federal charge in this case to deprive him of his Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial, he must provide evidence that his exercise of his right to a jury trial is the reason that prosecutors treated him differently than others. See Def.'s Mot. at 7-8; Def.'s Reply at 3; Wayte, 470 U.S. at 610 (noting that discriminatory purpose "implies that the decisionmaker . . . selected or reaffirmed a particular course of action at least in part `because of,' not merely `in spite of,' its adverse effects upon an identifiable group." (quoting Pers. Adm'r of Mass. v. Feeney, 442 U.S. 256, 279 (1979)) (alterations in original) (internal quotation marks omitted)); see also Khanu, 664 F. Supp. 2d at 33. As "direct evidence of discrimination is rarely available, a defendant may use statistical disparities and other indirect evidence to show bias or discriminatory motive." Khanu, 664 F. Supp. 2d at 33 (citing Branch, 970 F. Supp. at 17). Such statistical proof "must present a `stark' pattern to be accepted as the sole proof of discriminatory intent under the Constitution." Id. (quoting McCleskey, 481 U.S. at 293) (internal quotation marks omitted).
To support his assertion that the United States is prosecuting him "because of" this prior exercise of his Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial, Mr. Barry argues that his prior case, where he was charged for protesting at the confirmation hearing of then-Attorney General nominee Jeff Sessions, influenced the prosecutorial decisions in this matter. See Def.'s Reply at 8. In that prior case, Mr. Barry requested a jury trial in the D.C. Superior Court and was subsequently acquitted of one charge and convicted of another. See Id. After his conviction, Mr. Barry appealed to the D.C. Court of Appeals. Id. Mr. Barry contends that he is the only individual who exercised his right to a jury trial, was subsequently arrested at the Kavanaugh hearings, and then charged in federal court. Id. Mr. Barry then suggests that the proximity of his appeal of the prior Superior Court matter to the United States' decision to file an Information in this Court "raises substantial questions" about the decision to prosecute Mr. Barry in federal court, citing the fact that he was arrested just one day before the United States filed its appellate brief in the prior appeal and that the Information was filed less than a week after the United States filed its appellate brief. Def.'s Mot. at 3-4.
Mr. Barry again fails to present sufficient evidence to demonstrate that discovery is warranted. To obtain discovery, a defendant "must provide something more than mere speculation or personal conclusions based on anecdotal evidence." United States v. Hsia, 24 F.Supp.2d 33, 49 (D.D.C. 1998) (internal quotation marks omitted) (citing Armstrong, 517 U.S. at 470), rev'd in part, appeal dismissed in part on other grounds, 176 F.3d 517 (D.C. Cir. 1999); see also Armstrong, 517 U.S. at 470 (requiring something more than "personal conclusions based on anecdotal evidence" to merit discovery on the basis of "some evidence"). The fact that the Information was filed shortly after the United States submitted an appellate brief does not constitute evidence of a discriminatory purpose. The United States' briefing deadline was set in an Order filed on August 30, 2018 — which clearly predates Mr. Barry's arrest. See Def.'s Mot., Ex. 4, ECF No. 10-4 (Mr. Barry's appellate docket in Case No. 17-CM-0907). There is no reason to infer that filing an appellate brief to defend the jury's conviction of a defendant would cause prosecutors to resent and wish to punish a defendant's decision to pursue a jury trial. Therefore, Mr. Barry has proffered no evidence indicating or providing grounds to suspect that a link exists between Mr. Barry's exercise of his right to a jury trial and the instant federal prosecution. Cf. United States v. Washington, 705 F.2d 489, 494 (D.C. Cir. 1983) (noting how the "trial court permitted discovery" on a selective prosecution claim, "after the defendant introduced evidence suggesting a link" between government foreign policy and individuals exercising certain religious beliefs).
Although Mr. Barry contends that he was the only person to assert a right to a jury trial in connection with the January 2017 protests, and then the only person to be prosecuted federally after his arrest at the Kavanaugh hearing, that unsupported assertion does not provide a basis to order discovery. See Def.'s Reply at 8-9. Mr. Barry hopes to obtain evidence supporting his belief in discovery, but currently has no evidence, statistical or otherwise, to corroborate this purported distinction. Absent evidence supporting that claim and supporting an inference that pursuing a jury trial motivated the United States to discriminate against him, Mr. Barry cannot meet the second prong of the selective prosecution standard.
Having failed to provide sufficient evidence to present a colorable claim of selective prosecution, Mr. Barry is not entitled to discovery in this matter. See Blackley, 986 F. Supp. at 620 ("Because defendant has not alleged a sufficient or colorable prima facie claim of selective prosecution, he is not entitled an evidentiary hearing or discovery"). Therefore, he also has not met the higher clear evidence standard that would merit dismissing a case for selective prosecution. See Armstrong, 517 U.S. at 465.
For the foregoing reasons, it is hereby
