BRENDAN LINEHAN SHANNON, Bankruptcy Judge.
Before the Court is the Motion for Relief from the Automatic Stay filed by Zurich American Insurance Company. Zurich holds roughly $2.2 million in insurance premium overpayments — called a "return premium" — that belong to the debtor, WL Homes, under a pre-bankruptcy insurance policy. At the same time, a number of homeowners have filed construction defect claims against WL Homes that, under the policy, Zurich may elect to defend. Zurich would like to setoff the return premium against a portion of its potential defense costs. To do that, it needs the Court to lift the automatic stay imposed by the Bankruptcy Code. But because Zurich has not established its right to setoff under either state law or § 553 of the Bankruptcy Code, there is no "cause" to lift the stay. The Motion is denied.
Before its 2009 bankruptcy filing, WL Homes was among the nation's largest and most-respected homebuilders, building everything from entry-level condos to multimillion dollar estates. In 2002 the company took out a Home Builders Protective Insurance Policy with Zurich. The policy was renewed four times between 2002 and 2009, with the final renewal occurring in May 2007 and running through May 2009.
During that final term the policy covered WL Homes for, among other things, damages and defense costs relating to construction defect claims. But the coverage only kicked-in after WL Homes itself paid a certain amount of those costs, defined as a "self insured retention." Specifically, Section IV.D. of the policy provides:
(Homeowners' Resp. Ex. D. at ZUR00233.)
It turns out that some of the homes WL Homes built over the years contain flaws, leading homeowners to file construction defect claims against the company. Those claims are now pending before this Court and other courts around the country. Some of the claims are large enough to implicate Zurich's coverage obligations under the policy.
After WL Homes filed for bankruptcy, and in accordance with the policy, Zurich performed an audit and determined that WL Homes had overpaid its premium obligations for the 2007 to 2009 term by roughly $2.2 million. The policy entitles WL Homes to get that return premium back, but Zurich has yet to relinquish it. Instead, Zurich has asked this Court for relief from the automatic stay to apply the return premium towards any amounts it may "elect to pay" defending construction defect claims within the self insured retention.
George L. Miller, the chapter 7 trustee administering WL Homes' bankruptcy estate, objected to the lift stay motion, as did the some of the homeowners. The objectors argue, among other things, that Zurich has not shown cause to lift the stay. After reviewing the parties' written submissions and hearing oral argument, the Court agrees with the objectors.
In the simplest terms, "setoff" (or "offset") allows parties to cancel mutual debts. It has been called "a right grounded in concepts of fairness and equity," reflecting the absurdity of "making A pay B when B owes A." United States v. Myers (In re Myers), 362 F.3d 667, 672 (10th Cir.2004). In the bankruptcy context, setoff allows a party holding property of the bankruptcy estate to keep the property up to the amount of the setoff right. 11 U.S.C. § 542(b).
Since the Bankruptcy Code's enactment in 1978, § 553(a)
Though § 553 incorporates the right of setoff available outside of bankruptcy, creditors seeking to exercise that right inside a bankruptcy case cannot do so unilaterally, due to the automatic stay that arises the instant a bankruptcy petition
Zurich says it holds a "contingent claim" against the WL Homes bankruptcy estate "to the extent [Zurich] advances defense costs within the self insured retention." (Zurich Reply, 2, 17.) And it argues that California law permits it to setoff that claim against the return premium. Specifically, Zurich contends that "California law supports setoff rights even when they are subject to a number of contingencies." (Id. at 17; see also Zurich Motion ¶ 22 ("Under California law, parties are entitled to setoff claims even if such claims are unmatured, unliquidated, [or] contingent.")) But the only authority that Zurich cites for that key proposition — In re Luz International Ltd., 219 B.R. 837 (9th Cir. BAP 1998) — is not on point. In re Luz involved New York, not California law. And there, unlike here, no one "dispute[d] that New York law recognizes a creditor's setoff right." Rather, the issue in In re Luz was whether the party seeking setoff had satisfied § 553's requirements for setoff. While the court recognized that under the Bankruptcy Code, "a `claim' is defined as `a right to payment, whether or not such right is reduced to judgment, liquidated, unliquidated, fixed contingent, matured, unmatured, disputed, undisputed, legal, equitable, secured or unsecured ...,'" the court said nothing about if and when California law permits the setoff of a contingent claim.
In the absence of more compelling authority, the Court finds that Zurich's say-so is simply not enough to establish — as is Zurich's burden — that California law would permit this type of contingent claim to serve as the basis for setoff. Moreover, the Court's own research, though limited, revealed reasons to doubt that it would. See 16 Cal. Jur.3d., Counterclaim and Setoff, § 10 (2012) ("Ordinarily, when a liability is contingent, and not fixed, it is unavailable as a setoff without the consent of the plaintiff.... A claim urged as a setoff... must be mature at the time when the judgment debtor seeks the setoff. Thus, a judgment debtor's right to receive payments from a judgment creditor on a note that is not yet due at the time when the setoff is sought does not constitute a proper subject for equitable setoff.").
Even assuming that Zurich's claim could be the basis for setoff under California law, the Court would nonetheless refuse to lift the stay as a matter of bankruptcy law. Section 553(a) of the Bankruptcy Code says that to setoff a mutual debt and claim both must have arisen pre-petition. See Anes v. Dehart (In re Anes), 195 F.3d 177, 183 (3d Cir. 1999). The question of when a claim "arises" in bankruptcy is one of bankruptcy law, not state law. See Jeld-Wen, Inc. v. Van Brunt (In re Grossman's Inc.), 607 F.3d 114, 121 (3d Cir.2010). Courts interpreting § 553 have consistently held that, for setoff purposes, a claim — even a contingent one — arises when "all transactions necessary for liability occur." United States v. Gerth, 991 F.2d 1428, 1433 (8th Cir.1993); In re Lehman Bros. Holdings Inc., 404 B.R. 752, 759 (Bankr.S.D.N.Y. 2009). Just because a claim "can exist
There is no evidence in the record that as of the petition date Zurich had elected to pay, or had in fact paid, any amounts within the self insured retention. And indeed Zurich does not argue that it did.
Today's decision is a narrow one. The only question before the Court is whether Zurich has shown cause to lift the automatic stay to exercise its alleged right to setoff. The Court holds that it has not. The Court makes no finding either way on the myriad other issues the parties raised in their briefs, including the validity, nature, or status of Zurich's claim. Nor has the Court ordered Zurich to surrender the return premium today, as that request has not yet been made.
The Motion is
Upon consideration of Zurich American Insurance Company's Motion for Relief from the Automatic Stay [Docket No. 1122] and the various responses filed to it; and having held a hearing on the Motion; for the reasons set forth in the accompanying Opinion, it is hereby